This paper outlines a multi-dimensional user-oriented performance metrics approach in evaluating the operation of the terminal airspace system to aid in the airport and airspace planning and decision making. Safety, d...This paper outlines a multi-dimensional user-oriented performance metrics approach in evaluating the operation of the terminal airspace system to aid in the airport and airspace planning and decision making. Safety, delay and predictability metrics contribute to the analytical framework. From the findings, the occurrence of air incidence has a high severity level at departure, and arrival phases of flight, higher likelihood at the radar room and much of the incidences were as a result of faulty equipment and inherent absence of modern airspace infrastructure. Also, in Lagos terminal airspace, the number of incidences has no close correlation with the level of traffic complexity. Total schedule arrival delay ranges from 1 - 392 minutes representing an average of 7.8 - 17.9 minutes per aircraft that arrived Lagos airport at that period. Be</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sides, the total approach contact time ranges from 1 - 57 minutes, translating to 4.6 - 7.1 minutes per aircraft. However, variability in arrival time of 1 - 5 minutes is common from published airline arrival scheduled time. In the same vein, the variability of 1 - 5 minutes is common from approach contact times of aircraft. These figures indicate sound arrival predictability signature for Lagos airport. Also, departure time variability above 30 mi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nutes is familiar from the ATC clearance time for the various routes under study. However, there is about or more 25% variability of more than 15</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">minutes, and this indicates possible inconsistency of predicting departure times from the times Air Traffic Control</span><b> </b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(ATC) clearance was acquired. Above all, the predictability of departure times in Lagos airport is weak compared to those of the arrival. Taken by it, this may be a sign of airspace congestion or ATC deficiencies at the Lagos airport. This is an indication of the lack of users’ confidence in Nigeria’s air transport industry to deliver just-in-time service.展开更多
A new safety assessment method for parallel routes is presented. From the aspects of safety guard system of air traffic control(ATC) and considering the flight conflict as causing event of air collision accidents, t...A new safety assessment method for parallel routes is presented. From the aspects of safety guard system of air traffic control(ATC) and considering the flight conflict as causing event of air collision accidents, this paper fosters a four-layer safety guard of controller command, short-term conflict alerts (STCAs), pilot visual avoidance, and traffic alert collision avoidance system(TCAS). Then, the problem of parallel routes collision risk is divided into two parts:the calculation of potential flight conflict and the analysis of failure probability of the four-layer safety guard. A calculation model for controller interference times is induced. By using cognitive reliability and error analysis method(CREAM),the calculation problem to failure probability of controller sequencing flight conflicts is solved and a fault tree model of guard failure of STCA and TCAS is established. Finally, the Beijing-Shanghai parallel routes are taken as an example to be calculated and the collision risk of the parallel routes is obtained under the condition of radar control. Results show that the parallel routes can satisfy the safety demands.展开更多
为了研究管制员飞行冲突调配的人因差错问题,进而有效评估管制员解决飞行冲突的可靠性,以保障空中交通的安全运行,提出系统理论过程分析(System Theoretic Process Analysis, STPA)与认知可靠性与失误分析方法(Cognitive Reliability an...为了研究管制员飞行冲突调配的人因差错问题,进而有效评估管制员解决飞行冲突的可靠性,以保障空中交通的安全运行,提出系统理论过程分析(System Theoretic Process Analysis, STPA)与认知可靠性与失误分析方法(Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method, CREAM)相结合的人因可靠性分析方法。首先,通过STPA方法构建系统控制模型,识别不安全控制行为(Unsafe Control Action, UCA)以及致因因素,找到管制员在调配飞行冲突过程中可能存在的差错行为;其次,基于CREAM扩展法对管制员的差错行为进行定量分析,得到管制员调配飞行冲突的人因失误概率。研究显示:使用该方法能够系统、全面地识别出管制员在调配飞行冲突过程中出现的差错行为,进而计算管制员飞行冲突调配的人因失误概率。实例分析表明该方法可以预测管制员在飞行冲突调配过程中的人因失误概率及可靠性,为管制员人因可靠性分析提供了新思路。展开更多
空中交通管制员在指挥飞机时存在频繁嘴部开合活动。为从管制员的嘴部陆空通话行为中准确区分哈欠行为,降低管制员疲劳工作产生的安全风险,提出了一种基于视频的结合卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network,CNN)与长短期记忆网络(Lo...空中交通管制员在指挥飞机时存在频繁嘴部开合活动。为从管制员的嘴部陆空通话行为中准确区分哈欠行为,降低管制员疲劳工作产生的安全风险,提出了一种基于视频的结合卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network,CNN)与长短期记忆网络(Long and Short Term Memory Networks,LSTM)的管制员嘴部行为识别方法。首先,搭建面部定位模型提取人脸68特征点,建立嘴部几何区域提取模型划分嘴部区域;其次,建立管制员哈欠检测模型分别提取嘴部视频序列帧的空间特征与时间特征;最后,采集数据集管制员嘴部活动数据集(Civil Aviation University of China-Controller,CAUC CON)用于模型训练,通过哈欠分类模型得出序列帧内管制员嘴部哈欠识别结果。结果表明:基于视频的加入时间信息的哈欠检测方法更适合管制员的工作条件,较传统哈欠识别方法的平均识别准确率最高提升了14.4%。展开更多
为研究管制单位风险的动态性,提高风险评估的准确性,预防风险事故的发生,提出基于毕达哥拉斯模糊、试验与评估实验室(Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory,DEMATEL)、贝叶斯网络(Bayesian Network,BN)和模糊损失率的管制...为研究管制单位风险的动态性,提高风险评估的准确性,预防风险事故的发生,提出基于毕达哥拉斯模糊、试验与评估实验室(Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory,DEMATEL)、贝叶斯网络(Bayesian Network,BN)和模糊损失率的管制单位动态风险评估模型。首先识别管制单位风险因素;其次应用毕达哥拉斯模糊和DEMATEL模型探究风险因素之间的相互关系;再次将因素间的相互关系映射到BN,构建管制单位风险演化过程;然后确定先验概率,并以前兆数据作为输入信息,推导计算管制单位的动态风险概率;最后利用模糊损失率量化风险后果,计算管制单位的动态风险评估值。以某管制单位为例,对构建的管制单位动态风险评估模型进行了实证研究。结果表明:特情处置预案不合理等高严重后果概率持续上升的风险因素是该管制单位的风险管控的重点;t1~t5时间段该管制单位的动态风险评估值从1.035×10-2上升到1.1063×10-2。构建的管制单位动态风险评估模型克服了管制传统风险评估模型无法捕捉动态特征和过度依靠专家经验的不足,提高了评估的准确性,为管制单位控制和减少风险提供了决策支持。展开更多
A novel real-time autonomous Interval Management System(IMS)is proposed to automate interval management,which considers the effect of wind uncertainty using the Dynamic Fuzzy Velocity Decision(DFVD)algorithm.The membe...A novel real-time autonomous Interval Management System(IMS)is proposed to automate interval management,which considers the effect of wind uncertainty using the Dynamic Fuzzy Velocity Decision(DFVD)algorithm.The membership function can be generated dynamically based on the True Air Speed(TAS)limitation changes in real time and the interval criterion of the adjacent aircraft,and combined with human cognition to formulate fuzzy rules for speed adjusting decision-making.Three groups of experiments were conducted during the en-route descent stage to validate the proposed IMS and DFVD performances,and to analyze the impact factors of the algorithm.The verification experimental results show that compared with actual flight status data under controllers’command,the IMS reduces the descent time by approaching 30%with favorable wind uncertainty suppression performance.Sensitivity analysis shows that the ability improvement of DFVD is mainly affected by the boundary value of the membership function.Additionally,the dynamic generation of the velocity membership function has greater advantages than the static method in terms of safety and stability.Through the analysis of influencing factors,we found that the interval criterion and aircraft category have no significant effect on the capability of IMS.In a higher initial altitude scenario,the initial interval should be appropriately increased to enhance safety and efficiency during the descent process.This prototype system could evolve into a realtime Flight-deck Interval Management(FIM)tool in the future.展开更多
Advanced Air Mobility(AAM)has emerged as a pioneering concept designed to optimize the efficacy and ecological sustainability of air transportation.Its core objective is to provide highly automated air transportation ...Advanced Air Mobility(AAM)has emerged as a pioneering concept designed to optimize the efficacy and ecological sustainability of air transportation.Its core objective is to provide highly automated air transportation services for passengers or cargo,operating at low altitudes within urban,suburban,and rural regions.AAM seeks to enhance the efficiency and environmental viability of the aviation sector by revolutionizing the way air travel is conducted.In a complex aviation environment,traffic management and control are essential technologies for safe and effective AAM operations.One of the most difficult obstacles in the envisioned AAM systems is vehicle coordination at merging points and intersections.The escalating demand for air mobility services,particularly within urban areas,poses significant complexities to the execution of such missions.In this study,we propose a novel multi-agent reinforcement learning(MARL)approach to efficiently manage high-density AAM operations in structured airspace.Our approach provides effective guidance to AAM vehicles,ensuring conflict avoidance,mitigating traffic congestion,reducing travel time,and maintaining safe separation.Specifically,intelligent learning-based algorithms are developed to provide speed guidance for each AAM vehicle,ensuring secure merging into air corridors and safe passage through intersections.To validate the effectiveness of our proposed model,we conduct training and evaluation using BlueSky,an open-source air traffic control simulation environment.Through the simulation of thousands of aircraft and the integration of real-world data,our study demonstrates the promising potential of MARL in enabling safe and efficient AAM operations.The simulation results validate the efficacy of our approach and its ability to achieve the desired outcomes.展开更多
文摘This paper outlines a multi-dimensional user-oriented performance metrics approach in evaluating the operation of the terminal airspace system to aid in the airport and airspace planning and decision making. Safety, delay and predictability metrics contribute to the analytical framework. From the findings, the occurrence of air incidence has a high severity level at departure, and arrival phases of flight, higher likelihood at the radar room and much of the incidences were as a result of faulty equipment and inherent absence of modern airspace infrastructure. Also, in Lagos terminal airspace, the number of incidences has no close correlation with the level of traffic complexity. Total schedule arrival delay ranges from 1 - 392 minutes representing an average of 7.8 - 17.9 minutes per aircraft that arrived Lagos airport at that period. Be</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sides, the total approach contact time ranges from 1 - 57 minutes, translating to 4.6 - 7.1 minutes per aircraft. However, variability in arrival time of 1 - 5 minutes is common from published airline arrival scheduled time. In the same vein, the variability of 1 - 5 minutes is common from approach contact times of aircraft. These figures indicate sound arrival predictability signature for Lagos airport. Also, departure time variability above 30 mi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nutes is familiar from the ATC clearance time for the various routes under study. However, there is about or more 25% variability of more than 15</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">minutes, and this indicates possible inconsistency of predicting departure times from the times Air Traffic Control</span><b> </b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(ATC) clearance was acquired. Above all, the predictability of departure times in Lagos airport is weak compared to those of the arrival. Taken by it, this may be a sign of airspace congestion or ATC deficiencies at the Lagos airport. This is an indication of the lack of users’ confidence in Nigeria’s air transport industry to deliver just-in-time service.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China("863"Program)(2006AA12A105)~~
文摘A new safety assessment method for parallel routes is presented. From the aspects of safety guard system of air traffic control(ATC) and considering the flight conflict as causing event of air collision accidents, this paper fosters a four-layer safety guard of controller command, short-term conflict alerts (STCAs), pilot visual avoidance, and traffic alert collision avoidance system(TCAS). Then, the problem of parallel routes collision risk is divided into two parts:the calculation of potential flight conflict and the analysis of failure probability of the four-layer safety guard. A calculation model for controller interference times is induced. By using cognitive reliability and error analysis method(CREAM),the calculation problem to failure probability of controller sequencing flight conflicts is solved and a fault tree model of guard failure of STCA and TCAS is established. Finally, the Beijing-Shanghai parallel routes are taken as an example to be calculated and the collision risk of the parallel routes is obtained under the condition of radar control. Results show that the parallel routes can satisfy the safety demands.
文摘为了研究管制员飞行冲突调配的人因差错问题,进而有效评估管制员解决飞行冲突的可靠性,以保障空中交通的安全运行,提出系统理论过程分析(System Theoretic Process Analysis, STPA)与认知可靠性与失误分析方法(Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method, CREAM)相结合的人因可靠性分析方法。首先,通过STPA方法构建系统控制模型,识别不安全控制行为(Unsafe Control Action, UCA)以及致因因素,找到管制员在调配飞行冲突过程中可能存在的差错行为;其次,基于CREAM扩展法对管制员的差错行为进行定量分析,得到管制员调配飞行冲突的人因失误概率。研究显示:使用该方法能够系统、全面地识别出管制员在调配飞行冲突过程中出现的差错行为,进而计算管制员飞行冲突调配的人因失误概率。实例分析表明该方法可以预测管制员在飞行冲突调配过程中的人因失误概率及可靠性,为管制员人因可靠性分析提供了新思路。
文摘空中交通管制员在指挥飞机时存在频繁嘴部开合活动。为从管制员的嘴部陆空通话行为中准确区分哈欠行为,降低管制员疲劳工作产生的安全风险,提出了一种基于视频的结合卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network,CNN)与长短期记忆网络(Long and Short Term Memory Networks,LSTM)的管制员嘴部行为识别方法。首先,搭建面部定位模型提取人脸68特征点,建立嘴部几何区域提取模型划分嘴部区域;其次,建立管制员哈欠检测模型分别提取嘴部视频序列帧的空间特征与时间特征;最后,采集数据集管制员嘴部活动数据集(Civil Aviation University of China-Controller,CAUC CON)用于模型训练,通过哈欠分类模型得出序列帧内管制员嘴部哈欠识别结果。结果表明:基于视频的加入时间信息的哈欠检测方法更适合管制员的工作条件,较传统哈欠识别方法的平均识别准确率最高提升了14.4%。
文摘为研究管制单位风险的动态性,提高风险评估的准确性,预防风险事故的发生,提出基于毕达哥拉斯模糊、试验与评估实验室(Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory,DEMATEL)、贝叶斯网络(Bayesian Network,BN)和模糊损失率的管制单位动态风险评估模型。首先识别管制单位风险因素;其次应用毕达哥拉斯模糊和DEMATEL模型探究风险因素之间的相互关系;再次将因素间的相互关系映射到BN,构建管制单位风险演化过程;然后确定先验概率,并以前兆数据作为输入信息,推导计算管制单位的动态风险概率;最后利用模糊损失率量化风险后果,计算管制单位的动态风险评估值。以某管制单位为例,对构建的管制单位动态风险评估模型进行了实证研究。结果表明:特情处置预案不合理等高严重后果概率持续上升的风险因素是该管制单位的风险管控的重点;t1~t5时间段该管制单位的动态风险评估值从1.035×10-2上升到1.1063×10-2。构建的管制单位动态风险评估模型克服了管制传统风险评估模型无法捕捉动态特征和过度依靠专家经验的不足,提高了评估的准确性,为管制单位控制和减少风险提供了决策支持。
文摘A novel real-time autonomous Interval Management System(IMS)is proposed to automate interval management,which considers the effect of wind uncertainty using the Dynamic Fuzzy Velocity Decision(DFVD)algorithm.The membership function can be generated dynamically based on the True Air Speed(TAS)limitation changes in real time and the interval criterion of the adjacent aircraft,and combined with human cognition to formulate fuzzy rules for speed adjusting decision-making.Three groups of experiments were conducted during the en-route descent stage to validate the proposed IMS and DFVD performances,and to analyze the impact factors of the algorithm.The verification experimental results show that compared with actual flight status data under controllers’command,the IMS reduces the descent time by approaching 30%with favorable wind uncertainty suppression performance.Sensitivity analysis shows that the ability improvement of DFVD is mainly affected by the boundary value of the membership function.Additionally,the dynamic generation of the velocity membership function has greater advantages than the static method in terms of safety and stability.Through the analysis of influencing factors,we found that the interval criterion and aircraft category have no significant effect on the capability of IMS.In a higher initial altitude scenario,the initial interval should be appropriately increased to enhance safety and efficiency during the descent process.This prototype system could evolve into a realtime Flight-deck Interval Management(FIM)tool in the future.
基金This work was funded in part by the National Science Foundation(NSF)CAREER Award CMMI-2237215.
文摘Advanced Air Mobility(AAM)has emerged as a pioneering concept designed to optimize the efficacy and ecological sustainability of air transportation.Its core objective is to provide highly automated air transportation services for passengers or cargo,operating at low altitudes within urban,suburban,and rural regions.AAM seeks to enhance the efficiency and environmental viability of the aviation sector by revolutionizing the way air travel is conducted.In a complex aviation environment,traffic management and control are essential technologies for safe and effective AAM operations.One of the most difficult obstacles in the envisioned AAM systems is vehicle coordination at merging points and intersections.The escalating demand for air mobility services,particularly within urban areas,poses significant complexities to the execution of such missions.In this study,we propose a novel multi-agent reinforcement learning(MARL)approach to efficiently manage high-density AAM operations in structured airspace.Our approach provides effective guidance to AAM vehicles,ensuring conflict avoidance,mitigating traffic congestion,reducing travel time,and maintaining safe separation.Specifically,intelligent learning-based algorithms are developed to provide speed guidance for each AAM vehicle,ensuring secure merging into air corridors and safe passage through intersections.To validate the effectiveness of our proposed model,we conduct training and evaluation using BlueSky,an open-source air traffic control simulation environment.Through the simulation of thousands of aircraft and the integration of real-world data,our study demonstrates the promising potential of MARL in enabling safe and efficient AAM operations.The simulation results validate the efficacy of our approach and its ability to achieve the desired outcomes.