Introduction: The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) for the past many years has been reported to have many cities with highly polluted air quality. The state has been taking meticulous steps in combating air pollutio...Introduction: The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) for the past many years has been reported to have many cities with highly polluted air quality. The state has been taking meticulous steps in combating air pollution in the form of action plans, introduced especially in its 17 non-attainment cities (NAC). To assess the progress and development of these action plans in UP, the present study has done an in-depth analysis and review of the state’s action plans and city micro action plans. Materials and Methods: In this research study, the analysis of the latest action plan reports, micro action plan reports as well as the recommendations for combating air pollution-related issues in the 17 NAC of the UP state has been well documented. Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB) has prepared these reports to highlight the progress of the plans in response to the growing air pollution in these cities. The information present in the reports has been used to further study sector-specific, category-specific action plans, institutional responsibility, and the present status of the action plans. Results: On average, the highest weightage in action plans was given to sector-specific categories such as Road dust and construction activities (24%). It was also observed that Urban local bodies (~50%) were majorly responsible to implement the action points and 56% of the action points were jointly implemented by multiple agencies.展开更多
O3 and PM2.5 were introduced into the newly revised air quality standard system in February 2012, representing a milestone in the history of air pollution control, and China's urban air quality will be evaluated usin...O3 and PM2.5 were introduced into the newly revised air quality standard system in February 2012, representing a milestone in the history of air pollution control, and China's urban air quality will be evaluated using six factors (SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5 and PM10) from the beginning of 2013. To achieve the new air quality standard, it is extremely important to have a primary understanding of the current pollution status in various cities. The spatial and temporal variations of the air pollutants were investigated in 26 pilot cities in China from August 2011 to February 2012, just before the new standard was executed. Hourly averaged SO2, NO2 and PMlo were observed in 26 cities, and the pollutants O3, CO and PM2.5 were measured in 15 of the 26 cities. The concentrations of SO2 and CO were much higher in the cities in north China than those in the south. As for O3 and NO2, however, there was no significant difference between northern and southern cities. Fine particles were found to account for a large proportion of airborne particles, with the ratio of PM2.5 to PMI0 ranging from 55% to 77%. The concentrations of PM2.5 (57.5 μg/m3) and PMlo (91.2 μg/m3) were much higher than the values (PM2.5:11.2μg/m3; PMI0:35.6 μg/m3) recommended by the World Health Organization. The attainment of the new urban air quality standard in the investigated cities is decreased by 20% in comparison with the older standard without considering O3, CO and PM2.5, suggesting a great challenge in urban air quality improvement, and more efforts will to be taken to control air pollution in China.展开更多
The lack of data on air quality monitoring and neglected and overlooked pollutant emissions in the transportation and industrial sectors are motives for the government of Senegal to set up, in 2009, an air quality man...The lack of data on air quality monitoring and neglected and overlooked pollutant emissions in the transportation and industrial sectors are motives for the government of Senegal to set up, in 2009, an air quality management center, the CGQA</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(Centre de Gestion de la Qualité de l’Air). Air quality monitoring at CGQA deals with mainly six pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">x</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) (with nitrogen dioxide (NO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and nitrogen monoxide </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(NO)), sulfur dioxide (SO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), ground-level ozone (O</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), Benzene-Toluene-Xylenes</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (BTX), and particulate matters (PM) with diameters less than 10 μm (PM</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">10</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and 2.5 μm (PM</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2.5</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). The concentration levels of gaseous pollutants (CO, O</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, NO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and SO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) in the city generally remain below the limit value set by the WHO (World Health Organization). However, particulate matters (PM</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">10</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and PM</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2.5</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) are the most important pollutants observed in Dakar, they far exceed the annual thresholds set by the WHO and the national standard (NS 05-062). This situation results in an Air Quality Index (AQI) around bad and very bad during the dry season (November to May) and good to moderate during the rainy season (June to October). The concentrations of PM</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">10</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and PM</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2.5</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> vary respectively from 120 to 180 μg</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></sup><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and from 25 to 48 μg</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></sup><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The average concentrations of pollutants therefore vary from one area to another and depending on the location of the air quality monitoring station (near industrial sites, traffic, etc.).展开更多
文摘Introduction: The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) for the past many years has been reported to have many cities with highly polluted air quality. The state has been taking meticulous steps in combating air pollution in the form of action plans, introduced especially in its 17 non-attainment cities (NAC). To assess the progress and development of these action plans in UP, the present study has done an in-depth analysis and review of the state’s action plans and city micro action plans. Materials and Methods: In this research study, the analysis of the latest action plan reports, micro action plan reports as well as the recommendations for combating air pollution-related issues in the 17 NAC of the UP state has been well documented. Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB) has prepared these reports to highlight the progress of the plans in response to the growing air pollution in these cities. The information present in the reports has been used to further study sector-specific, category-specific action plans, institutional responsibility, and the present status of the action plans. Results: On average, the highest weightage in action plans was given to sector-specific categories such as Road dust and construction activities (24%). It was also observed that Urban local bodies (~50%) were majorly responsible to implement the action points and 56% of the action points were jointly implemented by multiple agencies.
基金supported by the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China(No.41005065,41375132)the National Department Public Benefit Research Foundation(Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China(No.201009001,201409003,201309011)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB05030400)
文摘O3 and PM2.5 were introduced into the newly revised air quality standard system in February 2012, representing a milestone in the history of air pollution control, and China's urban air quality will be evaluated using six factors (SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5 and PM10) from the beginning of 2013. To achieve the new air quality standard, it is extremely important to have a primary understanding of the current pollution status in various cities. The spatial and temporal variations of the air pollutants were investigated in 26 pilot cities in China from August 2011 to February 2012, just before the new standard was executed. Hourly averaged SO2, NO2 and PMlo were observed in 26 cities, and the pollutants O3, CO and PM2.5 were measured in 15 of the 26 cities. The concentrations of SO2 and CO were much higher in the cities in north China than those in the south. As for O3 and NO2, however, there was no significant difference between northern and southern cities. Fine particles were found to account for a large proportion of airborne particles, with the ratio of PM2.5 to PMI0 ranging from 55% to 77%. The concentrations of PM2.5 (57.5 μg/m3) and PMlo (91.2 μg/m3) were much higher than the values (PM2.5:11.2μg/m3; PMI0:35.6 μg/m3) recommended by the World Health Organization. The attainment of the new urban air quality standard in the investigated cities is decreased by 20% in comparison with the older standard without considering O3, CO and PM2.5, suggesting a great challenge in urban air quality improvement, and more efforts will to be taken to control air pollution in China.
文摘The lack of data on air quality monitoring and neglected and overlooked pollutant emissions in the transportation and industrial sectors are motives for the government of Senegal to set up, in 2009, an air quality management center, the CGQA</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(Centre de Gestion de la Qualité de l’Air). Air quality monitoring at CGQA deals with mainly six pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">x</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) (with nitrogen dioxide (NO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and nitrogen monoxide </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(NO)), sulfur dioxide (SO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), ground-level ozone (O</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), Benzene-Toluene-Xylenes</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (BTX), and particulate matters (PM) with diameters less than 10 μm (PM</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">10</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and 2.5 μm (PM</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2.5</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). The concentration levels of gaseous pollutants (CO, O</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, NO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and SO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) in the city generally remain below the limit value set by the WHO (World Health Organization). However, particulate matters (PM</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">10</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and PM</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2.5</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) are the most important pollutants observed in Dakar, they far exceed the annual thresholds set by the WHO and the national standard (NS 05-062). This situation results in an Air Quality Index (AQI) around bad and very bad during the dry season (November to May) and good to moderate during the rainy season (June to October). The concentrations of PM</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">10</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and PM</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2.5</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> vary respectively from 120 to 180 μg</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></sup><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and from 25 to 48 μg</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></sup><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The average concentrations of pollutants therefore vary from one area to another and depending on the location of the air quality monitoring station (near industrial sites, traffic, etc.).