An Air Defense Weapon Target Assignment Method Based on Multi-Objective Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

With the advancement of combat equipment technology and combat concepts,new requirements have been put forward for air defense operations during a group target attack.To achieve high-efficiency and lowloss defensive operations,a reasonable air defense weapon assignment strategy is a key step.In this paper,a multi-objective and multi-constraints weapon target assignment(WTA)model is established that aims to minimize the defensive resource loss,minimize total weapon consumption,and minimize the target residual effectiveness.An optimization framework of air defense weapon mission scheduling based on the multiobjective artificial bee colony(MOABC)algorithm is proposed.The solution for point-to-point saturated attack targets at different operational scales is achieved by encoding the nectar with real numbers.Simulations are performed for an imagined air defense scenario,where air defense weapons are saturated.The non-dominated solution sets are obtained by the MOABC algorithm to meet the operational demand.In the case where there are more weapons than targets,more diverse assignment schemes can be selected.According to the inverse generation distance(IGD)index,the convergence and diversity for the solutions of the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III(NSGA-III)algorithm and the MOABC algorithm are compared and analyzed.The results prove that the MOABC algorithm has better convergence and the solutions are more evenly distributed among the solution space.

Dynamic WTA optimization model of air defense operation of warships' formation

WTA （weapon-target allocation） of air defense operation is a very complicated problem and current models focus on static and restricted WTA problem mostly. Based on the dynamic characteristics of air defense operational command and decision of warships＇ formation, a dynamic WTA model is established. Simulation results show that switch fire and repetition fire of anti-air weapon system affect the result of the air defense operation remarkably and the dynamic model is more satisfying than static ones. Related results are gained based on the analysis of the simulation results and the results are accordant with the intuitionistic tactical judgment. The model is some reference for the research of air defense C^3I system of warships＇ formation.

Ripple-effect analysis for operational architecture of air defense systems with supernetwork modeling

In order to solve the problem that the ripple-effect analy- sis for the operational architecture of air defense systems （OAADS） is hardly described in quantity with previous modeling approaches, a supernetwork modeling approach for the OAADS is put for- ward by extending granular computing. Based on that operational units and links are equal to different information granularities, the supernetwork framework of the OAADS is constructed as a “four- network within two-layer” structure by forming dynamic operating coalitions, and measuring indexes of the ripple-effect analysis for the OAADS are given combining with Laplace spectral radius. In this framework, via analyzing multidimensional attributes which inherit relations between operational units in different granular scales, an extended granular computing is put forward integrating with a topological structure. Then the operation process within the supernetwork framework, including transformation relations be- tween two layers in the vertical view and mapping relations among functional networks in the horizontal view, is studied in quantity. As the application case shows, comparing with previous modeling approaches, the supernetwork model can validate and analyze the operation mechanism in the air defense architecture, and the ripple-effect analysis can be used to confirm the key operational unit with micro and macro viewpoints.

The Research on the Analysis and Application of Detecting Underground Civil Air Defense with GPR

On the basis of the principle of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method and geophysical characteristics, this paper discusses in detail detection method of civil air defense distinguished by GPR under the complex geological condition through using the analysis and application in the survey of underground civil air defense as an example. Three dimensional image of the defense clearly reflects its underground structure. Test result has the greatly high detection precision. This example illustrates the effectiveness and practicability of GPR in the respect of detection of the civil air defense and also accumulates experiences for the application of GPR in urban geological survey.

Distributed Air &Missile Defense with Spatial Grasp Technology

A high-level technology is revealed that can effectively convert any distributed system into a globally programmable machine capable of operating without central resources and self-recovering from indiscriminate damages. Integral mission scenarios in Distributed Scenario Language (DSL) can be injected from any point, runtime covering & grasping the whole system or its parts, setting operational infrastructures, and orienting local and global behavior in the way needed. Many operational scenarios can be simultaneously injected into this spatial machine from different points, cooperating or competing over the shared distributed knowledge as overlapping fields of solutions. Distributed DSL interpreter organization and benefits of using this technology for integrated air and missile defense are discussed along with programming examples in this and other fields.

Immune multi-agent model using vaccine for cooperative air-defense system of systems for surface warship formation based on danger theory

Aiming at the problem on cooperative air-defense of surface warship formation, this paper maps the cooperative airdefense system of systems （SoS） for surface warship formation （CASoSSWF） to the biological immune system （BIS） according to the similarity of the defense mechanism and characteristics between the CASoSSWF and the BIS, and then designs the models of components and the architecture for a monitoring agent, a regulating agent, a killer agent, a pre-warning agent and a communicating agent by making use of the theories and methods of the artificial immune system, the multi-agent system （MAS）, the vaccine and the danger theory （DT）. Moreover a new immune multi-agent model using vaccine based on DT （IMMUVBDT） for the cooperative air-defense SoS is advanced. The immune response and immune mechanism of the CASoSSWF are analyzed. The model has a capability of memory, evolution, commendable dynamic environment adaptability and self-learning, and embodies adequately the cooperative air-defense mechanism for the CASoSSWF. Therefore it shows a novel idea for the CASoSSWF which can provide conception models for a surface warship formation operation simulation system.

Fire Distribution of Integrated Missile-gun Air Defense System Based on Earlier Damage Criterion

The fire distribution can be divided into weapon assignment and firing time scheduling. The criterion of weapon allocation is that a target with greater threat has higher priority. And the criterion of firing time scheduling is that a target can be damaged with the expected probability before a specific time. A fire distribution scheme and a program for the integrated missile-gun air defense system based on a criterion of earlier damage were presented. An example was taken to illustrate its effectiveness.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF AIR DEFENSE SURVEILLANCE RADARS

This paper is a study of the quantitative evaluation on the cost-effectiveness of air defense surveillance radars. The composition of life cycle cost of the radar is analysed at first. Then the radar performance and effectiveness formulas are derived. By calculating the values of many radars' cost, performance and effectiveness, tendency curves are plotted. The application of cost-effectiveness calculation and the tendency curves in radar system analysis is discussed at last.

中国大气污染防治政策与空气污染治理——基于城市级面板数据的实证研究

2013年颁布实施的《大气污染防治行动计划》是我国首个针对环境突出问题开展综合治理的行动计划;为巩固治理效果,应对动态变化的环境问题,2018年国务院进一步发布了《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》。研究利用中国258个城市2013年1月至2020年9月日度空气污染数据,实证检验了上述两阶段政策对空气质量的影响,并从不同污染物治理效果、时间和区域异质性等角度分析了政策效应的差异。结果指出:第一,“大气十条”和“蓝天保卫战”均显著降低了AQI、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_(2)、NO_(2)、CO;第二,相比“大气十条”,“蓝天保卫战”对NO_(2)的减排效应更高,且实现对O_(3)的协同治理;第三,“大气十条”和“蓝天保卫战”对各污染物的减排效应因供暖时期、地区能源资源禀赋呈现出较强的异质性特征。

美国定向能机动近程防空计划进展分析

美国定向能机动近程防空(directed energy maneuver-short range air defense,DE M-SHORAD)计划通过击伤、摧毁或压制旋转翼无人机、固定翼无人机以及火箭弹、火炮炮弹、迫击炮弹(rockets,artillery and mortar,RAM)等威胁目标,为机动部队提供伴随防空,对抗新兴威胁,属于美国陆军防空反导现代化的优先项目之一。首先介绍了DE M-SHORAD研制计划;其次详细分析了系统结构,并由系统参数评估了系统的作战性能;最后梳理了系统的研制进展。通过综合分析可知,DE M-SHORAD系统采用最佳组件,通过快速原型方法实现激光武器系统在装甲车上的集成;为降低技术风险,该计划在发展方式上分为两个阶段,首先集成、测试2 kW~5 kW机动实验型高能激光器(mobile experimental high-energy laser,MEHEL),然后再研制50 kW级的多任务高能激光器(multi-mission high-energy laser,MMHEL)。经计算可得:MEHEL和MMHEL对无人机的最大射程分别约为0.77 km、4.8 km。

基于深度强化学习的舰船导弹目标分配方法

针对对抗环境下的海上舰船防空反导导弹目标分配问题,本文提出了一种融合注意力机制的深度强化学习算法.首先,构建了舰船多类型导弹目标分配模型,并结合目标多波次拦截特点将问题建模为马尔可夫决策过程.接着,基于编码器–解码器框架搭建强化学习策略网络,融合多头注意力机制对目标进行编码,并在解码中结合整体目标和单个目标编码信息实现舰船可靠的导弹目标分配.最后,对导弹目标分配收益、分配时效以及策略网络训练过程进行了仿真实验.实验结果表明,本文方法能生成高收益的导弹目标分配方案,相较于对比算法的大规模决策计算速度提高10%~94%,同时其策略网络能够快速稳定收敛.

小口径定距空爆弹末端防空拦截实时模拟及开舱距离研究

针对现有小口径定距空爆弹末端防空拦截及开舱距离模拟中,无法体现开舱后子弹云团与目标的动态交会过程,并忽略了定距空爆引信实际启动规律,导致毁伤效能评估不准确的问题,开展小口径定距空爆弹末端防空拦截实时模拟及开舱距离进行研究。通过建立多束定向预制破片战斗部、弹目交会及以巡航导弹为拦截目标的等效目标数值模型,搭建小口径定距空爆弹末端防空拦截实时模拟平台。基于实时模拟平台,引入武器系统误差与定距空爆引信实测启动规律,分析炮弹在不同射击距离下开舱距离与毁伤效能的关系,并对小口径定距空爆弹引信技术发展方向进行展望。研究结果表明,引信实际启动规律使得最优毁伤效能随射击距离的增加而减少的幅度增大,在射击远距离目标时,0~20 m的开舱距离内都存在着较高的完全脱靶率。

基于节点重要性和改进效能环的防空反导预警体系能力评估

针对防空反导预警体系能力评估中存在的现实性较弱、考虑异质特性较少和能力计算不够全面等问题,提出基于节点重要性和改进效能环的体系能力评估方法。依托超网络模型对体系结构进行抽象建模,给出具有现实意义的效能环模型。从网络全局和局部节点的重要性出发,根据节点之间相互影响关系对效能边进行分析,并结合节点的重要性和可靠性提出体系的能力期望,从而改进基于效能环的体系能力评估方法。反导预警作战的案例仿真分析结果表明:新方法具有可行性与合理性,充分考虑了防空反导预警体系的现实特性和装备的异质特征,能够较全面地评估体系作战能力,为体系的能力评估和结构优化提供理论支撑。

基于改进差分进化算法的动态防空资源分配优化

面对动态防空资源分配问题中存在的空袭目标突现和雷达、发射车等资源受干扰现象,在综合考虑雷达、发射车和导弹等武器装备性能的基础上,基于目标集、资源集建立了最小化目标总拦截价值与生存概率的混合整数决策模型。提出了一种新的改进差分进化算法进行求解,采用反向学习策略生成初始解,确保初始种群的质量,设计了一种快速修复与重构的启发式规则作用于多阶段,以提升算法的搜索能力。仿真实验验证了该算法具有求解时间和求解精度上的优越性。该研究能使武器系统在动态事件的随机影响下,保持高效的作战能力和决策效果。

基于改进差分进化算法的跨平台武器目标分配方法

现代战争中,跨平台武器单元的协同利用,是合同编队体系的重要内容,作战方式也正由平台级协同向着能力要素级协同转变,这对武器目标分配问题的解决提出了更大挑战。本文将武器单元的最小划分单位细化到能力要素级,以毁伤概率与成本消耗为优化目标,面向多种来袭目标的编队防空场景,提出了跨平台武器目标分配算法。同时,基于混沌映射提出了混沌种群重构(chaotic population reconstruction,CPR)机制,并结合带存档的自适应差分进化(adaptive differential evolution with optional external archive,JADE)算法提出了CPR-JADE算法,利用CPR机制可以帮助算法在解决高维复杂约束问题时跳出局部最优。再将其运用到武器目标分配模型上,实现了对模型的高效求解。最后,通过在多种数据规模下与其他进化优化算法的仿真对比试验分析,验证了所提方法的正确性与有效性。

美国海军一体化防空火控系统发展研究

美国海军一体化防空火控系统(Naval Integrated Fire Control-Counter Air,NIFC-CA)是一种分布式、网络化的编队防空反导指挥控制系统,其目的是实现超视距远程拦截。随着美军“分布式杀伤”作战思想的不断深入,NIFC-CA能力建设也随之不断完善发展。本文首先对NIFC-CA系统的概念、背景及意义进行深入分析;在此基础上,研究美国海军NIFC-CA系统的作战运用样式;最后,从扩展性、全域性、感知性3个方面,对我军一体化防空提出一些发展建议,为我军海上一体化协同防空作战提供借鉴意义。

基于OODA环的网络化防空体系作战效能评估

以网络化防空体系作战效能评估为对象开展研究,针对效能评估过程中概念梳理不清、指标体系不科学、指标权重不合理等问题,系统梳理网络化防空体系OODA环模型,分析网络化防空体系作战流程。运用德尔菲法制定动态的效能评估指标体系,采用层次分析法确定评估指标体系指标权重。构建灰色模糊评估模型,对网络化防空体系作战效能进行综合评估,并用实例验证该方法和模型的有效性。该方法可为构建网络化防空体系,评估防空体系作战效能提供方法和参考。

基于大指令变化率下的防空导弹姿态控制方法

针对防空导弹的目标机动性较强带来的姿态控制品质变差的问题,提出一种事件触发控制方法。首先分析了由于目标机动性过强导致的指令变化率未知,以及指令变化率过大导致稳态误差较大的原因。针对此问题引入非线性最速跟踪微分器获取指令变化率,研究指令变化率与姿态角误差之间关系,定义稳态效应指标,并在该指标基础上设计了基于事件触发的新增控制量。采用滑模控制和扰动观测器使系统在指令变化率较大条件下的稳态误差被抑制在5%误差带之内。在工程实践的背景下,数值仿真考虑了气动参数拉偏以及执行机构限幅,仿真结果验证了设计的控制系统的有效性。

海上编队协同防空作战规则反演方法

为解决海上编队协同防空作战中多任务多平台的协同决策问题,提出基于遗传模糊逻辑树的协同防空作战规则反演方法。设计面向威胁判断、目标分配、火力控制等指控决策的级联式模糊推理系统,采用演化学习从博弈对抗中学习和反演协同作战规则。作战仿真测试表明,该方法能够适应战场的动态变化且决策时延低于1 s。基于遗传模糊逻辑树的作战规则反演缓解了深度强化学习等面临的可解释性问题和作战仿真中的奖励稀疏问题,同时反演生成的作战规则也为剖析战场规律提供了新的知识来源。