An Analytical Air Pollution Model with Time Dependent Eddy Diffusivity

Air pollution transport and dispersion in the atmospheric boundary layer are modeled by the advection-diffusion equation, that is, essentially, a statement of conservation of the suspended material in an incompressible flow. Many models simulating air pollution dispersion are based upon the solution (numerical or analytical) of the advection-diffusion equation assuming turbulence parameterization for realistic physical scenarios. We present the general time dependent three-dimensional solution of the advection-diffusion equation considering a vertically inhomogeneous atmospheric boundary layer for arbitrary vertical profiles of wind and eddy-diffusion coefficients. Numerical results and comparison with experimental data are shown.

A new geometrical and mechanical relation in the respiratory system with airflow limitation—From the perspective of analytical respiratory mechanics

Classic respiratory mechanics is a branch of vectorial mechanics, which aims to recognize all forces acting on the respiratory system. Another branch of mechanics, analytical mechanics, has been used for analyzing the motions of complicated systems with constraints through equilibrium among scalar quantities such as kinetic energy and potential energy. However, until now, there have not been any studies concerning about analytical respiratory mechanics. In this paper, the author has obtained two types of motion equations (linear and nonlinear) for the airflow limitation from formulation of the analytical respiratory mechanics. Reconstructed flow-volume trajectories of the linear equation revealed a new relationship among the slope of the linear portion of trajectory, the coefficient of the dissipation function and the coefficient of the potential function. Reconstructed trajectories of the nonlinear equation suggested that a curved flow-volume trajectory would be caused by the emergence of regional hypoventilated clusters with airtrapped lobules. In conclusion, analytical respiratory mechanics will provide the basis for analyzing the mechanical properties of the respiratory system con cerning pulmonary functional images made by newly developed technologies.

Analytical calculation of electromagnetic, torque for surface mounted permanent magnet brushless motors

With the air gap magnetic field distribution of surface mounted permanent magnet （PM） motors obtained using an analytical technique, the instantaneous electromagnetic torque and its corresponding components are investigated with the Maxwell stress tensor method. Accurate results can easily be achieved using the proposed method without using the tedious finite element analysis （FEA）. In this paper, the electromagnetic torque of a surface mounted PM motor with two phases energized is decomposed into four torque components. This technique is useful not only for the design and optimization of the permanent magnet motor, but also for the choice of control strategy.

An Exact Analytical Method for Magnetic Field Computation and Electromagnetic Torque in a Concentric Magnetic Gear

准确计算磁力齿轮电磁转矩是设计、分析磁力齿轮的关键,采用二维全局解析法计算同心式磁力齿轮气隙磁场。求解场域划分为内外转子永磁体、内外两层气隙和调磁定子的槽形区域,3类子区域的拉普拉斯方程和泊松方程通过边界连续条件建立联系。得到内外两层气隙区域的矢量磁位磁通密度解析表达式,有利于方便、快速、精确地计算任意转子位置的电磁转矩。计算了内外两层气隙磁场和内外转子电磁转矩,将气隙磁场波形和内外转子电磁转矩波形分别与二维有限元法计算波形作比较,结果吻合,证明了方法的正确性和有效性。

Analytical solution to one-dimensional consolidation in unsaturated soils

This paper presents an analytical solution of the one-dimensional consolidation in unsaturated soil with a finite thickness under vertical loading and confinements in the lateral directions. The boundary contains the top surface permeable to water and air and the bottom impermeable to water and air. The analytical solution is for Fredlund＇s one-dimensional consolidation equation in unsaturated soils. The transfer relationship between the state vectors at top surface and any depth is obtained by using the Laplace transform and Cayley-Hamilton mathematical methods to the governing equations of water and air, Darcy＇s law and Fick＇s law. Excess pore-air pressure, excess pore-water pressure and settlement in the Laplace-transformed domain are obtained by using the Laplace transform with the initial conditions and boundary conditions. By performing inverse Laplace transforms, the analytical solutions are obtained in the time domain. A typical example illustrates the consolidation characteristics of unsaturated soil from an- alytical results. Finally, comparisons between the analytical solutions and results of the finite difference method indicate that the analytical solution is correct.

Semi-analytical solution to one-dimensional consolidation in unsaturated soils

In this paper, a series of semi-analytical solutions to one-dimensional consolidation in unsaturated soils are obtained. The air governing equation by Fredlund for unsaturated soils consolidation is simplified. By applying the Laplace transform and the Cayley-Hamilton theorem to the simplified governing equations of water and air, Darcy＇s law, and Fick＇s law, the transfer function between the state vectors at top and at any depth is then constructed. Finally, by the boundary conditions, the excess pore-water pressure, the excess pore-air pressure, and the soil settlement are obtained under several kinds of boundary conditions with the large-area uniform instantaneous loading. By the Crump method, the inverse Laplace transform is performed, and the semi-analytical solutions to the excess pore-water pressure, the excess pore-air pressure, and the soils settlement are obtained in the time domain. In the case of one surface which is permeable to air and water, comparisons between the semi-analytical solutions and the analytical solutions indicate that the semi-analytical solutions are correct. In the case of one surface which is permeable to air but impermeable to water, comparisons between the semi-analytical solutions and the results of the finite difference method are made, indicating that the semi-analytical solution is also correct.

A 3D analytical model for vortex velocity field based on spiral streamline pattern

Vortices that develop over intakes are a hazardous hydraulic phenomenon.In this study, a 3D model was developed to study the flow field in air-core vortices.This model is based on the spiral pattern of streamlines and the analytical solution of the momentum and continuity equations for deriving the three components of velocity.The model provides equations for free surface profiles and 3D patterns of the streamlines.Moreover, a new relationship was suggested for calculating effective viscosity and its distribution across the vortex flow field.The performance of the proposed analytical model was compared with existing experimental data and the results of previous analytical models.The outcomes indicated that the proposed model could predict characteristics of the vortex flow with good accuracy.

An Analytical Formulation for Pollutant Dispersion Simulation in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

In this work we present the solution of the two-dimensional advection-diffusion equation by the GILTT method. The GILTT approach uses, in the series expansion, eigenfunctions given in terms of cosine functions. Here, a different expansion for the solution of the advection-diffusion equation will be explored. In other words, a Sturm-Liouville problem carrying more information of the original problem is considered, given by Bessel functions. Numerical simulations and comparisons with experimental data are presented.

Exploring the Association between Climate Change and Human Development: A Visual Analytics Study

This study explores the complex relationship between climate change and human development. The aim is to understand how climate change affects human development across countries, regions, and the global population. Visual analytics were used to examine the impact of various climate change indicators on different aspects of human development. The study highlights the urgent need for climate change action and encourages policymakers to make decisive moves. Climate change adversely affects numerous aspects of daily life, leading to significant consequences that must be addressed through policy changes and global governance recommendations. Key findings include that regions with higher CO2 emissions experience a significantly higher incidence of life-threatening diseases compared to regions with lower emissions. Additionally, higher CO2 emissions correlate with consistent death rates. Increased pollution exposure is associated with a higher prevalence of life-threatening diseases and higher rates of malnutrition. Moreover, greater mineral depletion is linked to more frequent life-threatening diseases, suggesting that industrialization contributes to adverse health effects. These results provide valuable insights for policy and decision-making aimed at mitigating the impact of climate change on human development.

Air Pollution Steady-State Advection-Diffusion Equation: The General Three-Dimensional Solution

Atmospheric air pollution turbulent fluxes can be assumed to be proportional to the mean concentration gradient. This assumption, along with the equation of continuity, leads to the advection-diffusion equation. Many models simulating air pollution dispersion are based upon the solution (numerical or analytical) of the advection-diffusion equation as- suming turbulence parameterization for realistic physical scenarios. We present the general steady three-dimensional solution of the advection-diffusion equation considering a vertically inhomogeneous atmospheric boundary layer for arbitrary vertical profiles of wind and eddy-diffusion coefficients. Numerical results and comparison with experimental data are shown.

等应变条件下增压式真空预压固结解析解

从注气增压对土体作用效果的角度出发,建立增压式真空预压固结解析理论模型。提出基于注气增压压力等效的受力简化模型;引入新参数——径向渗透系数增大系数η,反映注气过程对土体渗透性质的改变。根据Barron等应变假定和达西定律,考虑排水板涂抹效应与井阻作用、土体径-竖向渗流以及上部堆载,推导增压式真空预压固结控制方程及其解析解,并利用弹性力学方法推导等效注气增压压力p(t)的计算公式。针对瞬时增压和线性增压两种特例给出具体解析解公式,并通过与工程案例对比分析,验证了解析解及等效力计算方法的合理性。通过对固结性状的分析得出如下结论:注气增压方法可增大土体负孔隙水压力值,加速土体排水固结;“参数η”对固结速率的影响较大,分析模型中考虑注气过程对径向渗透系数的改变会更加合理;井阻作用会导致土体固结速率减慢,径-竖向渗流时孔压能够消散完成,而只有径向渗流时孔压无法消散完成。

面向管制语音识别系统的性能评价方法

目前,随着空中交通管理领域的发展,越来越多的人工智能技术运用到管制领域。其中自动语音识别技术被用于管制指令纠错、复诵一致性检验等方面,用于提升飞行安全和效率。为了解决自动语音识别系统的性能参差不齐的问题,提出了一种面向管制语音识别系统的性能评价方法,对3个待测系统进行了评价与分析。首先,按照一定的管制场景比例收集管制语音并进行数据标注,建立管制语音识别系统测试语料库;其次,设计管制语音识别系统评价指标体系,并通过层次分析法计算指标权重;最后,提出并训练3个待测管制语音识别系统用于评价分析。结果表明,通过该评价方法可以对管制语音识别系统进行全面的评价以及分析不同管制场景下系统的表现情况,并能够根据不同的管制场景提出性能改进建议。该方法提供了一种直观的评价管制语音识别系统的途径,有望为未来的研究提供有力的指导。

某有机化学实验室项目通风空调系统设计

有机化学实验往往会产生对人体有害的气体,有效的通风空调系统可以避免有害物泄漏,以保证实验人员在工作环境里的安全和健康。不同的有机化学实验室要求不同,其通风空调系统设计也有相应的不同要求。合成实验室通风量大,但对房间温湿度要求不高;分析仪器实验室中仪器设备较多,发热量较大,且对环境温湿度有一定的要求。本文结合某实际工程,对不同功能化学实验室通风量的确定、新风送风温度及空调设置情况和通风系统控制进行了介绍。

因天气影响的航空器绕飞管制安全评估及策略分析

为降低航空器在绕飞情况下管制指挥事故的风险,采用事故树分析法(fault tree analysis, FTA)和层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process, AHP)相结合的方式对管制员在进行绕飞管制时发生指挥事故建立综合风险评估模型并制定风险管控措施,以及验证所提管控措施的有效性。首先对各风险因素进行逐层分析,找出其关联性,建立绕飞管制指挥事故的事故树模型。以此为基础,结合层次分析法,确定各层风险指标权重。同时依据各指标总权重的排序结果,提出了在绕飞情况下管制指挥事故的管控措施,最后以长沙区域管制空域为实例对所提方案进行验证。结果表明:在本文方案下虽然雷雨、风切变、协调程序过于复杂和航空器偏离计划航路仍然是导致绕飞管制事故的重要因素,但其重要程度下降了6.2%,且成熟管制员人数不足、扇区流量大和预案频繁发生变化的状况得到有效解决。证明了该方案能够有效抑制导致绕飞管制指挥事故发生的事件的重要程度,减少因极端天气和扇区负荷过大而出现的安全风险事故,整体提高管制系统的稳定性和可靠性。

融合特征语义和模糊层次分析的空铁外观设计研究

目的探究轨道列车与城市文化的关系,提升空铁外观设计中的文化内涵和文化认同,为空铁外观设计与评估提供实践指导和理论支撑。方法以一款A型空铁外观设计为例,提出了一种融合特征语义和模糊层次分析的列车外观设计方法;首先基于模糊层次分析从民族性、地域性和时代性三个准则层出发分析特征语义指标权重,构建多层次评价模型;其次邀请专业设计人员对评价指标、评价层次进行评估,获得准则层与子准则层间的权重矩阵;最后运用模糊综合评价法来评估空铁外观设计方案。结果基于特征语义指标权重分析结果,该方法将特征文化元素——蓝喉太阳鸟,有效地融入空铁外观设计,并经用户评估验证了方法的可行性。结论该方法有助于辨识城市文化特征在空铁外观设计中的重要性,同时,探讨了方案存在的局限性,并提供了进一步优化设计意见,为提升空铁外观设计文化内涵提供参考。

基于层次分析法的红枣切片热风真空及组合干燥试验与品质评价

红枣富含维生素和糖分,营养价值高,干燥是红枣加工的主要方式之一,通过降低红枣的水分含量来延长货架期。但传统的红枣干燥方法存在品质差、效率低等问题,同时目前关于红枣干燥的分析难以对多个品质指标进行综合评价,为此,文章以陕西特产狗头枣为试验材料,研究了热风干燥、真空干燥、热风真空组合干燥、真空冷冻干燥(参照组)四种干燥方式下红枣切片的干燥品质,比较了不同干燥方式下的干燥特性,以干燥时间、复水比、色泽、Vc含量、质构特性为评价指标,采用层次分析法(AHP)对热风干燥、真空干燥、热风真空干燥进行了综合评价。试验结果表明:红枣切片干燥由外部水分蒸发和内部水分扩散共同控制,热风干燥有效水分扩散系数Deff最大,其次是热风真空组合干燥,真空干燥的有效水分扩散系数最小;在干燥品质方面,虽然真空冷冻干燥(参照组)Vc含量、色差、复水比等品质最佳,但其过高的干燥耗时使其能耗增加,干燥成本增加,因此对于热风干燥、真空干燥、热风真空干燥采用层次分析法进行了综合评分排序,最终综合评分最高的为热风真空组合干燥。

两段式Halbach阵列永磁电机气隙磁场对比分析

针对目前每极2段式Halbach阵列分类不明确、缺少磁场性能对比分析、设计困难等问题,本文将常用的每极2段式Halbach阵列分为标准型、径向型和简化型,并对三种Halbach阵列的气隙磁场性能进行研究。以Halbach阵列内转子永磁电机为研究对象,建立三种Halbach阵列的气隙磁场解析计算模型。在解析计算的基础上,对比分析了设计参数对三种Halbach阵列永磁电机气隙磁密的影响。研究结果表明,对于确定尺寸的三种Halbach阵列,都存在最优的主磁极占比和极对数;从基波幅值和正弦畸变率的角度来评价,标准型Halbach的性能要优于其他两种类型的Halbach阵列;三种Halbach阵列的最优基波幅值都随着永磁体厚度比的增大而持续减小。

夏热冬冷地区空调冷热源配置的多目标优化

为实现“双碳”背景下清零建筑直接碳排放的目标,夏热冬冷地区建筑空调冷热源越来越多地采用空气源热泵加水冷式冷水机组的复合架构。其中,空气源热泵冬季供热,夏季与水冷式机组共同供冷。由于空气源热泵供冷能效较低,提高水冷式机组容量配置,尽可能使之分担更多的冷负荷,有利于降低系统供冷能耗,但系统投资也将随之上升。因此,有必要研究复合架构下空调冷热源配置的综合优化方法。利用层次分析法,计算空调冷热源系统的节能性、环保性、经济性、节材性等不同目标维度的权重,建立空调冷热源的综合优化目标函数。设计空调冷热源配置的优化流程,并以上海某办公建筑为例进行分析。结果表明,随着水冷机组容量的增加,空调冷热源系统的全年能耗降低,耗材生产能耗、折算年费上升,而碳排放呈先降后升的规律。多目标优化方法可以更好地实现各项指标之间的平衡,为相关研究及实际项目决策提供参考。

异步起动永磁同步电动机齿槽转矩的削弱

由于异步起动永磁同步电动机的定转子双边开槽,增加了其齿槽转矩的特性分析及削弱措施研究的难度,现有针对该类电机齿槽转矩的削弱措施效果有限。首先,基于永磁体单独作用时的气隙磁密分布、定转子开槽引起的气隙磁导函数分布的解析模型,建立了齿槽转矩的解析分析模型;然后,研究了能有效削弱齿槽转矩的电机结构参数确定方法;最后,以一台18.5 kW样机为例,确定了能有效抑制电机齿槽转矩的定子齿宽、转子齿宽。结果显示,与现有削弱措施相比,确定的定子齿宽、转子齿宽能进一步将齿槽转矩削弱46.64%、65.98%,并且不会对电机的运行性能产生显著影响。

Analytical calculation method and simulation of deformation and stress of Z-type guide arm for interconnected air suspensions

To design and check the strength of the Z-type guide arm of interconnected air suspensions for semi-trailers rapidly and effectively,this paper proposes the analytical calculation methods of its deformation and stress.First,based on the guide arm structure,it is marked as two parts by its mountpoint on the axle as the boundary.The part containing the eye was marked as Arm-1.The other part was marked as Arm-2.Then the analytical formulas of their stiffness and stress were derived,respectively.With a case study,the deformation and the stress were computed and simulated.The results show that the values computed are close to those simulated.The relative deviations are not more than 5.0%.The results show that the analytical formulas are acceptable.Moreover,it can be seen that for the superimposed Arm-1,when the other structural parameters are fixed,the position of the maximum stress is affected by the thickness ratio of the end thickness to the root thickness for each piece.Finally,a stiffness test was performed on the Z-type guide arm.The results show that the computed stiffness values are closed to those tested and the relative deviations are not more than 3.5%.This further verified the validity of the established model and methods.