This article describes an analysis of the energy and economic impacts of possible energy efficiency standards for room air conditioners on both U.S. consumers and the nation as a whole. We used two metrics to determin...This article describes an analysis of the energy and economic impacts of possible energy efficiency standards for room air conditioners on both U.S. consumers and the nation as a whole. We used two metrics to determine the effect of standards on a representative sample of U.S. consumers: life-cycle cost change and payback period. For the national impact analysis, we evaluated national energy savings attributable to each potential standard, the monetary value of the energy savings to consumers of room air conditioners, the increased total installed costs because of standards, and the net present value of the difference between the value of energy savings and increased total installed costs. Our analysis indicates that standards for room air conditioners at efficiency level 3, which is 17% more efficient than today’s typical unit in the case of room air conditioners less than 6000 Btu/h with louvers and 12% more efficient in the case of room air conditioners 8000 - 13,999 Btu/h with louvers, would save close to one quad of energy over 30 years and have a net present value of consumer benefit of between ?$0.14 billion and $1.82 billion, depending on the discount rate. In addition, such standards would reduce carbon dioxide emissions and NOx emissions.展开更多
Energy saving is one of the most important research hotspots, by which operational expenditure and CO2 emission can be reduced. Optimal cooling capacity scheduling in addition to temperature control can improve energy...Energy saving is one of the most important research hotspots, by which operational expenditure and CO2 emission can be reduced. Optimal cooling capacity scheduling in addition to temperature control can improve energy efficiency. The main contribution of this work is modeling the telecommunication building for the fabric cooling load to schedule the operation of air conditioners. The time series data of the fabric cooling load of the building envelope is taken by simulation by using Energy Plus, Building Control Virtual Test Bed （BCVTB）, and Matlab. This pre-computed data and other internal thermal loads are used for scheduling in air conditioners. Energy savings obtained for the whole year are about 4% to 6% by simulation and the field study, respectively.展开更多
High temperature and humidity can be controlled in greenhouses by using mechanical refrigeration cooling system such as air conditioner(AC)in warm and humid regions.This study aims to evaluate the techno-financial asp...High temperature and humidity can be controlled in greenhouses by using mechanical refrigeration cooling system such as air conditioner(AC)in warm and humid regions.This study aims to evaluate the techno-financial aspects of the AC-cooled greenhouse as compared to the evaporative cooled(EV-cooled)greenhouse in winter and summer seasons.Two quonset single-span prototype greenhouses were built in the Agriculture Experiment Station of Sultan Qaboos University,Oman,with dimensions of 6.0 m long and 3.0 m wide.The AC-cooled greenhouse was covered by a rockwool insulated polyethylene plastic sheet and light emitting diodes(LED)lights were used as a source of light,while the EV-cooled greenhouse was covered by a transparent polyethylene sheet and sunlight was used as light source.Three cultivars of high-value lettuce were grown for experimentation.To evaluate the technical efficiency of greenhouse performance,we conducted measures on land use efficiency(LUE),water use efficiency(WUE),gross water use efficiency(GWUE)and energy use efficiency(EUE).Financial analysis was conducted to compare the profitability of both greenhouses.The results showed that the LUE in winter were 10.10 and 14.50 kg/m^(2) for the AC-and EV-cooled greenhouses,respectively.However,the values reduced near to 6.80 kg/m^(2) in both greenhouses in summer.The WUE of the AC-cooled greenhouse was higher than that of the EV-cooled greenhouse by 3.8%in winter and 26.8%in summer.The GWUE was used to measure the total yield to the total greenhouse water consumption including irrigation and cooling water;it was higher in the AC-cooled greenhouse than in the EV-cooled greenhouse in both summer and winter seasons by almost 98.0%–99.4%.The EUE in the EV-cooled greenhouse was higher in both seasons.Financial analysis showed that in winter,gross return,net return and benefit-to-cost ratio were better in the EVcooled greenhouse,while in summer,those were higher in the AC-cooled greenhouse.The values of internal rate of return in the AC-and EV-cooled greenhouses were 63.4%and 129.3%,respectively.In both greenhouses,lettuce investment was highly sensitive to changes in price,yield and energy cost.The financial performance of the AC-cooled greenhouse in summer was better than that of the EV-cooled greenhouse and the pattern was opposite in winter.Finally,more studies on the optimum LED light intensity for any particular crop have to be conducted over different growing seasons in order to enhance the yield quantity and quality of crop.展开更多
This paper will provide a proposed solution for saving energy consumption due to residential air conditioners by reducing the window air conditioners type which is the most consumed energy and has a big percent of spr...This paper will provide a proposed solution for saving energy consumption due to residential air conditioners by reducing the window air conditioners type which is the most consumed energy and has a big percent of spreading inside KSA than the split type, also it will discuss some restrictions for trading and manufacturing of air conditioner devices inside KSA besides some restrictions on market and buildings to achieve the objective of reducing the consumption of energy which become a big trend in kingdom vision 2030. The results of this suggesting solution will help the decision-makers to start its plan for execution as it has a big difference between using window type from 2022 till 2030 and if we stop its sales and replace by an efficient one of split AC type in energy consumption in addition to CO<sub>2</sub> emission reduction and decreasing of energy cost, hence our kingdom can save petroleum raw materials and keeping the environment to become clean from pollutants so that these resources are delivered to successive generations correct and clean as we received them from those before us.展开更多
Ceiling fans are used all over the world as a mean of enhancing indoor thermal comfort. A number of grading programs have been initiated for assessing energy performance of ceiling fans, such as ANSI/AMCA 230, Energy ...Ceiling fans are used all over the world as a mean of enhancing indoor thermal comfort. A number of grading programs have been initiated for assessing energy performance of ceiling fans, such as ANSI/AMCA 230, Energy Star, IEC 60879, IS 374 and SLS 1600. The configurations of test setups used for performance evaluations in these standards have significant differences to each other. In this study, the influence of such differences on the calculated performance grade of ceiling fans were investigated and the suitability of each dimension of the test set-up is discussed. Particular emphasis was placed on quantifying the effect of the cylindrical drum used in Energy Star and SLS test methods. For this assessment, extensive three-dimensional numerical simulations and experimental measurements were used. Accordingly, the effect of cylinder height, gap between the fan rotation plane and the cylinder, cylinder diameter and the dimensions of the test chamber were investigated. Results show that, the test cylinder, has no significant impact on the calculated performance grade of the tested ceiling fan (variation is less than 2%), and may be eliminated from the test setup. This justifies the recent decision of AMCA on the removal of test cylinder from the fan test set-up. Further, it was also found that the set up dimensions considered herein is large enough so that the calculated start rating is uneffaced by the surrounding solid walls.展开更多
Recently, Palestine has been willing to improve its energy efficiency action plan and policies. As the Electrical demand for energy is increasing in Palestine, improving energy efficiency can be considered as an effic...Recently, Palestine has been willing to improve its energy efficiency action plan and policies. As the Electrical demand for energy is increasing in Palestine, improving energy efficiency can be considered as an efficient way to achieve reductions in energy consumptions. In this respect, energy efficiency action plan and its strategies must be designed to overcome existing market barriers against using energy efficient appliances in residential and commercial sectors in Palestine. This study provides background on the benefits of stakeholders and steps needed to support energy efficiency standards and labeling in Palestine. Furthermore, this study attempts to predict the techno-economic impact of implementing high efficient electrical appliances in Palestine. Survey-based analyses from 300 households were conducted in 2019 to estimate residential sector electrical appliances usage, behavior and their knowledge in electrical appliances labels and standards, the study aims also to estimate the perception and willingness of Palestinian householders to shift towards more energy efficient choices. The study will focus on 8 electrical appliances that constitute a major share of the electricity used within households and commercial sectors in Palestinian market.展开更多
文摘It is reported that from March 1 st, 2005, the energy efficiency label will be attached on the household refrigerators and air conditioners in China.
文摘This article describes an analysis of the energy and economic impacts of possible energy efficiency standards for room air conditioners on both U.S. consumers and the nation as a whole. We used two metrics to determine the effect of standards on a representative sample of U.S. consumers: life-cycle cost change and payback period. For the national impact analysis, we evaluated national energy savings attributable to each potential standard, the monetary value of the energy savings to consumers of room air conditioners, the increased total installed costs because of standards, and the net present value of the difference between the value of energy savings and increased total installed costs. Our analysis indicates that standards for room air conditioners at efficiency level 3, which is 17% more efficient than today’s typical unit in the case of room air conditioners less than 6000 Btu/h with louvers and 12% more efficient in the case of room air conditioners 8000 - 13,999 Btu/h with louvers, would save close to one quad of energy over 30 years and have a net present value of consumer benefit of between ?$0.14 billion and $1.82 billion, depending on the discount rate. In addition, such standards would reduce carbon dioxide emissions and NOx emissions.
基金support and facilities provieded by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited Chennai Telephones and Department of Telecommunications,India for this study
文摘Energy saving is one of the most important research hotspots, by which operational expenditure and CO2 emission can be reduced. Optimal cooling capacity scheduling in addition to temperature control can improve energy efficiency. The main contribution of this work is modeling the telecommunication building for the fabric cooling load to schedule the operation of air conditioners. The time series data of the fabric cooling load of the building envelope is taken by simulation by using Energy Plus, Building Control Virtual Test Bed （BCVTB）, and Matlab. This pre-computed data and other internal thermal loads are used for scheduling in air conditioners. Energy savings obtained for the whole year are about 4% to 6% by simulation and the field study, respectively.
文摘High temperature and humidity can be controlled in greenhouses by using mechanical refrigeration cooling system such as air conditioner(AC)in warm and humid regions.This study aims to evaluate the techno-financial aspects of the AC-cooled greenhouse as compared to the evaporative cooled(EV-cooled)greenhouse in winter and summer seasons.Two quonset single-span prototype greenhouses were built in the Agriculture Experiment Station of Sultan Qaboos University,Oman,with dimensions of 6.0 m long and 3.0 m wide.The AC-cooled greenhouse was covered by a rockwool insulated polyethylene plastic sheet and light emitting diodes(LED)lights were used as a source of light,while the EV-cooled greenhouse was covered by a transparent polyethylene sheet and sunlight was used as light source.Three cultivars of high-value lettuce were grown for experimentation.To evaluate the technical efficiency of greenhouse performance,we conducted measures on land use efficiency(LUE),water use efficiency(WUE),gross water use efficiency(GWUE)and energy use efficiency(EUE).Financial analysis was conducted to compare the profitability of both greenhouses.The results showed that the LUE in winter were 10.10 and 14.50 kg/m^(2) for the AC-and EV-cooled greenhouses,respectively.However,the values reduced near to 6.80 kg/m^(2) in both greenhouses in summer.The WUE of the AC-cooled greenhouse was higher than that of the EV-cooled greenhouse by 3.8%in winter and 26.8%in summer.The GWUE was used to measure the total yield to the total greenhouse water consumption including irrigation and cooling water;it was higher in the AC-cooled greenhouse than in the EV-cooled greenhouse in both summer and winter seasons by almost 98.0%–99.4%.The EUE in the EV-cooled greenhouse was higher in both seasons.Financial analysis showed that in winter,gross return,net return and benefit-to-cost ratio were better in the EVcooled greenhouse,while in summer,those were higher in the AC-cooled greenhouse.The values of internal rate of return in the AC-and EV-cooled greenhouses were 63.4%and 129.3%,respectively.In both greenhouses,lettuce investment was highly sensitive to changes in price,yield and energy cost.The financial performance of the AC-cooled greenhouse in summer was better than that of the EV-cooled greenhouse and the pattern was opposite in winter.Finally,more studies on the optimum LED light intensity for any particular crop have to be conducted over different growing seasons in order to enhance the yield quantity and quality of crop.
文摘This paper will provide a proposed solution for saving energy consumption due to residential air conditioners by reducing the window air conditioners type which is the most consumed energy and has a big percent of spreading inside KSA than the split type, also it will discuss some restrictions for trading and manufacturing of air conditioner devices inside KSA besides some restrictions on market and buildings to achieve the objective of reducing the consumption of energy which become a big trend in kingdom vision 2030. The results of this suggesting solution will help the decision-makers to start its plan for execution as it has a big difference between using window type from 2022 till 2030 and if we stop its sales and replace by an efficient one of split AC type in energy consumption in addition to CO<sub>2</sub> emission reduction and decreasing of energy cost, hence our kingdom can save petroleum raw materials and keeping the environment to become clean from pollutants so that these resources are delivered to successive generations correct and clean as we received them from those before us.
基金This work was financially supported by University of Moratuwa senate research committee grant no CAP/16/02The support provided by Sri Lanka Standards Institution(SLSI)is also gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Ceiling fans are used all over the world as a mean of enhancing indoor thermal comfort. A number of grading programs have been initiated for assessing energy performance of ceiling fans, such as ANSI/AMCA 230, Energy Star, IEC 60879, IS 374 and SLS 1600. The configurations of test setups used for performance evaluations in these standards have significant differences to each other. In this study, the influence of such differences on the calculated performance grade of ceiling fans were investigated and the suitability of each dimension of the test set-up is discussed. Particular emphasis was placed on quantifying the effect of the cylindrical drum used in Energy Star and SLS test methods. For this assessment, extensive three-dimensional numerical simulations and experimental measurements were used. Accordingly, the effect of cylinder height, gap between the fan rotation plane and the cylinder, cylinder diameter and the dimensions of the test chamber were investigated. Results show that, the test cylinder, has no significant impact on the calculated performance grade of the tested ceiling fan (variation is less than 2%), and may be eliminated from the test setup. This justifies the recent decision of AMCA on the removal of test cylinder from the fan test set-up. Further, it was also found that the set up dimensions considered herein is large enough so that the calculated start rating is uneffaced by the surrounding solid walls.
文摘Recently, Palestine has been willing to improve its energy efficiency action plan and policies. As the Electrical demand for energy is increasing in Palestine, improving energy efficiency can be considered as an efficient way to achieve reductions in energy consumptions. In this respect, energy efficiency action plan and its strategies must be designed to overcome existing market barriers against using energy efficient appliances in residential and commercial sectors in Palestine. This study provides background on the benefits of stakeholders and steps needed to support energy efficiency standards and labeling in Palestine. Furthermore, this study attempts to predict the techno-economic impact of implementing high efficient electrical appliances in Palestine. Survey-based analyses from 300 households were conducted in 2019 to estimate residential sector electrical appliances usage, behavior and their knowledge in electrical appliances labels and standards, the study aims also to estimate the perception and willingness of Palestinian householders to shift towards more energy efficient choices. The study will focus on 8 electrical appliances that constitute a major share of the electricity used within households and commercial sectors in Palestinian market.
