The Influence of Atmospheric Pressure on Air Content and Pore Structure of Air-entrained Concrete

To study the effect of atmospheric pressure on the properties of fresh and hardened airentrained concrete, three kinds of air entraining agents were used for preparing air-entrained concrete in the plateaus(Lhasa, 61 kPa) and the plains(Beijing, 101 kPa). Air content, slump, compressive strength and pore structure of the three air-entrained concretes were tested in these two places. It is found that the air content of concrete under low atmospheric pressure(LAP) is 4%-36% lower than that of concrete under normal atmospheric pressure(NAP), which explaines the decrease of slump for air-entrained concrete under LAP. Pore number of hardened concrete under LAP is reduced by 48%-69%. While, the proportion of big pores(pore diameter >1 200 μm) and air void spacing factor are increased by 1.5%-7.3% and 51%-92%, respectively. The deterioration of pore structure results in a 3%-9% reduction in the compressive strength of concrete. From the results we have obtained, it can be concluded that the increase of critical nucleation energy of air bubbles and the decrease of volumetric compressibility coefficient of air in the concrete are responsible for the variation of air content and pore structure of concrete under LAP.

A Method of Assessing Parameters of Air-Void Structure in Air-Entrained Concretes

The air-void size distribution and number of air voids are crucial characteristics of air-entrainment. The standard spacing factor L is based on the Powers model, in which considerable simplifications are assumed. A better solution is provided by the Philleo factor, which determines the percentage content of protected paste located at a distance S from the edge of the nearest air void. Developing the concept put forward by Philleo, a method of determining the volume of protected paste on the basis of images generated from the numerical model of concrete grain structure including layout of aggregate-paste-air, is proposed. It is the ratio of the volume of the paste protected by air voids to the total paste volume. The PPV （protected paste volume） index accounts not only for sizes and number of air voids, but also for the role of aggregate particles in the placement of these pores, which is often disregarded in analyses. The PPV results obtained from image analysis were compared with standard spacing factor L and with the parameter developed by Philleo. The analyses conducted by the authors shows that accounting for aggregate grains in calculations substantially affects the assessment of the quality of the air-pore structure.

Analysis of Air Voids Evolution in Cement Pastes Admixed with Non-ionic Cellulose Ethers

Four cellulose ethers（CEs） were compared for their effects on the pore structure of cement paste using mercury intrusion porosimetry. The experimental results show that the total pore volume and porosity of cement pastes containing the four cellulose ethers are significantly higher than that of the pure cement pastes and the total pore volume and porosity of cement pastes containing HEC（hydroxyethyl cellulose ether） or low viscosity cellulose ethers are low in four CEs. By changing the surface tension and viscosity of liquid phase and the strengthening of liquid film between air voids in cement pastes, CEs affect the formation, diameter evolution and upward movement of air voids and the pore structure of hardening cement paste. For the four CEs, the pore volume of cement pastes containing HEC or low viscosity cellulose ethers is higher with the diameter of 30-70 nm while lower with the diameter larger than 70 nm. CEs affect the pore structure of cement paste mainly through their effects on the evolvement of the small air voids into bigger ones when the pore diameter is below 70 nm and their effects on the entrainment and stabilization of air voids when the pore diameter is above 70 nm.

Ground Rupturing Due to Entrapped Air/Gas in the Unconfined Zone

The sudden and large oscillation of pressure of compressed air/gas entrapped in porous medium due to the changes in the actual pore-fluid pressure, during recharge of water following intense rainfall after a prolonged period of dryness such that the rainfall intensity exceeding infiltration capacity, leads to the generation of hydo-tremors. These hydro-tremors cause ground rupturing, subsidence, developments of cracks in the building, etc. A theoretical model has been presented to estimate the successive values of compressed air/gas pressures due to the successive development of actual pore-fluid pressures and effective stresses during recharge of water of the unconfined zone during the onset of the summer monsoon of 2008 in the northern parts of India.

Effect of Air Content on the Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient of Growing Media

An important parameter for describing oxygen availability in growing media is the air capacity, but this parameter does not include any information about the gas exchange with the surrounding atmosphere. The oxygen diffusion coefficient fulfills this requirement and may be better suited as a characteristic parameter to describe the oxygen regime. The measurement of the gas diffusion coefficient is a common method to describe the oxygenation in mineral soils, but this method has not been studied well on growing media yet. In this investigation four different growing media were used to measure the oxygen diffusion coefficient at two different bulk densities and four different water tensions in the laboratory. The effect of density and water tension on the oxygen diffusion coefficient in different growing media and the dependence on air content were investigated. The results show that both water tension and density have a major influence on oxygen diffusion. With increasing density and moisture content, a decrease of the oxygen diffusion coefficient can be observed. Between the substrates there are no significant differences regarding the oxygen diffusion coefficient at the same air content. Based on the oxygen diffusion coefficients of the substrates, the models describing the dependence of gas diffusion coefficients to air content in the literature were tested for the transferability to growing media. The Moldrup model [1] shows the best fit. The fit can be slightly further improved by modifying the tortuosity parameter.

Experimental Study on the Skin Friction Reduction of Flat Plate by Formation of Air Cavity

The effects on the local skin friction of smooth flat plate by formation of air cavity are investigated experimentally,under the conditions of several variations of air injection angle,pore size,porous surface area and transverse step.The experimental results show that local skin friction of downstream of the porous section could be reduced at extent ranging from 50% to 90%,by injection air through pore or slot,with free stream velocities from 2 to 6 m/s.The pore size and area of air injection surface have small effect on skin friction reduction,step has significant effect on skin friction reduction.The mechanism of the skin friction reduction is due to the formation of air cavity,mixed with air and water,between the flat plate and its water boundary layer.

不定型煤基活性焦制备及预处理影响研究

我国煤炭燃烧排放大量的SO2和NOx等导致了严重的空气污染,需要寻找一种清洁高效的烟气联合脱硫脱硝技术.煤基活性焦因其脱除效率高,再生能力强等诸多优点备受关注,但目前的研究主要集中在柱状和粉末状活性焦上.为研究大粒径煤基活性焦的制备参数和预处理对活性焦理化特性的影响,对原煤颗粒进行高温空气预氧化处理,并通过炭化-水蒸气活化两步法制备活性焦.结果表明:低温长时间活化可使炭化料内部孔隙充分刻蚀,显著提高比表面积和孔容,以水蒸气作为活化剂有利于微孔和介孔协同发展,适合制备大粒径分级孔结构活性焦.700℃活化3 h制得的府谷煤活性焦比表面积为429.54 m^(2)/g,介孔占比27.80%;850℃活化3 h制得的大同煤活性焦比表面积为892.20 m^(2)/g,介孔占比21.46%.高温空气预氧化能够改变原煤内部结构,对府谷煤颗粒在200℃下预氧化15 h后,氧化煤内部成分和结构基本稳定,脂肪结构被消耗的同时生成了大量含氧官能团.预氧化处理对炭化过程的影响较为显著,氧化煤在炭化过程中热塑性特征显著降低,减少了焦油对孔隙的堵塞,此外,含氧官能团的交联作用也促进了煤中大分子的缩聚和孔隙的形成,从此促进初步孔隙的发展.虽然预氧化使得活性焦的比表面积和孔容都有所增大,但活化剂和样品之间的成孔路径未产生改变.

持续负温(-5℃)养护条件下含气混凝土性能劣化及孔结构发展规律试验研究

通过对比负温养护、标准养护条件下5种不同含气混凝土试块在不同龄期下的抗压强度值及内部孔结构,分析持续负温(-5℃)养护条件下含气混凝土抗压强度的发展规律,针对持续负温(-5℃)养护条件,对少害孔的范围进一步明确;并从混凝土内部孔隙分布状况对引气类混凝土普遍存在的强度缺失进行研究。试验结果表明:持续负温(-5℃)条件养护对含气混凝土抗压强度的增长有明显的抑制作用,相同引气剂掺量下混凝土试块强度均小于标准养护试块的强度;同种养护条件下,受引气剂影响,混凝土的强度与引气剂掺量间均呈现负相关;在负温养护环境条件下,实验中设置的最高掺量(0.2%引气剂掺量组别)含气混凝土结构整体密实性因浆体内部孔隙数量的增加而减弱,对混凝土自身的强度有一定影响,但引气剂的加入对负温环境混凝土的抗冻作用不可忽视。为了分析负温环境与引气剂掺量之间的平衡性,通过对含气混凝土在不同养护条件下孔结构发展规律的研究,在保证含气混凝土抗压强度劣化程度低、孔径结构相对优化的前提下,明确了负温(-5℃)条件下含气混凝土引气剂的最优掺量。

瓦斯隧道气密性机制砂混凝土的配制与研究

通过掺入气密剂,配制适用于瓦斯隧道的气密性机制砂混凝土,并研究其对水泥水化的影响,运用等温量热仪、X射线衍射仪、热重分析仪、扫描电镜和压汞法对水泥水化放热及水化产物进行分析。结果表明:相较未掺时,掺入气密剂混凝土表观渗透率由497.50×10^(-18) m^(2)减小为29.16×10^(-18) m^(2),抗氯离子渗透系数减小了54.96%,56 d干燥收缩减小了8.63%,56 d抗压强度提高了11.2%。掺加气密剂对水泥净浆水化产物的生成无不利影响,同时明显减少了水泥净浆水化产物内部的大毛细孔(100~1000 nm)数量,使水化产物更密实,并改善了混凝土界面过渡区结构,从而提高了混凝土的强度、气密性及耐久性。

引气剂调节水泥基微膨胀材料波阻抗的研究

为满足施工要求制备与各类较硬岩石波阻抗匹配的水泥基微膨胀回填材料,采用普通硅酸盐水泥、矿粉、中级砂等为原料,引气剂为密度和波速调节材料,通过改变水胶比、砂胶比与引气剂质量分数,探究其对水泥基微膨胀材料抗压强度、密度、波速和波阻抗的影响规律;测量各组材料的流动度和竖向膨胀率是否满足回填施工要求;通过微观测试,探究引气剂质量分数对水泥基微膨胀材料内部孔隙结构与孔隙率的影响规律。结果表明:引气剂的加入在水泥基微膨胀材料内部引入气泡,随引气剂质量分数增加,水泥基微膨胀材料内部孔隙率逐渐增大,抗压强度、密度、波速与波阻抗均下降;所制备出的水泥基微膨胀材料可满足的波阻抗范围为4.67~10.3 kt·m^(-2)·s^(-1),能够匹配各类常见较硬岩石波阻抗;对水泥基微膨胀材料28 d波阻抗进行多元线性回归分析,得到精度较高的回归模型,实际应用时注浆效果较好,可用于岩石波阻抗匹配材料的快速制备。

高原环境引气混凝土研究现状及抗冻耐久性提升措施分析

青藏高原平均海拔4 000多米,海拔高、气压低、正负温交替天数多,冻融破坏是导致高原地区混凝土结构物性能劣化的最主要因素之一。文章对高原环境下引气混凝土的研究现状进行了分析,论述了低气压对引气剂溶液引气性能、混凝土含气量、孔结构与气孔结构的影响规律,提出了高原环境下提高混凝土抗冻耐久性的相关措施。

改性聚醚引气剂的制备及其对盾构管片混凝土性能的影响

以顺丁烯二酸酐、多种脂肪酸、不同分子质量的聚乙二醇、苯乙烯磺酸钠、丙烯酰胺等为主要原料制备了改性聚醚引气剂,研究了改性聚醚引气剂和2种常用引气剂(十二烷基硫酸钠、改性松香热聚物)对盾构管片机制砂混凝土性能的影响。结果表明:3种引气剂中,改性聚醚引气剂的起泡效果最佳,泡沫稳定性高且经时损失小,有利于增大混凝土的含气量和坍落度;当引气剂折固掺量均为0.01%时,改性聚醚引气剂可明显改善混凝土内部孔结构,使混凝土的抗压强度、抗水渗透性和抗氯离子渗透性能均有所提高,批量生产的盾构管片质量符合CJJ/T 164—2011《盾构隧道管片质量检测技术标准》的要求。

不同二次养护方法对混凝土透气性和孔结构特征的影响

为研究不同二次养护方法对混凝土透气性等性能的影响,设计了4种二次养护方式(空气养护、水养护、标准养护及饱和石灰水养护),测试了养护方式对蒸养混凝土的抗压强度和透气性等性能参数的影响;同时,结合图像处理和扫描电镜技术,分析了混凝土孔结构分布及内部微观结构。结果表明,空气养护下混凝土的抗压强度和水化程度增加速度最慢,性能最差;由于浸出效应,标准养护试件的密实性和抗渗性稍优于水养护和饱和石灰水养护;二次湿养护(标准养护、水养护和石灰石养护)可显著降低蒸汽养护混凝土的大孔占比,使微观结构更加致密。

不同孔渗关系模型对比

为了解决空气渗透率与有效孔隙度回归模型斜率偏低、计算结果范围偏小的问题,分析了线性回归模型的特点,对比了自变量、因变量交换以后线性回归模型的变化,提出了二种改进的几何解法并推导了对应的算法。一是应用二条回归直线的角平分线计算渗透率的“角平分线法”模型;二是基于“样品点到关系线距离平方和最小”假设的模型。应用本文提出的孔渗关系模型,可以部分解决回归模型斜率偏低、计算结果范围偏小的问题;其中“样品点到关系线距离最小”模型可推广到多元函数。本文为依据有效孔隙度计算空气渗透率的提供了二种新算法。

经编贾卡鞋面材料的孔隙特征与透气透湿性研究

为探究经编贾卡鞋面材料网孔组织设计、织物孔隙特征、鞋材透气透湿性能三者之间的关联规律,依据特定的贾卡意匠图设计,制备6种不同结构的鞋材样品进行测试,从表面孔隙率、体积质量与平均孔径描述织物孔隙特征,并对比分析对鞋材透气透湿性能的影响。结果表明:意匠设计中厚组织比例的增加会降低织物表面孔隙率并增加体积质量,进而降低鞋材的透气透湿性;网孔组织比例的增加会增加织物表面孔隙率,并降低体积质量,进而增强其透气透湿性;同等织物厚度下有网孔组织设计的鞋材透气透湿性显著优于无网孔组织设计,但同等网孔比例设计下平均孔径更大的鞋材透气透湿性能更优。

引气剂对轻质抹灰石膏砂浆性能的影响

比较了高引气剂掺量-低轻质集料掺量与无引气剂-高轻质集料掺量对轻质抹灰石膏(LPG)砂浆物理力学性能的影响,并结合压汞法(MIP)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析了引气剂对抹灰石膏孔隙特征的影响.结果表明:掺入引气剂和轻质集料的抹灰石膏内部孔隙主要是气孔,随着引气剂掺量的增加,抹灰石膏内部孔隙率增加,但内部孔隙尺寸先增大后减小;高引气剂掺量-低轻质集料掺量LPG砂浆和无引气剂-高轻质集料掺量LPG砂浆达到相同性能时,引气剂可以大幅减少玻化微珠掺量,达到绿色环保节能.

单面纬编织物变化孔隙率结构设计与透气导湿性能评价

为优化夏季用轻薄但效应单一的平针结构针织物的热湿调节功能,采用不同粗细的涤纶与氨纶搭配,通过原料细度、织物密度以及孔隙率调节,设计开发9种变化孔隙的单面纬编结构织物。研究原料、织物结构和孔隙对织物透气、吸湿等热湿舒适性能的影响。结果表明,孔隙特征与织物透气导湿性能呈现明显关联。织物体积质量在200~400 kg/m^(3)之间,体积质量越小,透气率越高。在机型原料相同的情况下,局部使用细纱会使织物表面孔隙占比上升,织物组织结构影响平均孔径,孔径最大可以达到105μm。在织物组织结构相同的情况下,织物平均孔径与单向水分传递指数和透湿率均呈现正相关;织物水分蒸发速率与织物体积质量和表面孔隙率也呈现正相关性。模糊综合评价的结果表明,对于单面添纱织物来说,添加氨纶虽然能增强单向导湿性能,但氨纶收缩织物孔隙,增加厚重,使透气效果降低,故在原料不含氨纶且织物表面孔隙率较高的情况下,织物的透气导湿性能最优。

聚四氟乙烯覆膜滤料滤膜耐喷吹性能研究

通过脉冲喷吹试验对比4种聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)覆膜滤料脉冲喷吹前后的膜破损率和透气率,评估覆膜滤料滤膜性能。结果表明:PTFE膜的厚度与微细纤维密度呈正相关,孔径大小与膜厚度呈负相关。在PTFE膜复合到聚苯硫醚(PPS)滤料表面后,厚度较大的PTFE膜不容易变形,因此受脉冲喷吹影响较小,具有更长的使用寿命;较薄的PTFE膜容易被拉伸,脉冲喷吹后破损严重,使用寿命较短。并指出,脉冲喷吹试验可用于评估覆膜滤料滤膜的耐久性及可靠性。试验结果可为PTEF膜厚度的选择提供有效参考。

中高强混凝土抗压强度与气孔分布特征关系模型研究

为探究气孔分布特征与中高强混凝土抗压强度之间的定量关系,采用低场核磁共振成像分析系统与全自动压力试验机开展了不同气孔分布特征下的高强混凝土抗压强度试验。通过对Ryshkewitch半经验公式模型进行验证和改进,建立了中高强混凝土抗压强度与孔结构关系模型。结果表明:混凝土孔隙率会随着砂率和初始含气量的增加而逐渐增加,相比于提高砂率,提高初始含气量更容易得到差异性较大的孔隙率;提高砂率使非毛细孔占比增加了17.2%,毛细孔占比降低了13.0%;提高初始含气量使毛细孔占比增加了12.7%,凝胶孔占比降低了12.6%。基于Ryshkewitch半经验公式改进的模型R~2接近于1,P值<0.05,可以更准确地描述孔隙分布特征与抗压强度的定量关系。

不同含气量混凝土的孔结构及抗冻性分析

本文以引气混凝土为研究对象,采用压汞法、气孔分析法、快速冻融法测试了不同含气量下混凝土的孔隙结构及抗冻性,此外,还分析了不同含气量下混凝土的抗压强度。结果表明:掺入引气剂时,在混凝土含气量增加的同时,可使混凝土孔隙率、总孔体积、总孔面积增加,平均孔径、孔间距系数减小,孔径均匀分布,显著改善混凝土的内部孔隙结构,提高混凝土的抗冻性,但受强度影响,混凝土的含气量存在一个合理范围,既可以提高混凝土的抗冻性,又不会造成强度的大幅损失。