Closed-loop bulk air conditioning: A renewable energy-based system for deep mines in arctic regions

With depletion of shallow deposits,the number of underground mines expected to reach more than 3 km depth during their lifetime is growing.Although surface cooling plants are mostly effective in mine airconditioning,usually secondary cooling units are needed below 2 kmdepth.This need emerges due to the elevated thermal impacts caused by auto-compression of mine air as well as heat emissions from strata and mine machinery.As a result,in cold climates,like Canada,ultra-deep mines need their secondary underground cooling plants running year-round while the intake air must be heated to protect the sensitive machinery and liners from freezing during the winter season.To cool mine air,horizontal bulk-airconditioners with direct spray cooling systems are commonly used due to their high performance.Conventionally,sprayed water in bulk-air-coolers are mechanically circulated and refrigerated in coupled refrigeration plants.This set up can be transformed to a natural cooling/heating process by resurfacing the warm underground bulk-air-cooler spray water for mine air heating on the surface and re-sinking the chilled water for cooling in the underground bulk air coolers.This could significantly cut-down the fossil-fuel consumption in burners for mine air pre-conditioning and refrigeration cost when applicable.This paper presents an anonymous real-life example to study the feasibility of the proposed idea for an ultra-deep Canadian mine.

Exploring the Promises and Challenges of Urban Air Mobility (UAM)

This paper is focused on a higher-level report of a new generation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technologies. Starting from the structural scalability of civil tiltrotors, design strategy and requirements for UAVs, and advanced composite materials, the increased speed and productivity requirements for tiltrotors have spawned several investigations associated with proprotor aero elastic stability augmentation and aerodynamic performance enhancements. The research emphasized the Large Civil Tilt Rotor as the configuration with the best potential to meet the technology goals, and the design, including the challenges of the Large Civil Tilt Rotor (LCTR). The design presented was economically competitive, with the potential for substantial impact on the air transportation system. The research includes some manufacturers of helicopters, drones and tiltrotors carrying out design studies and production of prototypes, as well as research projects aimed at designing, manufacturing, qualifying, and flight-testing the new wing of the Next-Generation Civil Tiltrotor Technology Demonstrator. Promises of Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) aircraft, UAVs, Digitalization of Urban Air Mobility (UAM), and the “U-space” concept are discussed in the paper. The eight SUMP principles and possibilities of future advancements are emphasized.

An Energy-Saving Control Strategy on Central Air-Conditioning System

An energy-saving control strategy based on predictive control for central air-conditioning systems is proposed in this paper. The cold load model is developed to describe the dynamic characteristics of temperature control systems, and then parameters in the cold load model and in the central air-conditioning system model are estimated. Generalized predictive control (GPC) is used to establish an optimization model to minimize the consumption of energy and the control error of temperature. The simulated annealing (SA) algorithm, combined with quadratic programming, is adopted to solve the optimal problem. Contrasted with the simulation of traditional PID control, the results prove the effectiveness of this proposed strategy.

A Novel Wind Energy Conversion System with Storage for Spillage Recovery

This paper proposes a new system configuration for integrating a compressed air energy storage system with a conventional wind turbine. The proposed system recycles the mechanical spillage of blades and stores it for later electricity generation with assistance from a rotary vane machine. The configuration and operational policy is explained, and a comparative case study shows that the proposed system recovers investment costs through savings on electricity procurement and revenue through power export.

Supercharging of Diesel Engine with Compressed Air: Experimental Investigation on Greenhouse Gases and Performance for a Hybrid Wind-Diesel System

Supercharging is the process of supplying air for combustion at a pressure greater than that achieved by natural or atmospheric induction, as applied to internal combustion engines. As a consequence of demonstrated technological, economical and energetic advantages in multiple literature evaluations concerning the large scale wind-compressed air hybrid storage system with gas turbines, the utilization of a hybrid wind-diesel system with compressed air storage (HWDCAS) has been frequently explored. These will mainly have average or small scale application such as the powering of isolated sites. It has been proven in numerous studies that the HWDCAS combined with an additional supercharging of the diesel engines will contribute to the increase of the power and efficiency of the diesel engine, the reduction of both fuel consumption and the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). This article presents the obtained results from experimental validation of the selected design with an aim to valorize this innovative solution and become trustworthy.

Method for acquiring part load distribution coefficient of air conditioning system

This paper presents a method to acquire runtime distribution ratio of building air conditioning system under part load condition (part load coefficient of system) through practical energy consumption data. By utilizing monthly energy consumption data of the entire year as the analysis object,this paper identifies data distribution,verifies distribution characteristics and analyzes distribution probability density for the issue of running time distribution ratio of air conditioning system in part load zones in the whole operation period,thus providing a basic calculation basis for an overall analysis of energy efficiency of air conditioning system. In view of the general survey of public building energy consumption carried by the government of Chongqing,this paper takes the governmental office building as an example,the part load ratio coefficient corresponding to practical running of air conditioning system of governmental office building in Chongqing is obtained by utilizing the above probability analysis and the solving method of probability density function. By utilizing the ratio coefficient obtained using this method,the part load coefficient with any running ratio of air conditioning system can be obtained according to the requirement of analysis,which can be used in any load ratio for analyzing running energy efficiency of air conditioning system.

Experimental Study of Energy-Saving Air-Conditioner with Hot Water

Energy-saving air-conditioner with hot water is an air source heat pump air-conditioner,which can also supply hot water.The hot water is heated by a double pipe condenser connected with an air-cooled condenser in series in the system.This experiment of the energy-saving air-conditioner was carried out in the enthalpy-difference air-conditioner laboratory.The hot water temperature and the compressor's discharge and suction pressure were recorded in the working condition,where the ambient temperature was at 43 ℃,35 ℃,21 ℃,7 ℃,and 2 ℃ separately.The results showed that the system operated stably and reliably.This system can supply 240 L hot water at 50 ℃ in the whole year,and its coefficience of performance(COP)is much higher than the conventional air source heat pump system.Its energy conservation was proved by comparing the thermal efficiency with other sourece water heaters.

Applicability of sewage heat pump air-conditioning system

A sewage heat pump system and its application based on a project in Chongqing,China,were discussed. Based on the sewage conditions,a feasibility analysis of the sewage heat pump air conditioning system was conducted. The theoretical and quantitative calculations indicate that sewage flux in the city sewage main pipe in the project can satisfy heat exchange requirements,and taking water from the pipes has relatively small influence on the pipe net in summer and winter. The sewage heat pump air-conditioning system can save 21.5% operating cost in one year,which is energy efficient and environmentally friendly.

Experimental Investigation of Demand Controlled Ventilation Systems： A Suitable Alternative for Controlling Ventilation in Dwellings

Indoor CO2 concentration depends on the number of persons, their metabolic rates, other sources of indoor pollution, ventilation rate and ventilation efficiency. These factors are not considered by the Spanish technical building code since ventilation is set only by a fixed air change rate. This paper aims to explore the possibilities of DCVS （demand controlled ventilation systems） to ensure adequate and sustainable ventilation. It is based on a research project carried out by the University of the Basque Country （EHU-UPV） and Euskadi Public Housing and Soil Join-Stock Company （VISESA）： the living rooms of 90 dwellings were provided with DCVS, where CO2 sensors were used to dynamically control the ventilation rate. Tests were carried out using tracer gas techniques, with results showing the air age to be adequate at every point of the occupied zones and free of stagnant areas, therefore proving the system＇s effectiveness and rapid response, and its energy savings.

计及AA-CAES与PTC集成的综合能源系统运行优化与性能分析

为进一步发挥综合能源系统的多能互补优势,提出一种计及先进绝热压缩空气储能(AA-CAES)与槽式太阳能集热器(PTC)集成的综合能源系统(IES-PTC-CAES)优化运行策略。首先,对AA-CAES、PTC以及系统中其他设备进行分析并建立相应模型;进而以经济性、环保性和能效性为优化目标,以设备运行的关键参数为优化变量,基于分时电价建立了协同优化策略,并通过K-means算法将模拟出的典型年负荷聚类为典型日负荷;最终,使用并行式的遗传算法对系统进行寻优,得到不同目标下IES-PTC-CAES的最优运行策略。结果表明:与参考系统相比,IES-PTC-CAES系统经济目标下总成本降低了14.61万元,环保目标下二氧化碳排放量减少了6194.38 kg。

一种新型溶液除湿空调系统能耗及应用分析

传统空调系统通常采用温湿度联合处理的方式,该方式存在舒适性差、能源消耗大等问题。针对以上问题,提出一种利用复合直接蒸发冷却制冷水的溶液除湿空调系统,该系统可以有效节省功耗,符合节能减排的发展趋势。在研究过程中,以某办公楼为研究对象,利用TRNSYS仿真软件建立该系统,研究其在制冷季7—9月的能耗,分析其节能性及适用性。结果表明:当空调新风系统使用太阳能热水作为再生热源时,总供热能耗为6.1×10^(5)kW·h,总耗功为8.73×10^(4)kW·h。相比于传统空调系统,节能率达到55.2%,为降低空调系统能耗提供了新思路。

先进抽水压缩空气复合储能技术

储能技术的创新突破成为带动全球能源格局革命性、颠覆性调整的必经之路,是实现“碳中和、碳达峰”目标的重要举措。为此,西安交通大学“先进物理储能技术”研究团队创新性地发明了新型抽水压缩空气复合储能技术。该技术采用空气和水作为混合工作介质,利用水力机械设备和空气透平作为系统的复合做功设备,实现储能介质高效等温压缩/膨胀。相比于传统压缩空气储能技术,新型气液复合空气储能技术具有响应快、效率高、投资成本低等优点。团队通过10余年的攻关研究,完成了关键设备与储能系统的性能表征、时域特性研究、流体机械关键共性技术集中攻关、空气储能技术全寿命周期性能评估软件的研发及应用,研究成果可为气液复合压缩空气储能技术的规模化推广应用提供坚实的理论与数据支撑。

严寒地区空气源热泵耦合电磁能系统模拟运行研究

目的 为了促进空气源热泵耦合电磁能供热系统在严寒地区住宅建筑中的应用,研究该系统的运行性能和稳定性。方法 以沈阳地区某住宅建筑为例,应用Trnsys软件建立了空气源热泵耦合电磁能供热系统仿真模型,并用实测值对模型进行了验证;深入探讨空气源热泵耦合电磁能供热系统在供热期的运行特点,并与空气源热泵和电磁能供热系统分别进行比较。结果 空气源热泵耦合电磁能供热系统模型可靠,相对误差可以控制在15%以内;在供热期,室内平均温度可保持在17.97~21.84℃;空气源热泵耦合电磁能供热系统比电磁能供热系统的COP提高了59.17%,空气源热泵耦合电磁能供热系统CO_(2)减排量比空气源热泵和电磁能供热系统分别提高1.47%和59.50%。结论 空气源热泵耦合电磁能供热系统运行和COP变化更为稳定,系统环境效益更佳,室内热舒适性更高。

严寒地区超低能耗教学建筑新风系统适用性分析

目的 解决严寒地区超低能耗建筑中人员密集场所供暖期新风系统的适用性问题。方法 以沈阳市某小学教学楼中三种典型教室为例,应用Designbuilder软件建立能耗模型,分析自然通风、有无热回收的定(变)风量机械通风五种工况下超低能耗建筑的各项能耗、相对节能率和本体节能率,以及室内CO_(2)体积分数变化。结果 无热回收的变风量、有热回收的定(变)风量与无热回收的定风量机械通风相比,节能率分别为12%~30%、32%~46%、38%~57%;有热回收的变风量机械通风总能耗最低,且接近自然通风工况;五种工况室内CO_(2)体积分数均小于0.09%。结论 人员密集场所中有热回收的定(变)风量机械通风节能效果显著;建筑气密性的提高导致机械通风系统新风能耗增加,经济性和节能性下降。

新型智能化纺纱车间环境的优化措施

针对智能化纺纱车间规模大、自动化程度高、生产集约化、发热强度高的特点,提出了优化新型智能化纺纱车间环境的系列策略和措施。分析了影响车间温湿度、气流组织、空气清洁度的因素。通过采取稳定各工序半成品回潮率,提高空调除尘设备能效,强化均匀送吸风等,采用细纱车间热分流、热转移、除尘空调系统低能耗联动等方法,实现了对纺纱车间环境的优化,并配备完善的火灾自动报警和自动灭火系统,保持了车间环境的安全。认为:纺纱车间环境优化的实施可以满足新型智能化纺纱生产线的高效、绿色生产。

超低温空气源热泵与太阳能供热系统在寒冷地区的优化应用

为了加强对环境的保护,推动可持续发展社会的建设,超低温空气源热泵联合太阳能供热系统被研发出来。该联合系统的应用极大地缓解了当前能源紧张的问题,同时对降低环境污染、提高能源利用率、降低供暖成本也有着积极的作用。基于此,围绕超低温空气热源泵与太阳能供热系统展开论述,对当前超低温空气源热泵与太阳能联合供热系统结构进行分析,剖析其中所存在的问题,同时针对问题提出超低温空气源热泵与太阳能供热系统的优化方案,将其应用于北方寒冷地区的一建筑当中,并对应用效果进行分析。

船舶空调通风系统风管漏风量标准分析

鉴于目前船舶空调通风领域还没有一个统一的限制风管漏风量的标准,通过分析研究船舶行业常用的EUROVENT 2/2标准,并比较了GB 50243—2016、DW144和SMACNA等相关标准,对于在船舶设计、建造过程中对于空调通风系统的漏风量提出了适合我国船舶空调通风系统风管漏风量标准的建议,在设计施工过程中可采取相应手段优化和减少风管漏风量的问题,供船舶设计人员参考。

美国定向能机动近程防空计划进展分析

美国定向能机动近程防空(directed energy maneuver-short range air defense,DE M-SHORAD)计划通过击伤、摧毁或压制旋转翼无人机、固定翼无人机以及火箭弹、火炮炮弹、迫击炮弹(rockets,artillery and mortar,RAM)等威胁目标,为机动部队提供伴随防空,对抗新兴威胁,属于美国陆军防空反导现代化的优先项目之一。首先介绍了DE M-SHORAD研制计划;其次详细分析了系统结构,并由系统参数评估了系统的作战性能;最后梳理了系统的研制进展。通过综合分析可知,DE M-SHORAD系统采用最佳组件,通过快速原型方法实现激光武器系统在装甲车上的集成;为降低技术风险,该计划在发展方式上分为两个阶段,首先集成、测试2 kW~5 kW机动实验型高能激光器(mobile experimental high-energy laser,MEHEL),然后再研制50 kW级的多任务高能激光器(multi-mission high-energy laser,MMHEL)。经计算可得:MEHEL和MMHEL对无人机的最大射程分别约为0.77 km、4.8 km。

考虑变掺氧富氧燃烧与利用LNG冷能的LAES的综合能源系统低碳经济调度

为促进风电消纳,减少火电机组的碳排放,解决综合能源系统(Integrated Energy System,IES)低碳经济运行问题,文中引入变掺氧富氧燃烧技术对燃气机组进行改造,并结合利用液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas,LNG)冷能的液化空气储能(Liquid Air Energy Storage,LAES),提出了一种电热气冷IES低碳经济优化策略。首先,构建含变掺氧富氧燃烧燃气机组、利用LNG冷能的LAES、电转气(Power To Gas,P2G)设备、中央空调和溴化锂制冷机的IES架构,并建立各设备的数学模型;其次,引入阶梯式碳交易机制,建立了以系统运行成本最小为目标的电热气冷IES低碳经济调度模型;最后,采用MATLAB调用GUROBI求解器对多个场景进行求解,验证了文中提出的低碳经济优化调度策略可以提高系统的风电消纳、有效降低系统运行成本,实现碳减排。

压缩空气储能系统的微机电控制技术

结合当前能源需求的大背景,综述了压缩空气储能系统的微机电控制技术研究情况。首先详细阐述了压缩空气储能系统的内部运行逻辑,包括运行方式和相关机械结构。在此基础上,从转速和储能电机两个角度,探讨储能系统的微机电控制技术的最近研究进展。最后列举了当前较为常用的控制优化技术,可为后续研究提供一定的理论借鉴和思考。