Analysis of the Theoretical Foundation and Engineering Effect for Air-duct Embankment on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Based on the corresponding theories of engineering thermodynamics and hydro-dynamics, a careful study is made of the characteristics of air flow in different duct-embedded ways. According to critical Reynolds number, the atmospheric critical velocity of the duct with different diameters, which makes laminar flow different from turbulent flow, is calculated. Given the condition in which a forced flow occurs and the wind strength is larger than the atmospheric pressure gradient along the air-duct, a rational ratio of the length to the diameter is presented. Based on the above theory and field test data on soil temperature and embankment settlement, the advantages and disadvantages are discussed in details of all duct-embedded ways that might affect the stability of embankment.

Experimental Study of Effect of Air Duct Structures on Heat Dissipation of Heating-Only Fan Coil

Heating-only fan coil(HFC)is one of the suited end users,which is not only compact but also highly efficient.And the major factors affecting the heat dissipation performance of HFC include leakage through coil bypass,distance between fan and coil,fan structure and air inlet type.Under natural air convection or forced,experimental studies were made on the effects of these factors upon the heat dissipation performance of HFC.The results show that:1)After reducing the leakage through coil bypass,the heat dissipation of HFC increases 16.9% under natural convection,and increases 8.3% under forced convection.2)After the distance between fan and coil be raised from 23.2cm to 41.7cm,the heat dissipation of HFC decreases 21.3% under natural convection,but increases12.8% under forced convection.3)After changing the fan structure,the heat dissipation of HFC increases 41.8% under natural convection,and the heat dissipation per motor power increases 96.1% under forced convection.4)The heat dissipations of HFC with round pass,slit and strip type of air inlet are different,whose proportion is about 100%,110%,136% under natural convection,and 100%,105%,116% under forced convection.

Simulation of Variable Air Volume System with Different Duct Layout

The duct static pressure reset (DSPR) control method is a popular modern control method widely applied to variable air volume (VAV) systems of commercial buildings. In this paper, a VAV system simulation program was used to predict the system performance and zone air temperature of two kinds of layouts that were applied to a typical floor of an existing building office in Hong Kong. The position where the static pressure sensor was placed should affect the zones temperature and energy consumption. The comparison of predictions of the two kinds of layouts indicates that with the same DSPR control method the layout of the air duct might influence the fan control result and energy savings.

Air in the main pancreatic duct:A case of innocent air

Air in the main pancreatic duct has been reported only rarely and might be associated with either a spontane- ous or a surgically induced alteration of the anatomy of the biliary tract. We report a case of ＂innocent＂ air found incidentally in the main pancreatic duct. To our knowledge, this is only the third such case reported. A 54-year-old woman presented with hemoptysis that had lasted for 3 d. She underwent a chest computed tomography scan, which revealed not only focal bron- chiectasis in the left lower lobe, but also air in the main pancreatic duct and dilatation of the common bile duct. She was managed conservatively for the hemop- blsis and no further problems developed. She had no specific gastrointestinal symptoms and had no history of surgery or medication. Her laboratory parameters were normal. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancrea- tography also demonstrated air in the main pancreatic duct and a dilated common bile duct （CBD）. Duode- noscopy revealed separate biliary and pancreatic ori-rices with patulous openings and some air bubbles ap- pearing in the pancreatic orifice. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （ERCP） showed the dilated CBD and pancreatic duct with some air bubbles, but no other abnormal lesions. She was discharged with no further problems. Most patients with air in the main pancreatic duct have had a pancreatobiliary disease, or a history of pancreatobiliary disease, pancreatobiliary surgery or sphincterotomy. If the air is innocent, as in our case, ERCP should be performed to evaluate any altered sphincteric function or anatomy such as patu- Ious openings.

Discussion on compact mechanism of air-stream and synchro-formed clamp plate impact molding

Applying the air impact molding method to mold the complicated pattern with wider opening surface and deeper concave, there always exist vaulted phenomenon and lower compactibility of sand mold over the entrance and the concave regions. Using the air-stream and synchro-formed clamp plate impact molding, however, this problem will be preferably solved. In this paper, the compact mechanism of the new molding method and the effect of some configuration factors, such as the area flowed by compressed air and the highness of the protruding block displacement around the diffluent clamp plate, on the compactibility of sand mold were discussed.

SIMULATION OF BLEED AIR BEHAVIOR DURING AIRCRAFT IN FLIGHT BASED ON FLOWMASTER

Bleed air system is one of the most important components of air management system(AMS).It acts as transfer pipes responsible for air supply at high temperature and pressure.The thermal and flow performance of the bleed air system is a key issue for the design of AMS since the characteristics of air source have a great influence on the anti-ice system,the environmental control system and other downstream system in need of high temperature pressurized air.Based on the one-dimensional lumped parameter technology,a computer analysis model of bleed air system is developed in order to analyze the thermal and flow behaviors of the nodal points in the pipeline network.The simulation are performed with a given flight assignment using the analysis model,and the results verify that the system meets the design requirements.

自走引流式森林风力灭火机设计与试验

为提高森林火灾初期灭火的效率,设计一种应用于森林火灾初期快速灭火的新型自走引流式森林风力灭火机。首先对灭火机的整体结构、工作原理进行阐述,对风筒等关键部件进行设计计算。其次利用UG对灭火机的结构进行设计,用ANSYS静力学、模态分析模块对整机机架进行仿真分析,验证整机机架设计的合理性与工作特性。最后对样机进行试制,与我国常见的6MF-32便携式灭火机作对比试验,自走引流式森林风力灭火机距可燃物5 m,手持式6MF-32灭火机距可燃物2.5 m。试验结果表明,在7次对比试验中,当可燃物量大于2.5 kg时,6MF-32便携式灭火机出现灭火后复燃现象;当可燃物的质量达到3.5 kg时,风力灭火机会出现灭火后复燃现象。试验中,自走引流式森林风力灭火机的灭火时间比6MF-32便携式灭火机短,因此可以看出自走引流式森林风力灭火机在灭火距离、效率上的优越性。

大型永磁同步电机内外双循环强化散热性能模拟

针对高铁大型永磁同步牵引电机转子区域散热困难、内部温升分布不均匀的问题,在机壳水冷电机结构基础上的定子铁芯外表面处增设轴向矩形风道,并结合气隙、转子减重孔形成内外双循环散热结构,探究降低定子、绕组部位温升和提升电机内部散热均匀性的影响规律.首先通过Ansoft Maxwell平台仿真得到双循环散热结构在额定工况下各部件损耗值,同时为了更好模拟转子旋转带动气隙中的空气流动,对气隙进行分层处理,采用流-固耦合的有限元分析法模拟研究单、双循环散热结构下电机内部空气流动特性以及温升规律.结果表明,内循环风冷结构使电机内部空气流速显著提高,表面平均换热系数也显著提升,转子区域的热量会随着空气的流动更多地传给温度相对较低的定子区域及机壳,同时减少热量向转子部位传递,从而使转子和永磁体的温升降低.在此基础上,采用正交分析法对矩形通风孔的截面积、数量、高宽比进行结构参数优化,并采用温升分布均匀性系数对电机进行温升评价,得到最优方案下电机最高温升相比单循环散热结构降低12.1K,电机整体温升分布均匀性提升16.54%.

船舶空调通风系统风管漏风量标准分析

鉴于目前船舶空调通风领域还没有一个统一的限制风管漏风量的标准,通过分析研究船舶行业常用的EUROVENT 2/2标准,并比较了GB 50243—2016、DW144和SMACNA等相关标准,对于在船舶设计、建造过程中对于空调通风系统的漏风量提出了适合我国船舶空调通风系统风管漏风量标准的建议,在设计施工过程中可采取相应手段优化和减少风管漏风量的问题,供船舶设计人员参考。

干式车载牵引变压器绕组区域动态温度计算模型

干式车载牵引变压器质量轻、安全系数高,但其内部热场随运行环境及负荷状态频繁波动。为实现干式车载牵引变压器绕组动态温度的快速计算,基于热电类比原理搭建分布式动态热网络拓扑结构,并借助CFD模型开展仿真试验,探究运行参数和风道尺寸对散热性能的影响,提出风道出口温度计算方法;基于干式车载牵引变压器绕组温升试验平台,验证动态温度计算模型的有效性。结果表明:针对不同结构参数和时变运行场景,所建绕组动态温度计算模型均能准确获取绕组区域温度分布及动态变化情况,相比CFD数值仿真节省99%以上的时间成本,有助于干式车载牵引变压器热容量的合理规划和设计效率的进一步提高。

气垫船导管内蒙皮结构疲劳分析

针对气垫船导管内蒙皮结构使用中出现撕裂的问题,应用实测载荷和材料数据,进行有限元静强度分析,基于采用名义应力法,采用MSC Fatigue进行疲劳分析,根据结果对内蒙皮结构做改进设计,表明导管内蒙皮结构须按疲劳强度要求进行设计,提出的名义应力法可用于导管内蒙皮结构疲劳强度评估。

汽车空调风道性能定量评价与结构优化

针对汽车空调风道压力损失大、出口风速不均匀、常用的CFD优化仿真方法存在因网格重复划分和几何模型重修而导致的效率低下问题,提出一种速度均匀性系数的定量评价方法,并在气流分离严重的管道位置创建了网格变形参数,形成了基于Isight的Sculptor网格变形和STAR-CCM+技术的集成优化方法,实现了空调风道的自动优化。对比分析结果表明:采用出风口速度均匀性系数和自动优化技术,在各出风口出风量不变的前提下,风道压力损失降低了26%~34%,出风口速度均匀性系数提高了16%~33%,优化效率大幅提升。

汽车空调流体管路的气动噪声分析与优化

以汽车空调风道为研究对象,在Fluent中采用RNG模型和LES模型对管路进行稳态和瞬态计算,对风道出口风量进行试验验证,并采用声类比法计算风道出风口的噪声。根据仿真分析结果,采用响应面法,以出风口1管路的转角半径、出风口2管路左、右管壁的移动距离为设计变量,以出风口2的风量占比为优化目标对空调管路的结构进行优化。最后对优化前、后的管路进行了流场和声场对比分析。结果表明,与原模型相比,优化后风道出风口2的风量比例由20.75%提升到了25.25%,出风口的噪声下降最大值为5.15dB。

定子通风槽钢结构对提高中型高压电机散热性能分析

为降低YJK450-6、400kW中型高压电机的通风散热性能,本文对该电机不同通风槽钢结构进行了散热性能研究。首先,在现有电机的直线标准型通风结构基础上,提出单列缩放型、双列直线型、双列缩放型3种轴-径向混合通风结构形式;在SpaceClaim软件中建立电机3维温度场数值计算模型,根据基本假设和边界条件结合电机内部热量传递公式计算出电机仿真设置参数,并导入Fluent软件进行仿真模拟,其中,计算温度场所用热源通过AnsoftMaxwell平台计算的电机损耗值获取。其次,通过网格无关性和温升试验验证本文建立的电机3维温度场数值计算模型;通过仿真模拟对比分析3种轴-径向混合通风结构与直线标准型结构对电机流场和温度场的影响;采用正交试验法对轴-径向混合通风结构进行参数优化,得到最佳散热结构和参数方案;进一步探究冷却风速对双列缩放型槽钢的电机换热性能的影响;结合定子绕组温升和电机整体的温升均匀性系数,对最佳散热结构和参数方案电机进行散热效果评价。仿真结果表明:本文建立的计算模型是有效的;双列缩放型通风槽钢结构的各项散热性能指标均最好,是最优通风槽钢结构;径向风道高度为6mm且数量为13的双列缩放型通风槽钢结构为最佳散热结构和参数方案;双列缩放型通风槽钢结构两侧的平均对流换热系数随冷却风速增大而增大,且槽钢迎风面的平均对流换热系数明显大于背风面;径向风道高度为6mm且数量为13的双列缩放型通风槽钢结构电机的内/外层绕组温升分布均匀性系数比直线标准型电机分别提高88.13%、20.11%。因此,优化设计通风槽钢结构有利于电机内部空气流动和散热,可实现有效降低电机内部温升的目的。

Heat stress alleviation for dairy cows housed in an open-sided barn by cooling fan and perforated air ducting(PAD)system

Curtain-sided barns with circulation fans above stall are commonly used to house dairy cows in China.Many farms equipped with circulation fans are unable to provide appropriate cooling,especially for the naturally ventilated shed,which can result in decreasing feed intake and milk production.For alleviating heat stress and improving animal comfort,a system consisting of an air cooler and a 30 m perforated air duct(PAD)was integrated to evenly distribute cooling air.The air was cooled by underground water and delivered to targeted zones above stall bed.The system was evaluated in an open sided dairy barn in Tianjin,China.For the stalls equipped with PAD system,air velocity reached above 1.1 m/s at 0.5 m height plane of the stall space,and was more uniformly distributed.Compared to the stalls equipped with circulation fans,the PAD system lowered air temperature by 1.5℃,and increased relative humidity by 8.1%.On average,Temperature Humidity Index(THI)and Equivalent Temperature Index(ETI)were decreased by 0.5 and 0.6,respectively.After a 15 days’operation of the system,rectal temperatures of the treated dairy cows were significantly lowered.The results also showed that the cows under PADs had a higher milk production.These findings suggest the PAD can be an effective cooling alternative for naturally ventilated dairy barns to alleviate heat stress.

风道结构改善货架式冷库热环境的数值模拟研究

本文采用数值模拟的方法探索风道结构对货架式冷库热环境的影响,分析风道结构各因素对热环境评价指标的影响程度。研究结果显示,在本文所设计的12种工况中,风道结构直接影响冷库温湿度分布均匀性和能量利用率,温度不均匀系数、相对湿度不均匀系数随着无因次风道宽度增加而下降,随着开口率的增加而减小。采用极差分析法和方差分析法判断多种因素对评价指标的影响显著程度,并根据综合平衡法得到最优工况,即第13种工况:无因次风道宽度为0.5,开口率为11.8%,该工况下温度及相对湿度不均匀系数分别下降为0.09及0.016、能量利用系数提高至1.68,可显著改善货架式冷库热环境。

综掘工作面风幕阻尘效果影响因素研究

目前综掘工作面粉尘污染的研究多集中于单一因素对综掘工作面风幕阻尘效果的影响,而未充分考虑各因素间的交互作用,使得压风分流技术的工程应用效果欠佳。为明确附壁风筒径向出风距离、径向出风比及轴向出风距离对风幕阻尘效果的影响,以潘三矿810西翼机巷综掘工作面为研究对象,运用Fluent软件对径向出风距离为10~25 m、径向出风比为0.6~0.9及轴向出风距离为6~12 m条件下的风流分布和粉尘扩散情况进行数值模拟。结果表明:(1)随着径向出风距离增大,径向涡流风幕在巷道内的转变更充分,综掘机司机前端的风流分布越均匀,更有利于形成风速方向均指向工作面的轴向阻尘风幕。当径向出风距离为10 m时,距工作面7 m断面内涡流特性明显,风速方向紊乱;当径向出风距离为25 m时,距工作面7 m断面内,风流分布趋于均匀,风速方向均指向工作面,形成了能够覆盖全断面的轴向阻尘风幕。(2)随着径向出风比增大,整流风筒轴向风流风量减小,轴向风流风速和射流强度降低,轴向风流对综掘工作面前端气流的扰动减弱;径向出风比越大,越有利于形成风流方向指向工作面且能覆盖全断面的轴向阻尘流场,即轴向阻尘风幕。(3)径向涡流风幕的阻尘能力随径向出风比的增大先增强后减弱,轴向阻尘风幕的阻尘能力随径向出风比的增大而不断增强。(4)在采取压风分流风幕阻尘技术后,当压风总量为300 m^(3)/min,吸风量为400 m^(3)/min,附壁风筒径向出风距离为20 m,径向出风比为0.9,整流风筒轴向出风距离为8~10 m时,能很好地将粉尘聚集在吸尘口附近,达到高效控尘除尘的目的。在810西翼机巷综掘工作面进行现场测试,测点风速和粉尘质量浓度实测值与模拟值基本一致,高浓度粉尘被有效阻控于工作面前端,隔尘效果较为明显,验证了数值模拟的有效性。

综掘巷道大风量双压风筒下长压短抽除尘效果的模拟研究

煤矿井下大风量双压风筒综掘巷道具有产尘强度大、粉尘分散度高、巷道风速大等特点,严重威胁作业人员身心健康和矿井安全生产。为降低大风量综掘巷道粉尘浓度,基于CFD数值模拟软件建立了双压风筒综掘巷道物理结构,采用DPM模型,重点研究了单抽双压式通风下抽风筒入风口与巷道迎头之间的距离对掘进工作面粉尘运移规律的影响,分析了大风量双压风筒下长压短抽通风方式对司机位置作业环境的影响。结果表明:保持双压风筒出口距巷道迎头为4、5 m,压入风量为1 200 m^(3)/min条件下,当抽风筒入口与巷道迎头之间的距离为8 m时,司机位置粉尘浓度为30~90 mg/m^(3),作业环境最佳。

地铁站台轨顶排热风机对隧道温度的影响研究

夏季高温地区地铁站台排热风机运行时间长,能源消耗大。为探明地铁站台轨排系统对隧道内温度的影响规律,根据深圳地铁站台排热风机控制模式与应用现状,在深圳地铁11号线车站隧道内进行温度监测及站台屏蔽门风量交换测试。结果表明:地铁列车正常运营通过车站站台时,会导致站台隧道内温度产生较大幅值波动;其中轨顶排热风机开启对屏蔽门打开期间的隧道温度下降幅值影响显著,降低隧道温度幅值最大达3.97,为排热风机关闭时的2.4倍,而排热风机对隧道内整个过程的温度变化幅值影响较小;排热风机开启致使站台大量冷空气流入隧道,从而增加了站台空调负荷。研究结果可为轨排系统的合理设置及地铁环控系统简化提供参考依据。

汽车空调风道风量分配和气动噪声优化研究

汽车空调的除霜风道存在的风量分配不合理和噪声较大的问题,严重影响了汽车的舒适性,针对以上问题,本文以某款汽车暖通空调为研究对象,从汽车空调风道引起的气动噪声入手,结合实验和仿真对空调的除霜风道进行优化研究。通过仿真分析找出除霜风道引起风量分配不合理和噪声较大的原因,研究发现,减少转弯、扩大出风口、做好气流分离设计和涡流区的过渡等优化可以保证各个出风口的风量分配充足均匀的情况下,优化后风道可使车内噪声最大降低6dB,并在风量台和半消声室进行实验测试,验证了优化方案的有效性,可为汽车空调降噪研究提供方法和实践基础。