Emission of Air Pollution in the Transport Sector: Case Study of the City of Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil

The transportation sector is certainly one of the main agent’s principals and has contributed to the increase in global air pollution. In Brazil, the large-scale use of diesel for charge and passenger transport produces considerable air pollution in cities. The objectives of the study were to determine the concentrations of gas emissions (CO, NO and NO2), identify the chemical species that make up the particulates, from the exhaust of diesel vehicles and identify chemical species of particulates accumulated in air conditioning filters realized in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes located in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Thus, for the determination of the gas concentrations, electrochemical sensors were used and in the identification of chemical species, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was used. The results showed CO concentrations in the range of 173 to 880 ppmv, of NO in the range 52 to 240 ppmv and NO2 in the range 6 to 252 ppmv in the vehicles exhaust, and chemical species of the particulates in the exhaust identified: Ca, Si, Fe, S, Ti, P, Zn, Sc and Mn. Furthermore, Ca, Si, Fe, S, Ti, P, Zn, Mn, K, Cl, Al, Pb, V, Cu, Sr, Br and Er were in the air conditioning system. The concentration of gases and particulates is increased by the presence of a large highway that runs through the city, with one intense flow of trucks and buses, which certainly contributes to the reduction of the region’s air quality.

Dynamic emission characteristics and control strategies of air pollutants from motor vehicles in downtown Beijing,China

This study combined the real-time monitoring and investigation of traffic flows to comprehensively analyze the road traffic flow and vehicle structure in downtown Beijing.A dynamic emission inventory of motor vehicle air pollutants in downtown Beijing in 2021 was established,and the impact of these emissions on air quality was simulated and quantified,and different emission reduction control scenarios were proposed to evaluate their environmental improvement effects and explore measures to mitigate the impact of pollution emissions.The results show that the high traffic flow and the structure of the motor vehicle emissions in downtown Beijing are the main causes of severe motor vehicle pollution.Monitoring data shows that traffic flow in central Beijing is dominated by small passenger vehicles,while the vehicle mix is better than in other regions,with 72.0%of vehicles meeting"National V"or higher emission standards.However,to achieve higher air quality goals,further reducing vehicle emissions is necessary.Based on dynamic traffic flow,the average daily emissions of nitrogen oxides(NOX),particulate matters(PM_(2.5))and volatile organic compounds(VOC)from motor vehicles in central Beijing are 17.7 tons,0.6 tons and 14.0 tons,respectively,accounting for 23.0%of the city’s average daily motor vehicle emissions.If a zero-emission zone for motor vehicles were implemented in central Beijing,the annual average emission level of pollutants will be reduced by 10.4%to 21.0%.The designation of ultra-low emission zones for motor vehicles could be effective in improving the air quality in the center of Beijing.

京津冀地区柴油移动燃烧源污染减排潜力预测

包含柴油车辆和柴油机械的柴油移动燃烧源是现阶段中国进一步持续改善空气质量的重点源。为探究京津冀地区柴油移动燃烧源的污染排放以及减排潜力,在估算2018年京津冀地区柴油车辆和柴油机械污染排放现状的基础上,设置基准情景和5种政策情景,预测2019—2030年不同情景下柴油燃烧源的污染排放趋势,对比分析不同地区、不同源的污染物减排潜力和不同减排措施对不同类型柴油燃烧源的减排效果。结果表明,京津冀地区2018年柴油燃烧源的CO、HC、NO_(x)和PM排放量分别为51.25、22.89、106.52和5.42万t。综合情景下,2030年CO、HC、NO_(x)和PM污染物排放量可分别比基准年减少52.03%、38.58%、71.88%和52.07%。淘汰高排放情景在短时间内的减排效果较好,而长期效果不佳,提升排放标准情景和推广新能源情景的减排潜力会逐年增加,对污染物有较好的减排作用,运输公转铁情景的减排潜力也较好,2030年能有效减少35.13%~45.81%的污染排放。综合情景下柴油车辆和柴油机械的最大减排潜力分别为91.55%和44.69%。此外,CO和NO_(x)的减排潜力主要来源于柴油车辆,而柴油机械对HC和PM的减排效果明显。与其他2个地区相比,天津市的污染减排效果较好,最大减排潜力为80.80%。分类型来看,柴油货车对污染物的减排贡献较大,尤其是重型货车。与工程机械相比,农业机械的污染减排贡献更大,尤其是联合收割机、农用水泵以及三轮车的减排贡献突出。研究结果可为制定柴油移动源的污染控制政策提供科学支持。

基于实时交通流的上海市机动车碳污同源排放清单

为满足交通碳污减排政策多样化、差别化和精细化发展需求,扩大交通排放测算范围、提高测算准确度和时空分辨力,提出了一种基于实时交通流的高时空分辨力机动车碳污同源排放清单构建方法,综合交通模型、IVE模型和相关算法建立了覆盖上海全市的机动车碳污同源排放清单。结果显示,二氧化碳、氮氧化物周排放规律相近,呈现出明显的周末低工作日高的特征;二氧化碳分时变化规律呈现明显的双峰,而氮氧化物受重型车影响,峰值出现在夜间;由于各车型的碳污分担率不同且活动区域不同造成了上海市机动车二氧化碳和氮氧化物排放的空间分布差异明显;碳污同源排放清单中,NOx、PM、CO、VOCs、CO_(2)的月均排放量分别为5160t、440t、1.7×10^(4)t、732t和2.46×10^(6)t;排放分担率表明,NOx、PM等污染物主要来自重货车及大货车排放;CO、VOCs和CO_(2)排放来源以小客车排放占比最高。

钢铁行业大气污染治理科技发展分析与展望

钢铁行业是我国工业领域重要的大气污染排放源之一,钢铁行业的大气污染治理是降低重点行业污染排放、打好污染防治攻坚战的重中之重。近年来,我国在钢铁行业大气污染治理方面取得了显著成果。总结了我国“十一五”以来钢铁行业污染防治科技工作的部署,并梳理分析了钢铁行业大气污染治理技术发展的阶段。基于末端治理、源头减排和过程控制、全过程耦合控制三个方面技术发展现状,剖析了当前我国钢铁行业在多污染物协同深度减排和实现超低排放面临的形势和问题。最后,面向“十四五”时期,聚焦碳达峰碳中和目标,提出了相关建议,旨在深化大气污染防治科技工作,为建设“美丽中国”和实现“双碳”目标提供关键科技支撑。在未来的发展中,我们有理由相信,在全社会的共同努力下,钢铁行业将迎来更加清洁、高效和可持续的发展。

道路交通排放对周边环境影响的分析——以兰州市安宁区学府路为例

探究城市道路中机动车污染物的排放对周边环境的影响,对环境治理起着至关重要的作用。通常通过分析污染物的影响因素,来建立排放模型。根据研究尺度的不同,将应用较广泛的模型进行划分,并对模型原理、应用及存在不足等方面进行归纳和总结。为了探究学府路道路污染状况,选取COPERT模型进行污染物排放量的测算,并使用ANSYS软件模拟了道路交通排放对学府路周边环境的影响,得出了污染物地图。结果表明:学府路工作日内4项主要大气污染物NO_(2)、CO、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)排放量分别为67.7、269.1、15.1和22.8 t。数量占10.0%的轻型货车排放贡献较大,分别占机动车NO_(2)和PM排放总量的50.5%和69.1%。通过模拟值与实测值的对比发现,COPERT模型对于中观尺度的研究具有较好的支撑。

Vehicle emissions of primary air pollutants from 2009 to 2019 and projection for the 14th Five-Year Plan period in Beijing, China

Over the past decade,the emission standards and fuel standards in Beijing have been upgraded twice,and the vehicle structure has been improved by accelerating the elimination of 2.95 million old vehicles.Through the formulation and implementation of these policies,the emissions of carbon monoxide(CO),volatile organic compounds(VOCs),nitrogen oxides(NO_(x)),and fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))in 2019 were 147.9,25.3,43.4,and 0.91 kton in Beijing,respectively.The emission factor method was adopted to better understand the emissions characteristics of primary air pollutants from combustion engine vehicles and to improve pollution control.In combination with the air quality improvement goals and the status of social and economic development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period in Beijing,different vehicle pollution control scenarios were established,and emissions reductions were projected.The results show that the emissions of four air pollutants(CO,VOCs,NO_(x),and PM_(2.5))fromvehicles in Beijing decreased by an average of 68% in 2019,compared to their levels in 2009.The contribution of NOx emissions from diesel vehicles increased from 35% in 2009 to 56% in 2019,which indicated that clean and energy-saving diesel vehicle fleets should be further improved.Electric vehicle adoption could be an important measure to reduce pollutant emissions.With the further upgrading of vehicle structure and the adoption of electric vehicles,it is expected that the total emissions of the four vehicle pollutants can be reduced by 20%-41% by the end of the 14th Five-Year Plan period.

我国机动车排放污染防治对策研究

随着我国经济建设的有效推进,人们生活水平日益提升,机动车已成为必不可少的代步工具,也是人们生产生活的得力助手。然而,随着机动车数量的增加,尾气排放问题日益严重,移动源污染已成为我国大中城市空气污染的重要来源,不利于社会的可持续发展。基于此,对机动车排放污染防治对策展开研究,分析机动车排放造成严重污染的原因,选择先进的技术手段防治机动车污染排放。

城市空气颗粒物的来源与减排措施的优化

随着城市化进程的加速,空气质量问题逐渐成为公众关注的焦点。颗粒物污染作为其中的一大难题,对城市环境和居民健康造成了严重影响。本文旨在解析城市空气颗粒物的来源,并探讨有效的减排措施。研究表明,工业排放、交通运输、能源生产和日常生活是颗粒物污染的主要来源。为了减少颗粒物的排放,需采取一系列措施,包括加强源头控制、提高排放标准、推广清洁能源和优化城市规划等。此外,对于已形成的污染,应采取科学合理的治理方法。政府、企业和公众需共同努力,以实现长期减排的目标。通过政策引导、技术支持和广泛参与,有望打造一个空气清新、环境优美的宜居城市。

Variability in the Levels of BTEX at a Pollution Hotspot in New Delhi, India

It is a matter of concern that despite taking measures to control aromatic content in gasoline in India, the levels of volatile organic compounds are rising again in many of the Indian cities. The transport sector has been one of the major sectors which are re-sponsible for worsening the air quality of Delhi city. While thousands of toxic com-pounds are emitted from automobiles, industries, gasoline stations as well as service stations, however, volatile organic compounds are important due to their significant contribution to ozone formation, cancer, and non-cancer health risks. In this study, roadside levels of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) were investi-gated at the one of the major arterial road of Delhi city. Air samples were collected by activated coconut shell charcoal adsorbent tubes. The BTEX concentrations were de-termined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) technique. The mean concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes were, respectively, 60.22, 162.68, 49.42 and 25.25 μg/m3. The relative concentration distribution pattern and mutual correlation analysis indicated that in BTEX had sources other than vehicle emission at the study site. The samples collected, showed that BTEX had significantly higher concentrations in winter than those in spring and summer.

江苏省高时空分辨率机动车排放清单构建及特征

针对自上而下法建立的机动车排放清单时空分辨率偏低的问题,从月度排放计算、行驶里程权重、交通数据融合等方面系统优化了传统的方法学框架,据此建立了2018年江苏省机动车排放清单,分析了排放的结构层次特征、社会经济关联和时空分布规律.结果表明,2018年江苏省机动车CO、VOCs、NO_(x)和PM_(2.5)的排放量分别为84.00,16.68,61.72和2.11万t.CO和VOCs主要由汽油小型客车贡献,NO_(x)和PM_(2.5)主要由柴油重型货车贡献,国3及以下标准车辆排放贡献高于其保有量占比,冬季机动车排放高于其它季节.在城市尺度上,机动车排放集中在苏州、无锡、南京、徐州、南通、连云港和常州,机动车人均CO和VOCs排放量与道路排放强度的相关性高于NO_(x)和PM_(2.5),机动车排放与城市GDP以及建成区面积的相关性较为显著.机动车CO和VOCs排放聚集于中心城区,NO_(x)和PM_(2.5)排放呈条带状分布,排放日变化存在着“两峰一谷”的特征.

深圳市“十四五”大气污染治理重点措施及目标可达性研究

本研究针对深圳市大气污染现状及存在的问题,开展“十四五”大气污染治理措施减排成效及目标可达性分析。结果表明,2013至2020年深圳市大气SO_(2)、NO_(2)、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和CO浓度显著下降,而O_(3)浓度呈震荡上升趋势,大气污染治理存在本地减排进入瓶颈期、区域传输贡献显著、二次污染问题日益凸显、与国际先进水平差距大等问题。“十四五”期间实施的大气污染治理措施预计实现NO_(x)减排1.61万吨,VOCs减排1.88万吨,SO_(2)减排0.25万吨,PM_(2.5)减排0.13万吨,在气象条件有利的情况下,可实现2025年深圳市PM2.5达到18μg·m^(-3)和空气质量优良比例达到97.5%的目标,在气象不利的情况下,需与周边城市协同减排才有望达标。建议通过持续推进臭氧与PM_(2.5)协同治理、交通运输领域污染防控、工业源污染治理、施工污染治理、区域联防联控等措施,确保实现“十四五”空气质量目标。

机动车尾气排放对兰州市大气环境影响分析

在对兰州市机动车保有量、主要干线车流量、车型比例及固定源污染状况详细调查的基础上 ,通过较为科学的方法计算了兰州市机动车尾气排放分担率 ,并在此基础上分析了治理汽车尾气污染对兰州市大气环境的影响 。

城市轻型车实际道路瞬态排放的特征

采用清华大学环境科学与工程系构建的车载排放测试系统对北京市8辆轻型车的实际道路瞬态排放进行测试,分别解析了速度、加速度与排放的数理规律,引入“排放增量”概念,建立一套可用于研究交通流特征对机动车排放影响的轻型车瞬态排放数学模拟模式.验证结果表明,污染物排放总量模拟值与实测值相差±20%以内,瞬态排放速率的模拟值与实测值较接近,体现出排放变化趋势及排放峰值.

我国机动车尾气污染及其健康影响研究进展

近几十年来,随着社会的进步和经济的迅速发展,我国城市机动车数量以每年约13%的速度急剧增长,城市机动车尾气污染日益严重,机动车尾气已经成为我国城市大气污染的主要来源,部分大城市的污染类型已经从煤烟型污染转变为机动车尾气型污染;机动车尾气污染使得人类生存环境负担日益严重,并严重危害人群健康。该文综述了近年来我国机动车尾气污染现状及其健康影响研究进展。

青岛市机动车尾气排放预测及其对空气环境质量的影响

本文在对青岛市机动车保有量、市区交通状况及车流量进行深入调查的基础上,依据青岛市环保局利用环保部开发的中国机动车排放模型(CVEM)对青岛市机动车尾气污染物NO_x、CO、HC、PM的排放量的计算结果,对未来青岛市汽车尾气排放情况进行了预测。通过现状调查及模型预测,得出到2015年,青岛市的汽车保有量将超过160万辆,青岛市汽车尾气将排放约NO_x:7.70×10~4t、HC:3.95×10~4t、CO:31.07×10~4t、PM:0.92×10~4t污染物,机动车尾气污染将成为青岛市目前和未来大气污染的主要因素之一。并结合青岛市的实际情况提出了控制机动车尾气污染的建议和对策。

机动车排放颗粒物采集系统参数的研究和测试

机动车排放颗粒物是重要的空气污染物。笔者主要阐述了机动车排放颗粒物采集系统开发和研制过程中部分实验参数的研究和确定 ,同时给出了初步测试的结果 。

沈阳市机动车大气污染物排放清单的研究

基于机动车主要污染物排放量计算方法,对主要污染物排放因子进行识别与修正,建立沈阳市机动车污染物排放清单。结果表明:沈阳市机动车污染物的排放总量为206 804. 3 t,CO、NOx、HC和PM10的排放量分别为128 500. 4 t、44 206. 3 t、32 104. 8 t和1 992. 8 t;机动车排放的各污染物二环以内的排放量占总量70. 0%以上,和平区、沈河区和铁西区是该市机动车污染物高排放区域;小型客车和出租车对CO、HC的排放分担率较高,重型货车和轻型货车是NOx、PM10的主要排放源;沈阳市机动车污染物主要来自汽油车和柴油车,新能源机动车排放量较低。

中国机动车有毒有害空气污染物排放估算

有毒有害空气污染物的环境影响是国内外研究的热点,而机动车排放是其重要源之一.通过资料调研,获得各车型年均行驶里程以及有毒有害空气污染物排放与非甲烷挥发性有机物(NMVOC)排放的质量分数,梳理各车型保有量,利用COPERTⅣ模型计算NMVOC排放因子,建立了2005年中国分车型、分省域的有毒有害空气污染物排放清单.结果表明:2005年中国苯,1,3-丁二烯,甲醛,乙醛和丙烯醛的机动车排放总量分别为31.65×104,7.45×104,13.26×104,5.11×104和1.65×104t,其主要来源于摩托车、汽油小客车和重型柴油货车;广东、山东、江苏、浙江、河北和河南六省排放量较高.

汽车排放PM2.5检测方法及结果分析

随着环境污染的日趋扩大化,对人类及社会发展造成了严重的危害。基于由汽车排放所导致的PM2.5污染成为日益严重的问题,因此,对汽车排放导致的PM2.5造成的大气污染问题的研究引起了人们的关注。本课题研究以不同排量,同车型在怠速工况法正常工作时所产生的汽车尾气中的PM2.5浓度进行对比分析,从而为汽车尾气中PM2.5检测方法提供依据。查询统计结果可知,目前汽油车的占有量远大于柴油车和混合动力汽车及电动车,作为PM2.5污染源之一的汽车尾气,汽油车的排放有直接关系,由此提出对汽油机汽车排放PM2.5做相关研究,针对如何收集尾气,对所收集尾气进行分析寻求汽油车尾气中PM2.5的变化规律,以期从根源减少PM2.5的排放,减轻对环境的污染。