By using total volatile organic compounds （TVOC） as the objective volatile pollutant, the purification efficiency of some representative air purifiers bought in the market was determined under the relatively indepen...By using total volatile organic compounds （TVOC） as the objective volatile pollutant, the purification efficiency of some representative air purifiers bought in the market was determined under the relatively independent and stable environmental conditions supplied by the self-made multi- functional environmental test chamber. Various evaluation parameters of TVOC were calculated based on the tested results, such as purification ef- ficiency and removal rate. The results showed that the TVOC purification efficiency increased with enhancing the temperature or lessening the rela- tive humidity, but this effect is not obvious. The air purifiers which use photocatalytic technology have higher TVOC purification efficiency than those which only use some adsorption technology. The purification efficiency and removal rate can be more accurate to evaluate the purification efficiency of air purifiers.展开更多
This paper assesses, through an extensive literature review, the use of ventilation and High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) purifiers as practical mitigation strategies for reducing the spread of aerosolized COVID-...This paper assesses, through an extensive literature review, the use of ventilation and High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) purifiers as practical mitigation strategies for reducing the spread of aerosolized COVID-19<sup>1</sup> virus. HEPA is a well-defined standard by the U.S. Department of Energy for filters. The focus of the literature review was on indoor air quality (IAQ) and COVID-19, with a particular emphasis on classroom settings. The start of the review, January 2020, was chosen to coincide with the first cases of COVID-19 in North America. Although children under the age of 12 are currently not yet vaccinated, there is mounting pressure for a return to normal by the start of the new school year, 2021. Also, many classrooms lack pre-installed mechanical ventilation systems (<a href="#ref79">Olsiewski et al., 2021</a>);therefore, mitigation in classrooms often falls solely in the hands of teachers and students. Research shows that ventilation and air purification are essential tools to counter aerosolized transmission (<5 μm) of the COVID-19 virus. According to <a href="#ref25">Curtius et al. (2020)</a>, the inhaled dose of particles containing virus RNA is six times lower when using air purifiers with an ACH (air changes per hour) of 5.7. However, ventilation and air purifiers are not replacements for masks, which remain vital for countering droplet (>5 μm) transmission. In addition, occupancy (i.e., number and proximity of people present in a given area) and group activity levels (e.g., talking, shouting, singing) play a critical role in viral transmission. Although natural ventilation by opening windows can be an essential strategy to help counter the spread of the virus, the level of ventilation offered by opening windows is largely uncontrollable as it is subject to weather <span style="font-family:Verdana;">conditions and building design. One must also consider the energy implications (i.e., loss of heat) that this strategy carries. Scientific evidence shows that varying levels of continuous and/or intermittent ventilation, either mechanical or natural, combined with the use of HEPA air purifiers, can provide a higher degree of protection than window access alone (<a href="#ref25">Curtius et al., 2020</a>). Systematic deployment of a hybrid mitigation strategy incorporating both ventilation and HEPA air purification in schools, offices, or other facilities offers a practical way to establish a safe re-opening of society in Canada.</span>展开更多
Since 'haze' became a hot word in 2013,the air purifier market has been buoyant.However,as manufacturers gather,the competition is getting fiercer.To promote energy saving and environmental protection,the gove...Since 'haze' became a hot word in 2013,the air purifier market has been buoyant.However,as manufacturers gather,the competition is getting fiercer.To promote energy saving and environmental protection,the government provides subsidies to those energy efficient electric appliances based on a list.Last year,air purifiers of some brands were included on this list.展开更多
Chinese urban residential buildings face serious indoor air quality problems.Air purification systems(e.g.,air purifiers,fresh air systems)that supply fresh air or purify indoor air are widely used in residential buil...Chinese urban residential buildings face serious indoor air quality problems.Air purification systems(e.g.,air purifiers,fresh air systems)that supply fresh air or purify indoor air are widely used in residential buildings to improve indoor air quality.Considering the challenges of energy conservation and emission reduction,it is urgent to guide residents on choosing appropriate air purification systems.The key problem is how to identify the best air purification system with the lowest energy consumption or operating cost.Comparisons of air purification systems have rarely been conducted on the premise that they should deliver air such that the main indoor pollutant concentrations all meet air quality standards.Also ignored in comparisons are the increased filtration resistance caused by dust accumulation on the filter and the cost of filter replacement.In this study,we propose a method to compare residential air purification systems based on energy consumption and total cost,and we provide methods to select air purification systems in China's different climatic regions.We used a standard two-person bedroom as the example,and determined the most suitable(minimum cost or energy consumption)air purification systems for the capital cities of the provinces in Chinese mainland.展开更多
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),the cause of the current coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,is evolving.Thus,the risk of airborne transmission in confined spaces may be higher,and c...Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),the cause of the current coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,is evolving.Thus,the risk of airborne transmission in confined spaces may be higher,and corresponding precautions should be re-appraised.Here,we obtained the quantum generation rate(q)value of three SARS-CoV-2 variants(Alpha,Delta,and Omicron)for the Wells-Riley equation with a reproductive number-based fitted approach and estimated the association between the infection probability and ventilation rates.The q value was 89–165 h^(−1)for Alpha variant,312–935 h^(−1)for Delta variant,and 725–2,345 h^(−1)for Omicron variant.The ventilation rates increased to ensure an infection probability of less than 1%,and were 8,000–14,000 m^(3)h^(−1),26,000–80,000 m^(3)h^(−1),and 64,000–250,000 m^(3)h^(−1)per infector for the Alpha,Delta,and Omicron variants,respectively.If the infector and susceptible person wore N95 masks,the required ventilation rates decreased to about 1/100 of the values required without masks,which can be achieved in most typical scenarios.An air purifier was ineffective for reducing transmission when used in scenarios without masks.Preventing prolonged exposure time in confined spaces remains critical in reducing the risk of airborne transmission for highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 variants.展开更多
基金Supported by Special Fund for Scientific Research in the Public Interest from State General Administration of Quality Supervision(201010052)Special Fund for Science and Technology Plan from State General Administration of Quality Supervision(2010Q144)
文摘By using total volatile organic compounds （TVOC） as the objective volatile pollutant, the purification efficiency of some representative air purifiers bought in the market was determined under the relatively independent and stable environmental conditions supplied by the self-made multi- functional environmental test chamber. Various evaluation parameters of TVOC were calculated based on the tested results, such as purification ef- ficiency and removal rate. The results showed that the TVOC purification efficiency increased with enhancing the temperature or lessening the rela- tive humidity, but this effect is not obvious. The air purifiers which use photocatalytic technology have higher TVOC purification efficiency than those which only use some adsorption technology. The purification efficiency and removal rate can be more accurate to evaluate the purification efficiency of air purifiers.
文摘This paper assesses, through an extensive literature review, the use of ventilation and High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) purifiers as practical mitigation strategies for reducing the spread of aerosolized COVID-19<sup>1</sup> virus. HEPA is a well-defined standard by the U.S. Department of Energy for filters. The focus of the literature review was on indoor air quality (IAQ) and COVID-19, with a particular emphasis on classroom settings. The start of the review, January 2020, was chosen to coincide with the first cases of COVID-19 in North America. Although children under the age of 12 are currently not yet vaccinated, there is mounting pressure for a return to normal by the start of the new school year, 2021. Also, many classrooms lack pre-installed mechanical ventilation systems (<a href="#ref79">Olsiewski et al., 2021</a>);therefore, mitigation in classrooms often falls solely in the hands of teachers and students. Research shows that ventilation and air purification are essential tools to counter aerosolized transmission (<5 μm) of the COVID-19 virus. According to <a href="#ref25">Curtius et al. (2020)</a>, the inhaled dose of particles containing virus RNA is six times lower when using air purifiers with an ACH (air changes per hour) of 5.7. However, ventilation and air purifiers are not replacements for masks, which remain vital for countering droplet (>5 μm) transmission. In addition, occupancy (i.e., number and proximity of people present in a given area) and group activity levels (e.g., talking, shouting, singing) play a critical role in viral transmission. Although natural ventilation by opening windows can be an essential strategy to help counter the spread of the virus, the level of ventilation offered by opening windows is largely uncontrollable as it is subject to weather <span style="font-family:Verdana;">conditions and building design. One must also consider the energy implications (i.e., loss of heat) that this strategy carries. Scientific evidence shows that varying levels of continuous and/or intermittent ventilation, either mechanical or natural, combined with the use of HEPA air purifiers, can provide a higher degree of protection than window access alone (<a href="#ref25">Curtius et al., 2020</a>). Systematic deployment of a hybrid mitigation strategy incorporating both ventilation and HEPA air purification in schools, offices, or other facilities offers a practical way to establish a safe re-opening of society in Canada.</span>
文摘Since 'haze' became a hot word in 2013,the air purifier market has been buoyant.However,as manufacturers gather,the competition is getting fiercer.To promote energy saving and environmental protection,the government provides subsidies to those energy efficient electric appliances based on a list.Last year,air purifiers of some brands were included on this list.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51976106)。
文摘Chinese urban residential buildings face serious indoor air quality problems.Air purification systems(e.g.,air purifiers,fresh air systems)that supply fresh air or purify indoor air are widely used in residential buildings to improve indoor air quality.Considering the challenges of energy conservation and emission reduction,it is urgent to guide residents on choosing appropriate air purification systems.The key problem is how to identify the best air purification system with the lowest energy consumption or operating cost.Comparisons of air purification systems have rarely been conducted on the premise that they should deliver air such that the main indoor pollutant concentrations all meet air quality standards.Also ignored in comparisons are the increased filtration resistance caused by dust accumulation on the filter and the cost of filter replacement.In this study,we propose a method to compare residential air purification systems based on energy consumption and total cost,and we provide methods to select air purification systems in China's different climatic regions.We used a standard two-person bedroom as the example,and determined the most suitable(minimum cost or energy consumption)air purification systems for the capital cities of the provinces in Chinese mainland.
基金We are grateful to Miss Ye Wang and the support provided by the Tsinghua University Spring Breeze Fund(2020Z99CFZ025).
文摘Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),the cause of the current coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,is evolving.Thus,the risk of airborne transmission in confined spaces may be higher,and corresponding precautions should be re-appraised.Here,we obtained the quantum generation rate(q)value of three SARS-CoV-2 variants(Alpha,Delta,and Omicron)for the Wells-Riley equation with a reproductive number-based fitted approach and estimated the association between the infection probability and ventilation rates.The q value was 89–165 h^(−1)for Alpha variant,312–935 h^(−1)for Delta variant,and 725–2,345 h^(−1)for Omicron variant.The ventilation rates increased to ensure an infection probability of less than 1%,and were 8,000–14,000 m^(3)h^(−1),26,000–80,000 m^(3)h^(−1),and 64,000–250,000 m^(3)h^(−1)per infector for the Alpha,Delta,and Omicron variants,respectively.If the infector and susceptible person wore N95 masks,the required ventilation rates decreased to about 1/100 of the values required without masks,which can be achieved in most typical scenarios.An air purifier was ineffective for reducing transmission when used in scenarios without masks.Preventing prolonged exposure time in confined spaces remains critical in reducing the risk of airborne transmission for highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 variants.
