Comprehensive Review on Air Pollution Control Measures for Non-Attainment Cities of Uttar Pradesh, India

Introduction: The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) for the past many years has been reported to have many cities with highly polluted air quality. The state has been taking meticulous steps in combating air pollution in the form of action plans, introduced especially in its 17 non-attainment cities (NAC). To assess the progress and development of these action plans in UP, the present study has done an in-depth analysis and review of the state’s action plans and city micro action plans. Materials and Methods: In this research study, the analysis of the latest action plan reports, micro action plan reports as well as the recommendations for combating air pollution-related issues in the 17 NAC of the UP state has been well documented. Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB) has prepared these reports to highlight the progress of the plans in response to the growing air pollution in these cities. The information present in the reports has been used to further study sector-specific, category-specific action plans, institutional responsibility, and the present status of the action plans. Results: On average, the highest weightage in action plans was given to sector-specific categories such as Road dust and construction activities (24%). It was also observed that Urban local bodies (~50%) were majorly responsible to implement the action points and 56% of the action points were jointly implemented by multiple agencies.

Analysis of Air Pollution Control Measures in Environmental Engineering

The air quality of the ecological enviro-nment is closely related to people's health.However,due to the rapid economic development in recent years,it has indirectly led to the continuous deterioration of the quality of the atmospheric environment.Effective control of air pollution in environmental engineering is an important measure to improve the ecological environment and the quality of people’s lives.Therefore,this paper combines the main causes and hazards of air pollution to analyze environmental protection measures in-depth.

Prevention and Control Measures of Environmental Pollution Problem Caused by Dairy Farming in Inner Mongolia

Environmental pollution problem generated in dairy farming process is the bottleneck restricting development of animal husbandry. By using the investigation data from dairy farmers of Inner Mongolia,environmental pollution problem generated by dairy farming in Inner Mongolia and its cause were analyzed,and prevention and control measures were put forward. The research result showed that weak technology support of environmental treatment and environmental-protection awareness of dairy farmer and bad application effect of pollution control technology caused by lower education degree of dairy farmer were main reasons for environmental pollution problem. We should develop dairy circular economy,advocate a moderate scale,scientifically breed,and enhance training of pollution control technology and propaganda to protect environment.

Evaluation of mercury speciation and removal through air pollution control devices of a 190 MW boiler

Air pollution control devices （APCDs） are installed at coal-fired power plants for air pollutant regulation. Selective catalytic reduction （SCR） and wet flue gas desulftLrization （FGD） systems have the co-benefits of air pollutant and mercury removal. Configuration and operational conditions of APCDs and mercury speciation affect mercury removal efficiently at coal-fired utilities. The Ontario Hydro Method （OHM） recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency （EPA） was used to determine mercury speciation simultaneously at five sampling locations through SCR-ESP-FGD at a 190 MW unit. Chlorine in coal had been suggested as a factor affecting the mercury speciation in flue gas; and low-chlorine coal was purported to produce less oxidized mercury （Hg^2＋） and more elemental mercury （Hg^0） at the SCR inlet compared to higher chlorine coal. SCR could oxidize elemental mercury into oxidized mercury when SCR was in service, and oxidation efficiency reached 71.0%. Therefore, oxidized mercury removal efficiency was enhanced through a wet FGD system. In the non-ozone season, about 89.5%-96.8% of oxidized mercury was controlled, but only 54.9%-68.8% of the total mercury was captured through wet FGD. Oxidized mercury removal efficiency was 95.9%-98.0%, and there was a big difference in the total mercury removal efficiencies from 78.0% to 90.2% in the ozone season. Mercury mass balance was evaluated to validate reliability of OHM testing data, and the ratio of mercury input in the coal to mercury output at the stack was from 0.84 to 1.08.

Progress of Air Pollution Control in China and Its Challenges and Opportunities in the Ecological Civilization Era

China’s past economic growth has substantially relied on fossil fuels,causing serious air pollution issues.Decoupling economic growth and pollution has become the focus in developing ecological civilization in China.We have analyzed the three-decade progress of air pollution controls in China,highlighting a strategic transformation from emission control toward air quality management.Emission control of sulfur dioxide(SO2)resolved the deteriorating acid rain issue in China in 2007.Since 2013,control actions on multiple precursors and sectors have targeted the reduction of the concentration of fine particulate matter(PM2.5),marking a transition to an air-quality-oriented strategy.Increasing ozone(O3)pollution further requires O3 and PM2.5 integrated control strategies with an emphasis on their complex photochemical interactions.Fundamental improvement of air quality in China,as a key indicator for the success of ecological civilization construction,demands the deep de-carbonization of China’s energy system as well as more synergistic pathways to address air pollution and global climate change simultaneously.

Leaching behavior of Pb and Zn in air pollution control residues and their modeling prediction

Increasing attention has been paid to air pollution control （APC） residues in China recently due to the rising proportion of waste incineration and the hazardous characteristics of the residues, among which heavy metal leaching toxicity plays an important role. Leaching behavior and potential risk of Pb and Zn in the APC residues from a Shanghai municipal solid waste （MSW） incinerator was studied, based on the leaching tests under different conditions and theoretical calculation using a geochemical thermodynamic equilibrium model MINTEQA2. Results showed that, extractant species and liquid to solid （L/S） ratio predominantly controlled the leaching toxicity of Pb and Zn, while ionic strength, vibration method and leaching time had less effect on the metals release. Leachate/final pH determined the metal leaching behavior, which changed the speciation of heavy metals in the extraction system. The equilibrium aqueous speciation, precipitation-dissolution of Pb and Zn was investigated according to the model computation, which was well in agreement with the experimental results.

Farmland Soil Heavy Metal Pollution and Control Measures

Soil pollution has been considered as one of the main environmental problems in the world nowadays. The source of soil heavy metal pollution in farmland, the effect of heavy metal pollution on soil quality in farmland, growth of crops, quality of agricultural products and the effects of heavy metal pollution on human health were discussed in this paper. The heavy metal pollution control measures were introduced, including physical and chemical regulations, phytoremediation and agroecological restoration measures. The future research perspective was also discussed in this paper.

Application of Phytoindication Method for Controlling Air Pollution in Yerevan, Armenia

The research aimed to apply phytoindication for controlling air pollution with chlorine and lead in Yerevan. The research was performed between 2005 and 2008.5 arboreous species were studied： Robinia pseudoacacia L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Populus alba L., Morus alba L. and Uitis vinifera L.. The research showed that arboreous plants growing in the city accumulate chlorine and lead. Chlorine concentrations in all 5 species varied from 0.50% to 1.77%, and the maximum value was found in Robiniapseudoacacia L., exceeding the control by 3.6 times. As for the level of lead in plants, the concentration varied between 1.64-7.65 mg/kg, and the maximum rate exceeds the background （2.0 mg/kg） by 3.8 times. The authors produced a schematic map of chlorine distribution all over the city, territory, and detected the most polluted zones. According to the data the autbtors collected, only 3 of 5 studied species displayed high intake rate and tolerance to lead and chlorine pollution： Robinia pseudoacacia L.. Fraxinus excelsior L. and Populus alba L. Thus, the authors advise these species for planting in Yerevan. The results of this research were used by the Municipality of Yerevan for functional tree planting in the city.

Construction and Implementation Approaches of Ecological Compensation Mechanism for Coordinated Control of Air Pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

The spatial spillover of air pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region makes the territorial governance model inefficient.At the same time,it is facing the contradiction between environmental governance and economic development.So far,there is still no regional long-term mechanism for coordinated governance of air pollution.Ecological compensation theory is becoming an effective guiding theory to coordinate economic and environmental benefits.There is relatively little research on ecological compensation mechanism in the coordinated control of regional air pollution.Ecological compensation mechanism is an effective tool to promote air pollution control.At the same time,regional cooperation can realize the efficient control of air pollution.Scientifically constructing the cross regional cooperative control model of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei is a favorable way to implement comprehensive control of air pollution.This paper discusses the necessity of ecological compensation mechanism for regional coordinated control of air pollution.Referring to practical experience of provinces and cities that have implemented the ecological compensation mechanism for air pollution control,and the effective way to distribute the compensation amount,compensation subject and compensation standard determination method that can be implemented in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region are analyzed,further proposing an effective way to establish an ecological compensation mechanism for regional air pollution collaborative control according to its reality.

Research on the SO_2 Control Technology of Air Pollution

With the rapid development of industry and energy,the emission of a large number of SO2 has brought serious harm to the global environment.This paper introduces several main SO2 control technologies and describes the progress of the advanced desulfurization technologies at home and abroad.At last,higher requirements on desulfurization technology are raised.

Exploration and Practice of Precision Emission Reduction Monitoring System in Air Pollution Prevention and Control in a District of Tianjin

At present,China’s atmospheric environmental protection work has achieved initial results,but environmental protection is facing increasing pressure,and the environmental situation is still not optimistic.In response to the call of the state,efforts have been intensified in environmental protection and ecological civilization construction,and supply-side structural reform has been actively promoted,and the Implementation Plan for Tianjin’s Comprehensive Discharge of Industrial Pollution Sources to Meet Standards has been promoted.When the total amount of pollutants discharged in key areas far exceeds the environmental capacity,regional heavy pollution weather will still occur once adverse meteorological conditions are encountered.In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution,when the deterioration of air quality to a certain extent,to protect public health,key gas related industries should carry out emergency emission reduction in accordance with the local emergency plan while the local government starts the emergency response of heavy pollution weather.Direct economic loss of emergency response to heavy pollution weather is enormous.On the basis of meeting the total amount of emissions required by the state,the project aims to achieve the effect of"emission reduction and production increase"by precise emission reduction according to local characteristics.

Trend and Interannual Variability of Chinese Air Pollution since 2000 in Association with Socioeconomic Development: A Brief Overview

Abstract Chinese air pollution has increased in this century along with the rapid socioeconomic development and resulting anthropogenic emissions. While recent emission control measures have shown encouraging re sults and have reduced the levels of sulfur dioxide and primary aerosols, the concentrations of other air pollutants continue to grow, particularly secondary pollutants in cluding ozone and secondary aerosols. Meanwhile, a va riety of intentional and unintentional socioeconomic events have temporarily changed the pace, and even the signs, of growth of air pollution. These events include the short-term emission restrictions imposed during the Sino-African Summit, the Beijing Olympics and Para lympics, the Shanghai World Exposition （Shanghai Expo）, the Guangzhou Asian Olympics, and the Shenzhen Uni versiade, as well as the unintentional emission reductions associated with the recent economic recession and the annual Chinese New Year. This paper presents a brief overview of trends and temporary perturbations of Chi nese air pollution since 2000, summarizing studies on anthropogenic emission inventories, atmospheric meas urements, and inverse modeling. It concludes with rec ommendations for future research.

On assessing haze attribution and control measures in China

This paper analyzes the air pollution situation in China,particularly the severe intensifying tendency in central North China.Five major comments on the air pollution issue in China are proposed,emphasizing the scientific understanding on the mechanisms of air pollution formation processes,the interannual variability,the relative roles of climate change and pollutant emissions,the interaction between climate change and atmospheric chemical processes,and the seasonal prediction of air pollution.The viewpoints have significance for air pollution management in China and around the world.

Research Progress on the Relationship between Air Pollution and Socio-economic Growth in China

Air pollution is a hot issue studied by scholars all over the world.Academic circles generally believe that socio-economic factors such as extensive economic growth,unbalanced proportion of industrial structure and unreasonable energy consumption structure are the main"culprits"of serious air pollution in China.Therefore,the relationship between air pollution and socio-economic growth has very important theoretical and practical significance for air pollution prevention and control and promoting the sustainable and healthy development of cities.Through literature research and summary methods,this paper studies the severity and harmfulness of air pollution in China,and deeply studies the research progress of socio-economic influencing factors of air pollution,environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis of air pollution,decoupling relationship between air pollution and socio-economic growth,so as to provide useful reference for the prevention and control of air pollution.

Air Pollution in Kolkata: Emerging Challenges and Dynamics

In 2016 WHO reported that Kolkata is the second most polluted city inIndia behind Delhi. Albeit the number of registered vehicles in Kolkatais much less compare to Delhi. Kolkata has encountered a decade longbattle against change of old vehicles and fuel types. So, this paper madean attempt to explore the dynamics of air pollution in the city speciallypre and post period of vehicle and fuel change in the city. The objectivesof the paper include looking at spatiotemporal change of air pollution inthe city. Besides, the paper additionally illuminates on the role of landuse functions and pollution in the city. The analysis shows that after theimplementation of regulatory measures air pollution in the city reduced tosome extent but effects of the measure gradually diminished. It is foundthat land use function as well as dynamics of metropolitan area plays crucialrole in the air pollution of the city.

Overlooked CO_(2)emissions induced by air pollution control devices in coal-fired power plants

China's efforts to mitigate air pollution from its large-scale coal-fired power plants(CFPPs)have involved the widespread use of air pollution control devices(APCDs).However,the operation of these devices relies on substantial electricity generated by CFPPs,resulting in indirect CO_(2) emissions.The extent of CO_(2)emissions caused by APCDs in China remains uncertain.Here,using a plant-level dataset,we quantified the CO_(2)emissions associated with electricity consumption by APCDs in China's CFPPs.Our findings reveal a significant rise in CO_(2)emissions attributed to APCDs,increasing from 1.48 Mt in 2000 to 51.7 Mt in 2020.Moreover,the contribution of APCDs to total CO_(2)emissions from coal-fired power generation escalated from 0.12%to 1.19%.Among the APCDs,desulfurization devices accounted for approximately 80%of the CO_(2)emissions,followed by dust removal and denitration devices.Scenario analysis indicates that the lifespan of CFPPs will profoundly impact future emissions,with Nei Mongol,Shanxi,and Shandong provinces projected to exhibit the highest emissions.Our study emphasizes the urgent need for a comprehensive assessment of environmental policies and provides valuable insights for the integrated management of air pollutants and carbon emissions in CFPPs.

Thoughts on Energy Solutions to Alleviation of Air Pollution during the Heating Period in Key Areas

Since the implementation of the Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control , all regions of China have steadily promoted the prevention and control of air pollution and achieved results continuously. However, the atmospheric environment in key areas such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta region, and Fenwei Plain is still severe, and especially during the heating period heavy pollution occurs frequently, which has become the focus and difficulty of improving the quality of the atmospheric environment and is also the weakest link of China s air pollution control at present. How to alleviate air pollution, how to win the battle of pollution prevention and control, how to hold the fruits of the blue sky defense war, energy consumption is key.

A Study on Air Pollution in Ulaanbaatar City, Mongolia

At present, air pollution has become the main problem in many developed and developing countries. Especially, in Ulaanbaatar city of Mongolia, it has become one of the most tackled issues of every citizen living in the capital city. The aim of this study is to highlight the trend of air pollution and pollution sources in the Mongolian capital and conduct some air pollution analyses. Overall, the study indicates that the air pollution in Ulaanbaatar city is a very serious problem and for its reduction, rapid and thorough measures should be taken.

California’s Agriculture-Related Local Air Pollution Policy

Air pollution is a critical environmental issue for California, which has some of the nation’s most polluted air basins and also the nation’s most stringent set of state and local air quality standards. This paper reviews my previous work in Lin (2011), in which I examine the effects of agriculture-related local regulations in California on air quality, as measured by the number of exceedances of the CO and NO2 standards, by exploiting the natural variation in policy among the different air districts in California. Agricultural burning policies and penalty fees reduce the pollution from CO. Other policies such as the prohibition on visible emission, fugitive dust, particulate matter, nitrogen and the reduction of animal matter are correlated with higher levels of CO. Regulations on orchard and citrus heaters have no significant effect on the number of exceedances of the CO and NO2 standards.

Enhancing Patients Outcomes and Infection Control through Smart Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Systems

Air pollution poses a critical threat to public health and environmental sustainability globally, and Nigeria is no exception. Despite significant economic growth and urban development, Nigeria faces substantial air quality challenges, particularly in urban centers. While outdoor air pollution has received considerable attention, the issue of indoor air quality remains underexplored yet equally critical. This study aims to develop a reliable, cost-effective, and user-friendly solution for continuous monitoring and reporting of indoor air quality, accessible from anywhere via a web interface. Addressing the urgent need for effective indoor air quality monitoring in urban hospitals, the research focuses on designing and implementing a smart indoor air quality monitoring system using Arduino technology. Employing an Arduino Uno, ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, and MQ135 gas sensor, the system collects real-time air quality data, transmits it to the ThingSpeak cloud platform, and visualizes it through a user-friendly web interface. This project offers a cost-effective, portable, and reliable solution for monitoring indoor air quality, aiming to mitigate health risks and promote a healthier living environment.