Spatial and Temporal Variation of Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and Its Health Effects during the Haze Event in Malaysia

This study aims to assess and compare levels of particulate matter(PM10 and PM2.5)in urban and industrial areas in Malaysia during haze episodes,which typically occur in the south west monsoon season.The high concentrations of atmospheric particles are mainly due to pollution from neighbouring countries.Daily PM concentrations were analysed for urban and industrial areas including Alor Setar,Tasek,Shah Alam,Klang,Bandaraya Melaka,Larkin,Balok Baru,and Kuala Terengganu in 2018 and 2019.The analysis employed spatiotemporal to examine how PM levels were distributed.The data summary revealed that PM levels in all study areas were right-skewed,indicating the occurrence of high particulate events.Significant peaks in PM concentrations during haze events were consistently observed between June and October,encompassing the south west monsoon and inter-monsoon periods.The study on acute respiratory illnesses primarily focused on Selangor.Analysis revealed that Klang had the highest mean number of inpatient cases for acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma(AEBA)and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)with values of 260.500 and 185.170,respectively.Similarly,for outpatient cases of AEBA and AECOPD,Klang had the highest average values of 41.67 and 14.00,respectively.Shah Alam and Sungai Buloh did not show a significant increase in cases during periods of biomass burning.The statistical analysis concluded that higher concentrations of PM were associated with increased hospital admissions,particularly from June to September,as shown in the bar diagram.Haze episodes were associated with more healthcare utilization due to haze-related respiratory illnesses,seen in higher inpatient and outpatient visits(p<0.05).However,seasonal variability had minimal impact on healthcare utilization.These findings offer a comprehensive assessment of PM levels during historic haze episodes,providing valuable insights for authorities to develop policies and guidelines for effective monitoring and mitigation of the negative impacts of haze events.

Mineralogical characterization of airborne individual particulates in Beijing PM10

This work mainly focuses on the mineralogical study of particulate matter（PM10） in Beijing. Samples were collected on polycarbonate filter from April, 2002 to March, 2003 in Beijing urban area. Scanning electronic microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray（SEM/EDX） was used to investigate individual mineral particles in Beijing PM10. 1454 individual mineral particulates from 48 samples were analysed by SEM/EDX. The results revealed that mineral particulates were complex and heterogeneous. 38 kinds of minerals in PM10 were identified. The clay minerals, of annual average percentage of 30.1%, were the main composition among the identified minerals, and illite/smectite was the main composition in clay minerals, reaching up to 35%. Annual average percentage of quartz, calcite, compound particulates, carbonates were 13.5%, 10.9%, 11.95%, 10.31%, respectively. Annual average percentage less than 10% were gypsum, feldspar, dolomite, and so on. Fluorite, apatite, halite, barite and chloridize zinc（ZnCl2） were firstly identified in Beijing PM10. Sulfurization was found on surface of mineral particles, suggested extensive atmospheric reaction in air during summer.

Impact of Urban 3D Morphology on Particulate Matter 2.5(PM2.5) Concentrations:Case Study of Beijing, China

Urban particulate matter 2.5(PM2.5)pollution and public health are closely related,and concerns regarding PM2.5 are widespread.Of the underlying factors,the urban morphology is the most manageable.Therefore,investigations of the impact of urban three-dimensional(3D)morphology on PM2.5 concentration have important scientific significance.In this paper,39 PM2.5 monitoring sites of Beijing in China were selected with PM2.5 automatic monitoring data that were collected in 2013.This data set was used to analyze the impacts of the meteorological condition and public transportation on PM2.5 concentrations.Based on the elimination of the meteorological conditions and public transportation factors,the relationships between urban 3D morphology and PM2.5 concentrations are highlighted.Ten urban 3D morphology indices were established to explore the spatial-temporal correlations between the indices and PM2.5 concentrations and analyze the impact of urban 3D morphology on the PM2.5 concentrations.Results demonstrated that road length density(RLD),road area density(RAD),construction area density(CAD),construction height density(CHD),construction volume density(CVD),construction otherness(CO),and vegetation area density(VAD)have positive impacts on the PM2.5 concentrations,whereas water area density(WAD),water fragmentation(WF),and vegetation fragmentation(VF)(except for the 500 m buffer)have negative impacts on the PM2.5 concentrations.Moreover,the correlations between the morphology indices and PM2.5 concentrations varied with the buffer scale.The findings could lay a foundation for the high-precision spatial-temporal modelling of PM2.5 concentrations and the scientific planning of urban 3D spaces by authorities responsible for controlling PM2.5 concentrations.

Feature Analysis of the Atmospheric Particulate Pollutants (PM_(10) and PM_(2.5)) in Wenzhou City

[ Objective] The research aimed to analyze characteristics of the atmospheric particulate pollutants （ PMlo and PM2.s） in Wenzhou City. [Method] We analyzed interannual change rule of the dust haze in Wenzhou during 1978 -2008. Moreover, we respectively set monitoring points in urban district, industrial park and beauty spot of Wenzhou in summer and winter of 2010. Element, ion and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon com- positions and morphology of the particulate matter were analyzed. [ Result] Dust haze in Wenzhou City mainly appeared in winter and spring, which was related to local meteorological condition. In summer and winter, both PMlo and PM2.s concentrations presented the characteristic of industrial park 〉 commercial area 〉 beauty spot. Chain-like particle aggregates and ultrafine particles were main composition of the atmospheric particulate matter in Wenzhou. Contribution rate of the spherical particle amount was smaller than metropolis, which was related to local industry and traffic. Fe element had the most content in particulate matter. Mass concentration was mainly composed of 6 elements, such as Na, Si, S, K, Ca and Fe. Total concentration of the six elements occupied 70% -80% of the 16 elements. SO^- and NH4＊ in particulate matter were higher. They were mainly from human activity. Main compositions of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon were naphthalene, anthracene, benzo （b） fluoranthene, indeno （1,2, 3-cd） pyrene and benzo （g, h, i） perylene, which was related to abrupt increase of the motor vehicle. [ Condusion] The research provided scientific basis and technology support for controlling atmospheric particulate matter pollution in Wenzhou City by government and related department.

山柰酚改善细颗粒物PM2.5诱导的老龄大鼠肺损伤的作用和机制研究

目的细颗粒物(PM2.5)被认为与多种呼吸系统问题有关,在老年人群中尤为显著。本研究旨在探索山柰酚是否可以治疗PM2.5诱导的老龄大鼠肺损伤,并探讨其潜在的作用机制。方法30只雄性Wistar大鼠(16个月龄)被随机分为5组:对照组、PM2.5暴露组和PM2.5暴露+山柰酚低剂量、中剂量和高剂量组。PM2.5暴露持续时间2周后,检测各组大鼠的肺功能、肺形态、炎症程度以及Toll样受体4(TLR4)/核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路相关蛋白的表达水平。结果与对照组相比,PM2.5暴露导致老龄大鼠发生显著的肺损伤,表现为明显的肺功能受损和组织病理学改变,支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的炎性因子TNF-α和IL-6浓度增加,血液中炎性细胞比例改变,肺组织中TLR4的表达和核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)磷酸化水平增加。山柰酚的治疗则呈剂量依赖性地改善了PM2.5所致肺功能损伤和组织病理学改变,抑制炎性因子分泌和炎症细胞比例失衡,抑制了TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的激活。结论山柰酚能够对PM2.5暴露引起的老龄大鼠肺损伤产生保护作用,抑制炎症反应和结构损伤,其作用机制可能与抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的激活相关。

上海市A城区大气PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)污染与居民日死亡数的相关分析

目的 探讨大气颗粒物污染对人群健康的影响。方法 采用Poisson广义相加模型对上海市A城区大气PM1 0 、PM2 5的日平均污染浓度与居民日死亡数进行相关回归分析 ,并控制了时间长期趋势、气象、季节、一周日效应混杂因素的影响。结果 当大气PM1 0 、PM2 5浓度上升 10 μg m3时 ,总死亡数分别上升 0 5 3%(0 2 2 %～ 0 85 % )、0 85 % (0 32 %～ 1 39% )。结论 大气粗细颗粒物污染具有潜在的急性人群健康危害。

TSP-PM_(10)-PM_(2.5)-2型中流量大气颗粒物采集系统的开发和应用

自行开发并研制了 TSP-PM1 0 -PM2 .5-2型中流量 TSP、PM1 0 、PM2 .5大气颗粒物采集系统 ,是目前中国唯一可以采集 TSP、PM1 0 、PM2 .5样品并提供足够的样品量进行大气颗粒物化学成分分析的中流量大气颗粒物采集器。该系统精心设计和加工的限流孔可以保持完全固定的流量 ,保证切割粒径的稳定 ,减小采样的误差并方便操作。该系统已经成功地应用于 2 0多个城市和地区大气颗粒物的监测和研究中 ,为研究大气颗粒物的污染状况和来源提供了有效的技术手段和支持。

Air Quality Indices, Sources and Impact on Human Health of PM₁₀and PM_2.5in Alexandria Governorate, Egypt

In this study, PM10 and PM2.5 were measured in seven sites representing different activities (the same sites of EEAA monitoring stations) in addition to eighth site that used as a background. All results were higher than AQLs of EEAA, US/EPA, and EC although PM10 and PM2.5 are considered to be a direct cause of cardiovascular diseases as well as lead to death and it may be a reason for a number of chest diseases in short-term as well as long-term. Results were compared to the Air Quality Forecast system which developed by EEAA and AQI which created by US/EPA was calculated for some PM10 and PM2.5. Probable potential anthropogenic sources for such high concentrations of PM included unpaved roads, indiscriminate demolition and construction work, industrial activities, and solid wastes. This study resulted in a number of suggestions and recommendations include: 1) Implementation of integrated ISO 26000 and ISO 14001, 2) EIMP/EEAA monitoring stations need restructuring plan to cover all areas in Alexandria, 3) EIMP/EEAA must be supported with PM2.5 monitors, 4) PM control systems must be used in all industrial activities to reduce PM pollution from the source, 5) AQL of PM2.5 in the ambient environment must be reduced and it must be included in the working environment parameters, 6) Environmental law must be applied strictly, and 7) Multidisciplinary co-operation especially between environment and public health specialists must be increased.

瑞士空气污染管制法及PM10和PM2.5的限排措施

瑞士的环境质量在世界上堪称一流,这得益于瑞士严格执行政府1985年出台的《空气污染管制条例》,在控制PM10和PM2.5排放方面,要求明确,措施得当。瑞士PM10和PM2.5的最大排放源分别为农林和居住与商业。瑞士在道路交通、铁路、水运和航空运输、施工机械与设备、燃烧、工业设备与生产流程以及农业等领域均采取了一系列的减排措施,如,规定柴油的含硫量不得超过10mg/kg,各种车辆须加装可以过滤包括PM2.5的新型高效尾气排放过滤器等等。瑞士的经验表明,有效控制PM10和PM2.5的排放量,一是要细化规章制度,二是要有必要的技术手段。

不同城市绿地类型对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)以及TSP的消减效应研究

一直以来,绿地系统都是城市户外公共活动、文化展示、景观美化等功能的重要载体。此外,基于景观生态学的绿地系统研究使其生态调节功能进一步强化。作为城市的主要户外公共空间,城市绿地的空气质量关乎整个城市居民的健康,虽然已有部分研究开始初步探索城市绿地在消减空气颗粒物上的作用,但仍缺乏更加系统性的对比研究,以揭示不同绿地类型中绿地率、植物群落结构等特征对空气颗粒物的不同消减效应。本文采用定量测定的方法,对重庆市典型的绿地类型进行全年的测试分析。研究表明:绿地率最高的公园绿地对于空气颗粒物的消减率最明显;在一年四季中,TSP在夏季的消减率最高,PM_(10)的消减率春季最高,PM_(2.5)的消减率冬季最高;在不同空气颗粒物的消减率对比分析中,各种城市绿地对TSP的消减率最高,能达到15%以上,对PM_(2.5)的消减率最低,在夏季甚至出现负值。由此可见,城市绿地对总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和粗颗粒物(PM_(10))都具有很好的消减效果,但是在对细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))的消减效果则不明显。

Human Health Risks from Exposure to Heavy Metals of Suspended Particulate Matter around the Tongon Gold Mine, Côte d’Ivoire

The Tongon mine, the largest gold mine in C?te d’Ivoire, has been in operation since April 2010. However, to our knowledge to date, no study has been conducted on metallic contamination in suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) where there is a lack of information on the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk to human health associated with the exposure of populations in the Tongon area to these pollutants. The general objective of this study is to evaluate the level of contamination of PM10;PM2.5 by heavy metals and their impact on the health of populations exposed to these pollutants in the Tongon gold mine area. The sampling and measurement of suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) were done using a MiniVol TAS passive air sampler. Heavy metal concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (Nex ION 2000 ICP-MS, USA). The results indicate that the average concentrations of suspended particles (PM2.5 and PM10) obtained are all above the recommended exposure limits. In addition, among the heavy metals contained in the suspended particles, the concentrations of arsenic and nickel are high and all above the standard limit values. The assessment of the health risks related to the inhalation of PM10 particles reveals that their inhalation over a long period could cause a carcinogenic risk.

Machine learning to relate PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations to outpatient visits for upper respiratory tract infections in Taiwan:A nationwide analysis

AIM To examine the accuracy of machine learning to relate particulate matter(PM) 2.5 and PM10 concentrations to upper respiratory tract infections(URIs).METHODS Daily nationwide and regional outdoor PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations collected over 30 consecutive days obtained from the Taiwan Environment Protection Administration were the inputs for machine learning, using multilayer perceptron(MLP), to relate to the subsequent one-week outpatient visits for URIs. TheURI data were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control datasets in Taiwan between 2009 and 2016. The testing used the middle month dataset of each season(January, April, July and October), and the training used the other months' datasets. The weekly URI cases were classified by tertile as high, moderate, and low volumes.RESULTS Both PM concentrations and URI cases peak in winter and spring. In the nationwide data analysis, MLP machine learning can accurately relate the URI volumes of the elderly(89.05% and 88.32%, respectively) and the overall population(81.75% and 83.21%, respectively) with the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations. In the regional data analyses, greater accuracy is found for PM2.5 than for PM10 for the elderly, particularly in the Central region(78.10% and 74.45%, respectively), whereas greater accuracy is found for PM10 than for PM2.5 for the overall population, particularly in the Northern region(73.19% and 63.04%, respectively).CONCLUSION Short-term PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were accurately related to the subsequent occurrence of URIs by using machine learning. Our findings suggested that the effects of PM2.5 and PM10 on URI may differ by age, and the mechanism needs further evaluation.

环境空气监测中TSP、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)的监测总结

环境监测是环境保护的喉舌,是生态环境保护的前沿阵地,只有让环境监测发挥其应有的职能,提供科学有效的监测数据,才能更好地保护环境。通过对环境空气监测中TSP、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)的手工监测技术的深入探讨,旨在提高环境监测人员的技术水平。

孕期PM 2.5和PM 10暴露与妊娠高血压和子痫前期关系的Meta分析

目的探讨妊娠期间PM 2.5和PM 10暴露与妊娠高血压、子痫前期之间的关系,为减少妊娠高血压、子痫前期的发生提供循证医学证据。方法收集建库至2019年5月国内外已发表的有关妊娠期间PM 2.5和PM 10暴露与妊娠高血压、子痫前期关系的病例对照研究,阅读文献题目及摘要进行初筛,阅读全文进行复筛,采用Stata15.0软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入10篇文献。妊娠早期、中期PM 2.5暴露与妊娠高血压的OR合并分别为1.09(95%CI:1.06~1.12),1.17(95%CI:1.13~1.22),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。妊娠中期PM 2.5暴露与子痫前期的OR合并为1.06(95%CI:1.01~1.11),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。妊娠早期、中期和晚期PM 10暴露与妊娠高血压的OR合并分别为1.10(95%CI:1.06~1.14),1.11(95%CI:1.05~1.16),1.08(95%CI:1.02~1.15),差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。对发表偏倚的定量分析显示,除用Begg法检验PM 2.5暴露与妊娠高血压和子痫前期(P<0.05)的关系时存在一定的发表偏倚,其余各相关研究均不存在发表偏倚(P>0.05)。结论孕期PM 2.5和PM 10暴露可能与妊娠高血压、子痫前期的发生有关。

Predictive Meteorological Factors for Elevated PM2.5 Levels at an Air Monitoring Station Near a Petrochemical Complex in Yunlin County, Taiwan

Since 1991, air pollution has gained special attention in Taiwan after a petrochemical complex was constructed in Mailiao Township, Yunlin County. We explored the association between the magnitude of PM2.5 and meteorological factors during 2012-2016. Our findings revealed that 1) mean PM2.5 levels gradually decreased from 30.70 μg/m3 in 2013 to 25.36 μg/m3 in 2016;2) wind speed is the main determinant of air quality—air quality significantly improved when it was faster than 4 m/sec;and 3) wind direction is another determinant of air quality—when the wind direction was southerly, air quality improved. Elevated PM2.5 levels were defined as those hourly levels higher than the third quartile (36 μg/m3). The significantly negative predictive factors for elevated PM2.5 levels were the summer or autumn seasons, rainfall, increased wind speed, and wind direction from 150&#176 to 230&#176 from the north. The significantly positive predictive factors for elevated PM2.5 levels were working hours from 6 a.m. to 2 p.m., a temperature between 11&#176C and 25&#176C, relative humidity between 40% and 68%, and wind direction (e.g., northerly wind, northeasterly wind, and easterly wind). The predictive formula is attached in the Appendix. Therefore, people should protect themselves on these high-risk days.

基于β射线法的新型PM2.5自动监测系统研究

近年来大颗粒物污染日趋严重,准确监测颗粒物PM2.5迫在眉睫。目前国外监测仪器已在国际上普遍使用,国内真正的知识产权产品比较少,产品的精度以及稳定性也有待提高。采用基于β射线法原理研制了PM2.5质量浓度在线监测系统,在仪器结构中提出采用原位检测的方法,并进行与标准称重法的比对实验来验证系统的可行性,结果表明两者测量数据的相关性为0.988。通过数据校正补偿后与监控站赛默飞仪器比对实时监测数据,日测量数据平均值相对偏差仅为1.8%。

水泥窑PM_(2.5)排放特性及其PAHs风险分析

采用荷电低压颗粒物撞击器(ELPI)、便携式PM2.5采样器和稀释系统,对国内3家新型干法水泥生产厂(5条生产线)的水泥窑(包括窑头和窑尾)进行现场采样,分析水泥窑排放PM2.5的质量浓度、粒数浓度及其中的多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度,对呼吸致癌风险进行评价.结果表明:从粒数浓度分析,PM2.5中70%以上为PM0.33,这部分颗粒物主要是由气化凝结形成的.各采样点排放的PAHs主要以二环和三环的低环PAHs为主.第3个水泥厂窑头排放的PAHs含量最高,而且苯并[a]芘(BaP)超过国家所规定的8ng/m3标准限值,同时其呼吸致癌风险水平为4.46×10-4,高于可接受致癌风险水平的上限,需要有效处理.

燃煤锅炉PM2.5控制现状及改进建议

燃煤锅炉消耗大量煤炭,对大气环境中PM 2.5含量影响很大。对燃煤锅炉PM 2.5的治理是一个综合治理的过程,即包含一次可过滤颗粒物和一次可凝结颗粒物的治理,也包含对二次颗粒物前驱物SO2、NOx等的治理。本文从一次颗粒物和二次颗粒物治理角度,论述了燃煤锅炉PM 2.5的产生、控制现状,提出了PM 2.5控制技术的改进建议。

Antagonistic Effects of N-acetylcysteine on Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway Activation, Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Responses in Rats with PM2.5 Induced Lung Injuries

Objective To evaluate the antagonistic effects of N-acetylcysteine(NAC)on mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPK)pathway activation,oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in rats with lung injury induced by fine particulate matter(PM2.5).Methods Forty eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups:blank control group(C1),water drip control group(C2),PM2.5 exposed group(P),low-dose NAC treated and PM2.5 exposed group(L),middle-dose NAC treated and PM2.5 exposed group(M),and high-dose NAC treated and PM2.5 exposed group(H).PM2.5 suspension(7.5 mg/kg)was administered tracheally once a week for four times.NAC of 125 mg/kg,250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg was delivered intragastrically to L,M and H group respectively by gavage(10 ml/kg)for six days before PM2.5 exposure.The histopathological changes and human mucin 5 subtype AC(MUC5AC)content in lung tissue of rats were evaluated.We investigated IL-6 in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),MUC5AC in lung tissue homogenate by ELISA,glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX)in serum and BALF by spectrophotometry,and the expression of p-ERK1/2,p-JNK1/2 and p-p38 proteins by Western blot.All the measurements were analyzed and compared statistically.Results Lung tissue of rats exposed to PM2.5 showed histological destruction and increased mucus secretion of bronchial epithelial cells.Rats receiving NAC treatment showed less histological destruction and mucus secretion.Of P,L,M and H group,MUC5AC in lung tissue,IL-6 in serum and BALF were higher than controls(C1 and C2)(all P<0.05),with the highest levels found in the P group and a decreasing trend with increase of NAC dose.The activity of GSH-PX in serum and BALF of PM2.5 exposed rats(P,L,M and H)was lower than that of controls(all P<0.05),with higher activities found in NAC treated rats(L,M,and H),and an increasing trend with increase of NAC dose.The expressions of p-ERK1/2,p-JNK1/2 and p-p38 proteins in PM2.5 exposed lung tissue(P,L,M and H)was higher than controls(all P<0.05),with decreased levels and dose dependent downregulation found in NAC treated rats.Conclusion NAC can antagonize major MAPK pathway activation,lung oxidative stress and inflammatory injury induced by PM2.5 in rats.

南充市大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)的监测及污染控制研究

针对南充市大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)的监测及其污染控制探讨问题。首先对PM_(2.5)的监测进行了介绍,在这里介绍了南充市污染气象的数据、南充市高坪区环境空气污染气象的数据和南充市三区环境空气的状况,然后探讨了南充市PM_(2.5)监测站网的建设,在这里同时探讨了国外PM_(2.5)监测站网概况和中国对PM_(2.5)监测站网的建设,最后对PM_(2.5)对环境产生的影响进行了总结,对南充市PM_(2.5)对大气层及气候环境产生的影响和PM_(2.5)进行了探讨。