In recent years, urban air quality in developing countries such as Nigeria has continued to degenerate and this has constituted a major environmental risk to human health. It has been shown that an increase in ambient...In recent years, urban air quality in developing countries such as Nigeria has continued to degenerate and this has constituted a major environmental risk to human health. It has been shown that an increase in ambient particulate matter (PM10) load of 10 μg/m3 reduces life expectancy by 0.64 years. Air Quality Index (AQI) as demonstrated in this study shows how relatively clean or polluted the boundary layer environment of any location can be. The study was designed to measure the level of suspended particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) for dry and wet seasons, compute the prevalent air quality index of selected locations in Abuja with possible health implications. Suspended particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) was assessed using handheld aerosol particulate sampler. The US Oak Ridge National AQI was adopted for the eleven (11) locations sampled and monitored. The study results showed that the air quality of the selected areas in Abuja were generally good and healthy. Dry season, assessments, showed 15 - 95 μg/m3 and 12 - 80 μg/m3 for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. While in wet season, 09 - 75 μg/m3 and 07 - 65 μg/m3 were recorded for PM2.5 and PM10. However at Jebi Central Motor Park, there was light air contamination with AQI of 42 for dry season and 31 for wet season. Other locations had clean air with AQI ≤ 11. It is revealed that clean air exists generally during the wet season. Comparing study outcome to other cities in Nigeria, residents of Abuja are likely not to be affected with health hazards of particulate matter pollution. Nonetheless, the high range of PM2.5 and PM10 (fine and coarse particles) ratio evaluated i.e., 1.06 - 1.79 was higher than the WHO recommended standard of 0.5 - 0.8. This ratio remains a health concerns for sensitive inhabitants like pregnant women and their foetus as well as infants below age five whose respiratory airways are noted to have high surface areas and absorption capacity for fine particulate matter. Vegetation known to absorb suspended particulate matter should be planted across Abuja metropolitan areas and air quality monitoring stations installed at strategic locations for continuous monitoring and evaluations.展开更多
In this study, PM10 and PM2.5 were measured in seven sites representing different activities (the same sites of EEAA monitoring stations) in addition to eighth site that used as a background. All results were higher t...In this study, PM10 and PM2.5 were measured in seven sites representing different activities (the same sites of EEAA monitoring stations) in addition to eighth site that used as a background. All results were higher than AQLs of EEAA, US/EPA, and EC although PM10 and PM2.5 are considered to be a direct cause of cardiovascular diseases as well as lead to death and it may be a reason for a number of chest diseases in short-term as well as long-term. Results were compared to the Air Quality Forecast system which developed by EEAA and AQI which created by US/EPA was calculated for some PM10 and PM2.5. Probable potential anthropogenic sources for such high concentrations of PM included unpaved roads, indiscriminate demolition and construction work, industrial activities, and solid wastes. This study resulted in a number of suggestions and recommendations include: 1) Implementation of integrated ISO 26000 and ISO 14001, 2) EIMP/EEAA monitoring stations need restructuring plan to cover all areas in Alexandria, 3) EIMP/EEAA must be supported with PM2.5 monitors, 4) PM control systems must be used in all industrial activities to reduce PM pollution from the source, 5) AQL of PM2.5 in the ambient environment must be reduced and it must be included in the working environment parameters, 6) Environmental law must be applied strictly, and 7) Multidisciplinary co-operation especially between environment and public health specialists must be increased.展开更多
目的了解石家庄市大气污染对儿童呼吸系统疾病的影响,构建石家庄市儿童呼吸系统疾病发病风险空气质量健康指数(air quality health inedx,AQHI)。方法收集石家庄市2017—2021年环境空气污染物、气象及河北省儿童医院呼吸系统疾病门诊资...目的了解石家庄市大气污染对儿童呼吸系统疾病的影响,构建石家庄市儿童呼吸系统疾病发病风险空气质量健康指数(air quality health inedx,AQHI)。方法收集石家庄市2017—2021年环境空气污染物、气象及河北省儿童医院呼吸系统疾病门诊资料,采用广义相加模型定量分析各污染物和气象因素与儿童呼吸系统疾病发病风险的暴露—反应关系,根据超额就诊风险构建AQHI,并比较AQHI与空气质量指数(air quality index,AQI)对儿童呼吸系统疾病发病风险的影响。结果污染物PM_(2.5)、SO2和NO2质量浓度每升高10μg/m3,儿童呼吸系统疾病发病风险分别增加0.23%(95%CI:0.06%,0.41%)、2.10%(95%CI:0.95%,3.27%)和1.18%(95%CI:0.61%,1.75%);O3对儿童呼吸系统疾病发病风险的影响无统计学意义(P>0.05)。性别分层结果提示,PM_(2.5)对女童的影响更大,SO2、NO2均对男童的影响更大;年龄分层结果提示,SO2、NO2对7~14岁儿童的影响更大。综合分析后将PM_(2.5)、SO2、NO2纳入AQHI构建,经与AQI对比,AQHI能更好的描述儿童呼吸系统疾病就医行为。结论石家庄市PM_(2.5)、SO2、NO2均对儿童呼吸系统疾病发病风险有影响,所构建的石家庄市儿童呼吸系统疾病发病风险AQHI可较好地预测大气污染对儿童呼吸系统疾病的影响。展开更多
Study of Air Quality Objectives(AQOs)and long-term changes of air pollution plays a decisive role in formulating and refining pollution control strategies.In this study,10-year variations of six major air pollutants w...Study of Air Quality Objectives(AQOs)and long-term changes of air pollution plays a decisive role in formulating and refining pollution control strategies.In this study,10-year variations of six major air pollutants were analyzed at seven monitoring sites in Hong Kong region.The continuous decrease of annual averaged concentrations of NO_(2),SO_(2),CO,PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)and numbers of days with severe pollution conditions validated the efficiency of the series of air pollution control schemes implemented by the Hong Kong region government.However,there is still a big gap to meet the ultimate targets described by the World Health Organization.Besides,the concentration of O_(3)at roadside and urban stations increased by 135%±25%and 37%±18%from 2011 to 2020,respectively,meanwhile the highest 8 hr averaged O_(3)concentration was observed as 294μg/m^(3)at background station in 2020,which pointed out the increasing ozone pollution in Hong Kong region.There was a great decrease in the annual times of air quality health index(AQHI)laying in“high”,“very high”and“serious”categories from 2011 to 2020 with the decrease rate of 89.70%,91.30%and 89.74%at roadside stations,and 79.03%,95.98%and 72.73%at urban stations,respectively.Nevertheless,the number of days categorized as“high”or above at roadside station was twice more than that in the urban station during the past ten years.Thus,more policies and attentions should be given to the roadside air quality and its adverse health effect to pedestrians on street.展开更多
[背景]大气污染是一个重要的公共卫生问题。空气质量健康指数(AQHI)是大气污染健康风险预警和沟通的重要工具,但目前的AQHI构建大多基于单污染物模型,存在明显的局限性。[目的]建立基于大气污染物复合暴露的AQHI(J-AQHI),为进行大气污...[背景]大气污染是一个重要的公共卫生问题。空气质量健康指数(AQHI)是大气污染健康风险预警和沟通的重要工具,但目前的AQHI构建大多基于单污染物模型,存在明显的局限性。[目的]建立基于大气污染物复合暴露的AQHI(J-AQHI),为进行大气污染健康风险预警和风险沟通提供科学工具。[方法]本研究从云南、广东、湖南、浙江和吉林省疾病监测点系统收集2013年1月1日至2018年12月31日的每日非意外死亡数据,包括死亡日期、年龄、性别和死因,同时分别通过中国气象数据共享服务系统和城市空气质量实时发布平台收集同期逐日气象(温度、相对湿度)及大气污染数据(SO_(2)、NO_(2)、CO、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和8 h O_(3)最高浓度)。首先使用Lasso回归筛选大气污染物;然后采用时间分层的病例交叉设计,将每个病例死亡日期的同一月份的同一星期几作为对照,为每个病例分配3~4个对照日;随后应用分布滞后非线性模型(DLNM)建立筛选出的大气污染物与死亡的暴露-反应关系,并进一步计算AQHI;最后利用世界卫生组织《全球空气质量指南》(AQG 2021)中的主要大气污染物指导限值,将AQHI分为四个等级,并比较单污染模型构建的AQHI和多污染物模型构建的J-AQHI的超额死亡风险(ER)。[结果]通过Lasso回归筛选出PM_(2.5)、SO_(2)、NO_(2)、O_(3)共4种污染物,建立DLNM模型,发现PM_(2.5)、NO_(2)、SO_(2)、O_(3)每增加1个四分位数间距,ER及其95%CI分别增加0.71%(0.34%~1.09%)、2.46%(1.78%~3.15%)、1.25%(0.9%~1.6%)和0.27%(−0.11%~0.65%)。构建的J-AQHI呈右偏态分布,将其划分为四级,分别是低风险(0~1)、中风险(2~3)、高风险(4~5)、严重风险(≥6),分别占比为11.25%、64.61%、19.33%和4.81%。对于多污染物模型构建的J-AQHI和单污染物模型构建的AQHI,污染物每增加1个四分位数间距浓度,对应的ER(95%CI)分别增加3.61%(2.93%~4.29%)和3.39%(2.68%~4.11%)。[结论]本研究基于多污染物复合暴露模型构建了J-AQHI,展示了人群实际的空气污染的暴露健康风险,为AQHI计算方法的进一步完善提供新的思路。展开更多
Indoor air pollution in buildings puts people at risk of developing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.Particulate matter(PM)exposure is known to cause these health issues.Preliminary efforts were made in this st...Indoor air pollution in buildings puts people at risk of developing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.Particulate matter(PM)exposure is known to cause these health issues.Preliminary efforts were made in this study to assess the quantity and quality of PM1.0,PM_(2.5),and PM_(10)present in an abattoir and a residential building in northern Nigeria.Canree A1 low-cost sensor was used to monitor the locations,8 hourly for two weeks.The results showed that the average values(μg/m^(3))of PM1.0,PM_(2.5),and PM_(10)in an abattoir were 62.74,161.94,and 199.08,respectively,and in a residential building were 28.70,83.31,and 103.71.The average Air Quality Index(AQI)of the abattoir office was Very Unhealthy,while the living room of the residential building was unhealthy.The PM_(2.5),and PM_(10)levels were higher than the international(WHO)and national(FMEnv)standard limits,indicating a potential danger to building occupants.It is expected that the indoor environment of the locations will be improved by the use of good ventilators(adequate windows and doors)and the provision of good extractors.展开更多
文摘In recent years, urban air quality in developing countries such as Nigeria has continued to degenerate and this has constituted a major environmental risk to human health. It has been shown that an increase in ambient particulate matter (PM10) load of 10 μg/m3 reduces life expectancy by 0.64 years. Air Quality Index (AQI) as demonstrated in this study shows how relatively clean or polluted the boundary layer environment of any location can be. The study was designed to measure the level of suspended particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) for dry and wet seasons, compute the prevalent air quality index of selected locations in Abuja with possible health implications. Suspended particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) was assessed using handheld aerosol particulate sampler. The US Oak Ridge National AQI was adopted for the eleven (11) locations sampled and monitored. The study results showed that the air quality of the selected areas in Abuja were generally good and healthy. Dry season, assessments, showed 15 - 95 μg/m3 and 12 - 80 μg/m3 for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. While in wet season, 09 - 75 μg/m3 and 07 - 65 μg/m3 were recorded for PM2.5 and PM10. However at Jebi Central Motor Park, there was light air contamination with AQI of 42 for dry season and 31 for wet season. Other locations had clean air with AQI ≤ 11. It is revealed that clean air exists generally during the wet season. Comparing study outcome to other cities in Nigeria, residents of Abuja are likely not to be affected with health hazards of particulate matter pollution. Nonetheless, the high range of PM2.5 and PM10 (fine and coarse particles) ratio evaluated i.e., 1.06 - 1.79 was higher than the WHO recommended standard of 0.5 - 0.8. This ratio remains a health concerns for sensitive inhabitants like pregnant women and their foetus as well as infants below age five whose respiratory airways are noted to have high surface areas and absorption capacity for fine particulate matter. Vegetation known to absorb suspended particulate matter should be planted across Abuja metropolitan areas and air quality monitoring stations installed at strategic locations for continuous monitoring and evaluations.
文摘In this study, PM10 and PM2.5 were measured in seven sites representing different activities (the same sites of EEAA monitoring stations) in addition to eighth site that used as a background. All results were higher than AQLs of EEAA, US/EPA, and EC although PM10 and PM2.5 are considered to be a direct cause of cardiovascular diseases as well as lead to death and it may be a reason for a number of chest diseases in short-term as well as long-term. Results were compared to the Air Quality Forecast system which developed by EEAA and AQI which created by US/EPA was calculated for some PM10 and PM2.5. Probable potential anthropogenic sources for such high concentrations of PM included unpaved roads, indiscriminate demolition and construction work, industrial activities, and solid wastes. This study resulted in a number of suggestions and recommendations include: 1) Implementation of integrated ISO 26000 and ISO 14001, 2) EIMP/EEAA monitoring stations need restructuring plan to cover all areas in Alexandria, 3) EIMP/EEAA must be supported with PM2.5 monitors, 4) PM control systems must be used in all industrial activities to reduce PM pollution from the source, 5) AQL of PM2.5 in the ambient environment must be reduced and it must be included in the working environment parameters, 6) Environmental law must be applied strictly, and 7) Multidisciplinary co-operation especially between environment and public health specialists must be increased.
基金supported by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Government(Project No.T24/504/17 and T31-603/21-N)he Environment and Conservation Fund of Hong Kong Governmentt(Project No.ECF 63/2019).
文摘Study of Air Quality Objectives(AQOs)and long-term changes of air pollution plays a decisive role in formulating and refining pollution control strategies.In this study,10-year variations of six major air pollutants were analyzed at seven monitoring sites in Hong Kong region.The continuous decrease of annual averaged concentrations of NO_(2),SO_(2),CO,PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)and numbers of days with severe pollution conditions validated the efficiency of the series of air pollution control schemes implemented by the Hong Kong region government.However,there is still a big gap to meet the ultimate targets described by the World Health Organization.Besides,the concentration of O_(3)at roadside and urban stations increased by 135%±25%and 37%±18%from 2011 to 2020,respectively,meanwhile the highest 8 hr averaged O_(3)concentration was observed as 294μg/m^(3)at background station in 2020,which pointed out the increasing ozone pollution in Hong Kong region.There was a great decrease in the annual times of air quality health index(AQHI)laying in“high”,“very high”and“serious”categories from 2011 to 2020 with the decrease rate of 89.70%,91.30%and 89.74%at roadside stations,and 79.03%,95.98%and 72.73%at urban stations,respectively.Nevertheless,the number of days categorized as“high”or above at roadside station was twice more than that in the urban station during the past ten years.Thus,more policies and attentions should be given to the roadside air quality and its adverse health effect to pedestrians on street.
文摘[背景]大气污染是一个重要的公共卫生问题。空气质量健康指数(AQHI)是大气污染健康风险预警和沟通的重要工具,但目前的AQHI构建大多基于单污染物模型,存在明显的局限性。[目的]建立基于大气污染物复合暴露的AQHI(J-AQHI),为进行大气污染健康风险预警和风险沟通提供科学工具。[方法]本研究从云南、广东、湖南、浙江和吉林省疾病监测点系统收集2013年1月1日至2018年12月31日的每日非意外死亡数据,包括死亡日期、年龄、性别和死因,同时分别通过中国气象数据共享服务系统和城市空气质量实时发布平台收集同期逐日气象(温度、相对湿度)及大气污染数据(SO_(2)、NO_(2)、CO、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和8 h O_(3)最高浓度)。首先使用Lasso回归筛选大气污染物;然后采用时间分层的病例交叉设计,将每个病例死亡日期的同一月份的同一星期几作为对照,为每个病例分配3~4个对照日;随后应用分布滞后非线性模型(DLNM)建立筛选出的大气污染物与死亡的暴露-反应关系,并进一步计算AQHI;最后利用世界卫生组织《全球空气质量指南》(AQG 2021)中的主要大气污染物指导限值,将AQHI分为四个等级,并比较单污染模型构建的AQHI和多污染物模型构建的J-AQHI的超额死亡风险(ER)。[结果]通过Lasso回归筛选出PM_(2.5)、SO_(2)、NO_(2)、O_(3)共4种污染物,建立DLNM模型,发现PM_(2.5)、NO_(2)、SO_(2)、O_(3)每增加1个四分位数间距,ER及其95%CI分别增加0.71%(0.34%~1.09%)、2.46%(1.78%~3.15%)、1.25%(0.9%~1.6%)和0.27%(−0.11%~0.65%)。构建的J-AQHI呈右偏态分布,将其划分为四级,分别是低风险(0~1)、中风险(2~3)、高风险(4~5)、严重风险(≥6),分别占比为11.25%、64.61%、19.33%和4.81%。对于多污染物模型构建的J-AQHI和单污染物模型构建的AQHI,污染物每增加1个四分位数间距浓度,对应的ER(95%CI)分别增加3.61%(2.93%~4.29%)和3.39%(2.68%~4.11%)。[结论]本研究基于多污染物复合暴露模型构建了J-AQHI,展示了人群实际的空气污染的暴露健康风险,为AQHI计算方法的进一步完善提供新的思路。
文摘Indoor air pollution in buildings puts people at risk of developing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.Particulate matter(PM)exposure is known to cause these health issues.Preliminary efforts were made in this study to assess the quantity and quality of PM1.0,PM_(2.5),and PM_(10)present in an abattoir and a residential building in northern Nigeria.Canree A1 low-cost sensor was used to monitor the locations,8 hourly for two weeks.The results showed that the average values(μg/m^(3))of PM1.0,PM_(2.5),and PM_(10)in an abattoir were 62.74,161.94,and 199.08,respectively,and in a residential building were 28.70,83.31,and 103.71.The average Air Quality Index(AQI)of the abattoir office was Very Unhealthy,while the living room of the residential building was unhealthy.The PM_(2.5),and PM_(10)levels were higher than the international(WHO)and national(FMEnv)standard limits,indicating a potential danger to building occupants.It is expected that the indoor environment of the locations will be improved by the use of good ventilators(adequate windows and doors)and the provision of good extractors.
