Artificial ground freezing of underground mines in cold regions using thermosyphons with air insulation

Current practice of underground artificial ground freezing(AGF)typically involves huge refrigeration systems of large economic and environmental costs.In this study,a novel AGF technique is proposed deploying available cold wind in cold regions.This is achieved by a static heat transfer device called thermosyphon equipped with an air insulation layer.A refrigeration unit can be optionally integrated to meet additional cooling requirements.The introduction of air insulation isolates the thermosyphon from ground zones where freezing is not needed,resulting in:(1)steering the cooling resources(cold wind or refrigeration)towards zones of interest;and(2)minimizing refrigeration load.This design is demonstrated using well-validated mathematical models from our previous work based on two-phase enthalpy method of the ground coupled with a thermal resistance network for the thermosyphon.Two Canadian mines are considered:the Cigar Lake Mine and the Giant Mine.The results show that our proposed design can speed the freezing time by 30%at the Giant Mine and by two months at the Cigar Lake Mine.Further,a cooling load of 2.4 GWh can be saved at the Cigar Lake Mine.Overall,this study provides mining practitioners with sustainable solutions of underground AGF.

Changes and spatial patterns of the differences between ground and air temperature over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

The difference between ground soil and air temperature （Ts-Ta） was studied by using the data of ground and air temperature of 99 stations over the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibet） Plateau from 1960 to 2000,and its spatial distribution and time changing tendency have been diagnosed by principal component analysis and power spectral analysis methods. The results show that the values of （Ts-Ta） are the maximum in June and the minimum in December. The first three loading eigenvectors, which reflect the main spatially anomalous structure of （Ts-Ta） over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, contain the contrary changing pattern between the northwestern and the southeastern regions, the pattern response of the sea level elevation and the geography, and the pattern response of the distribution of the permafrost. There are four patterns of time evolution including the patterns of monotonous increasing or decreasing trends, the basic stability pattern and the parabola pattern with the minimum value. （Ts-Ta） has a periodic variation about 2 years. According to the spatial distribution of the third loading eigenvectors of （Ts-Ta） over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in cold season, the permafrost response region and the seasonal frozen ground response region are identified.

Recent changes in ground surface thermal regimes in the context of air temperature warming over the Heihe River Basin, China

Changes in ground surface thermal regimes play a vital role in surface and subsurface hydrology, ecosystem diversity and productivity, and global thermal, water and carbon budgets as well as climate change. Estimating spring, summer, autumn and winter air temperatures and mean annual air temperature（MAAT） from 1960 through 2008 over the Heihe River Basin reveals a statistically significant trend of 0.31 °C/decade, 0.28 °C/decade, 0.37 °C/decade, 0.50 °C/decade, and 0.37 °C /decade, respectively. The averaged time series of mean annual ground surface temperature（MAGST） and maximum annual ground surface temperature（MaxAGST） for 1972–2006 over the basin indicates a statistically significant trend of 0.58 °C/decade and 1.27 °C/decade, respectively. The minimum annual ground surface temperature（MinAGST） in the same period remains unchanged as a whole. Estimating surface freezing/thawing index as well as the ratio of freezing index to thawing index（RFT） in the period between 1959 and 2006 over the basin indicates a statistically significant trend of-42.5 °C-day/decade, 85.4 °C-day/decade and-0.018/decade, respectively.

^7Be content and its seasonal variation in the ground air around Hangzhou area

Twice investigations around Hangzhou area show that ^7Be content average in the ground air is 5.9mBq.m^-3.The content of ^7Be is the highest in autumn-winter period reaching about 7.7mBq.m^-3,the next is in spring about 6.2mBq.m^-3.then is in the early summer about 5.7mBq.m^-3,close to the annual average level;and the lowest in a year is in summer-autumm period with a value about 3.8mBq.m^-3.Exhibited is a decreasing trend from autumn-winter period to summer-autumn of the next year,which is negatively correlated with the variation of the seasonal rainfall in Hangzhou area.But this trend is different from that reported by UNSCEAR:it is the highest in spring and the lowest in the late autumn,which is based only on ^7Be falling down from the stratosphere.However,the present investigation shows that the seasonal rainfall is the main factor influencing the variation tend of ^7Be content in the air.

AIR GROUND RANGING OF AIRBORNE RADAR USING WAVELET TRANSFORM

A new method of air ground ranging of airborne radar based on wavelet transform was proposed. The wavelet domain noise excision was applied as a post processing tool to reduce the white Gaussian noise appearing in the radar echo. The wavelet approach overcomes the drawbacks of the traditional ranging method, thus considerably improving the accuracy and speed of air ground ranging. The whole algorithm was performed in frequency domain. It can take full advantage of the radar’s former hardware resource, such as FFT high speed processor. The simulation results demonstrate the validity of our new approach.

Henry’s Equilibrium Partitioning between Ground Water and Soil Air: Predictions versus Observations

Humans spend 64% - 94% of their time indoors;therefore, indoor air quality is very important for potential exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC). The source of VOC in the subsurface may come from accidental or intentional releases, leaking landfills or leaking underground and above-ground storage tanks. Once these contaminants are present near or beneath buildings, they may move as a vapour through soil gas and enter the building. A large number of vapour intrusion (VI) algorithms have been published in peer-reviewed publications that link indoor VOC concentrations to the contamination of soils. These models typically include phase partitioning calculations of VOC based on Henry’s law to estimate the concentration of a particular contaminant in soil gas. This paper presents the results from a series of laboratory experiments concerning the use of the Henry’s Law constant for the calculation of toluene concentrations in equilibrium between ground water and soil air. A series of column experiments were conducted with various toluene concentrations in artificial (ground) water to contrast the predicted and observed (soil) air concentrations. The experiments which exclude soil material show a toluene fugacity behaviour roughly in line with Henry’s law whereas the experiments which include soil material result in equilibrium soil concentrations which were around one order-of-magnitude lower than was expected from a Henry Law-based estimation. It is concluded that for toluene inclusion of Henry’s Law in VI algorithms does not provide an adequate description of volatilisation in soils and may lead to an overestimation of health risk. Instead, a model based on a simple description of the relevant intermolecular interactions could be explored.

Ground Rupturing Due to Entrapped Air/Gas in the Unconfined Zone

The sudden and large oscillation of pressure of compressed air/gas entrapped in porous medium due to the changes in the actual pore-fluid pressure, during recharge of water following intense rainfall after a prolonged period of dryness such that the rainfall intensity exceeding infiltration capacity, leads to the generation of hydo-tremors. These hydro-tremors cause ground rupturing, subsidence, developments of cracks in the building, etc. A theoretical model has been presented to estimate the successive values of compressed air/gas pressures due to the successive development of actual pore-fluid pressures and effective stresses during recharge of water of the unconfined zone during the onset of the summer monsoon of 2008 in the northern parts of India.

Air-Ground Temperature Coupling: Analysis by Means of Thermal Orbits

Long-term measurements of air, near-surface (soil) and ground temperatures that were collected between 1994 and 2013 at the drill site of the Geothermal Climate Change Observatory (Prague) were analyzed to understand the relationship between these variables and to reveal the mechanisms of heat transport at the land-atmosphere boundary layer. The 2D Thermal Orbit (TO) method was applied to detect regularities that were hidden in noisy and highly variable temperature time series. The results showed that the temperatures at shallow depths were affected by surface air temperature (SAT) variations on seasonal and annual time scales and could be regarded as an accurate proxy for low frequency temperature variations at the Earth’s surface. Only low-frequency/ high-amplitude surface temperature variations penetrate into the subsurface because of strong damping and the filtering effect of the ground surface. The borehole temperatures have good potential to capture temperature variations (periodicities) over long time scales that cannot be detected in the SAT series themselves because of the interference of higher frequency noise. The TO technique is a useful and powerful tool to quickly obtain diagnostics of the presence of long periodicities in borehole temperature time series.

Channel Modeling for Air-to-Ground Wireless Communication

In this paper, we discuss several large-scale fading models for different enviromnents. The COST231-Hata model is adapted for air-to-ground modeling. We propose two criteria for air-to- ground channel modelling based on test data derived from field testing in Beijing. We develop a new propagation model that is more suitable for air-to-ground communication that previous models. We focus on improving this propagation model using the field test data.

Self-organizing strategy design and validation forintegrated air-ground detection swarm

A self-organized integrated air-ground detection swarmis tentatively applied to achieve reentry vehicle landing detection,such as searching and rescuing a manned spaceship. The detectionswarm consists of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs）and unmanned ground vehicles （UGVs）. The UAVs can accessa detected object quickly for high mobility, while the UGVs cancomprehensively investigate the object due to the variety of carriedequipment. In addition, the integrated air-ground detectionswarm is capable of detecting from the ground and the air simultaneously.To accomplish the coordination of the UGVs andUAVs, they are all regarded as individuals of the artificial swarm.Those individuals make control decisions independently of othersbased on the self-organizing strategy. The overall requirements forthe detection swarm are analyzed, and the theoretical model ofthe self-organizing strategy based on a combined individual andenvironmental virtual function is established. The numerical investigationproves that the self-organizing strategy is suitable andscalable to control the detection swarm. To further inspect the engineeringreliability, an experiment set is established in laboratory,and the experimental demonstration shows that the self-organizingstrategy drives the detection swarm forming a close range and multiangularsurveillance configuration of a landing spot.

Soil Nature Effect Investigation on the Ground-to-Air Heat Exchanger for the Passive Cooling of Rooms

The building sector consumes much energy either for cooling or heating and is associated to greenhouse gas emissions. To meet energy and environmental challenges, the use of ground-to-air heat exchangers for preheating and cooling buildings has recently received considerable attention. They provide substantial energy savings and contribute to the improvement of thermal comfort in buildings. For these systems, the ground temperature plays the main role. The present work aims to investigate numerically the influence of the nature of soil on the thermal behavior of the ground-to-air heat exchanger used for building passive cooling. We have taken into account in this work the influence of the soil nature by considering three types of dry soil: clay soil, sandy-clay soil and sandy soil. The mixed convection equations governing the heat transfers in the earth-to-air heat exchanger have been presented and discretized using the finite difference method with an Alternate Direction Implicit (ADI) scheme. The resulting algebraic equations are then solved using the algorithm of Thomas combined with an iterative Gauss-Seidel procedure. The results show that the flow is dominated by forced convection. The examination of the sensitivity of the model to the type of soil shows that the distributions of contours of streamlines, isotherms, isovalues of moisture are less affected by the variations of the nature of soil through the variation of the diffusivity of the soil. However, it is observed that the temperature values obtained for the clay soil are higher while the sandy soil shows lower temperature values. The values of the ground-to-air heat exchanger efficiency are only slightly influenced by the nature of the soil. Nevertheless, we note a slightly better efficiency for the sandy soil than for the sandy-clayey silt and clayey soils. This result shows that a sandy soil would be more suitable for geothermal system installations.

面向6G全域融合的智能接入关键技术综述

针对空天地一体化接入网络,该文在总结相关研究的基础上,阐述了未来空天地一体化接入架构的关键技术,分析了空口技术、多址技术、干扰分析、计算技术和人工智能(AI)技术等几个重点方向的研究进展,提出了多种接入形式并存的灵活性网络架构。针对6G全域融合网络接入的重点研究问题,结合用户的服务质量需求,构建了一体化AI赋能架构,提出了大规模混合多址接入及弹性资源适配策略。基于网络架构立体化、网络协同传输、一体化网络资源管理、未来空天地接入技术以及网络协同计算等未来重点研究方向进行了讨论和展望。

面向密集场景的空天地网络资源分配算法

空天地网络具有覆盖范围大、吞吐量高、弹性强等优点。该文针对大量用户并发接入、网络负载不均衡所引发的网络拥塞、服务质量恶化等问题,提出一种面向密集场景的资源分配算法。首先以用户需求为中心,根据不同类型用户任务的偏好来构建用户效用函数,然后基于匹配博弈的网络选择算法和结合对偶上升法的功率控制算法来实现负载均衡,优化资源分配方案。实验表明,相较于传统策略,所提策略整体用户接入率至少提高35%,时延和吞吐量方面性能提升超过50%;在密集场景下,能更有效地均衡负载,提升网络性能。

空地协同通信感知一体化系统的轨迹与资源分配联合优化

该文研究空地协同通信感知一体化系统,其中无人车(UGV)基站和无人机(UAV)中继集群组成空地协同网络,为用户提供通信服务,同时对目标区域进行探测感知。在更加准确的莱斯衰落信道模型下,研究联合优化无人机集群的通信感知关联、发射功率和飞行轨迹以及无人车基站的发射功率和行进轨迹,在目标区域感知频率和有效感知功率阈值的约束下,最大化用户最小平均通信速率。为了解决变量高度耦合且非凸的整数优化问题,首先利用块坐标下降法将原问题分解成4个子问题;接着引入松弛变量并将整数约束转化为惩罚项,然后证明莱斯信道下的有效感知功率是关于轨迹变量和松弛变量凸复合函数的联合凸函数;再利用连续凸优化法处理非凸项,并提出一种双层迭代算法高效求解次优解。仿真结果表明,与几种基准方案相比,所提优化算法在相同感知性能下,提高了用户最小平均通信速率,更好地实现了通信与感知性能之间的权衡,并具有良好的收敛性。

基于深度强化学习的空天地一体化网络资源分配算法

空天地一体化网络(SAGIN)通过提高地面网络的资源利用率可以有效满足多种业务类型的通信需求,然而忽略了系统的自适应能力和鲁棒性及不同用户的服务质量(QoS)。针对这一问题,该文提出在空天地一体化网络架构下,面向城区和郊区通信的深度强化学习(DRL)资源分配算法。基于第3代合作伙伴计划(3GPP)标准中定义的用户参考信号接收功率(RSRP),考虑地面同频干扰情况,以不同域中基站的时频资源作为约束条件,构建了最大化系统用户的下行吞吐量优化问题。利用深度Q网络(DQN)算法求解该优化问题时,定义了能够综合考虑用户服务质量需求、系统自适应能力及系统鲁棒性的奖励函数。仿真结果表明,综合考虑无人驾驶汽车,沉浸式服务及普通移动终端通信业务需求时,表征系统性能的奖励函数值在2 000次迭代下,相较于贪婪算法提升了39.1%;对于无人驾驶汽车业务,利用DQN算法进行资源分配后,相比于贪婪算法,丢包数平均下降38.07%,时延下降了6.05%。

面向月球科研站任务的地月准实时遥操作模拟验证系统设计与关键技术研究

针对月球科研站任务地月遥操作需求和特点,设计地月准实时遥操作模拟验证系统,对其中的关键技术海量多尺度遥感数据环境感知、空地协同高精度定位、基于混合现实的预测仿真等进行了研究。提出了基于海量多尺度遥感数据的联合处理方法,环境感知数据融合可处理米级至厘米级环境感知结果;设计基于空地多运动平台协同定位的原型软件,空地协同地标约束下,定位精度不低于轨道器影像1个像素;开发了带有力觉反馈的预测仿真验证平台,在2~3 s变时延约束下可在仿真环境下协同演示遥操作过程,真实还原从端的遥操作作业场景,提高遥操作的执行效率和安全性。为地面人员的方案设计、操作手训练、故障处置等提供实时支持,为我国未来实施月球科研站任务筑牢基础。

铁路地质灾害勘察识别与监测预警

地质灾害对铁路建设、安全运营构成了极大威胁,“天空地”一体化综合勘察技术有效解决了地质灾害勘察识别难题。“天”基多源立体卫星遥感技术实现艰险复杂山区地质灾害的大范围精准判识,长时序InSAR与高精度GPS实现高陡岸坡的稳定性监测分析;“空”基真实感大场景、机载倾斜摄影和机载LiDAR扫描技术实现高植被覆盖区隐蔽性地质灾害判识;“地”基三维立体勘探技术获取岩土体结构、属性、参数;共同构建沟谷山地灾害链风险评价方案,为建设工程合理选址和工程设置提供依据。介绍地质灾害监测预警的方法、内容、技术和预警模型,对监测预警技术发展方向进行展望。

大跨度钢桁架隔震结构隔震性能及影响规律分析

由于大跨空间结构竖向振动问题突出,水平隔震支座难以有效控制结构的竖向地震响应。将摩擦摆水平隔震支座和空气弹簧-摩擦摆三维隔震支座应用于大跨度钢桁架中,分析钢桁架水平隔震结构和三维隔震结构的隔震控制效果。结果表明,水平隔震和三维隔震均延长了结构自振周期,隔震后一阶振型为上部桁架结构沿水平方向的整体平动。时程分析显示,在普通地震动、近断层脉冲型地震动和远场长周期地震动作用下,水平隔震支座对桁架水平和竖向节点峰值加速度的平均隔震率分别为43.4%和9.2%,三维隔震支座对桁架水平和竖向节点峰值加速度的平均隔震率分别为43.8%和24.4%,水平隔震支座和三维隔震支座对桁架峰值等效应力的平均隔震率分别为4.2%和17.7%。水平隔震支座和三维隔震支座对桁架水平地震响应控制效果基本相同,三维隔震支座对结构的竖向地震响应控制效果更好。

遥感技术在洪涝灾害防御中的前沿应用与面临挑战

及时全面掌握洪涝发生的关键信息是洪涝灾害防御的基础,将遥感技术与传统监测技术相结合,形成“天空地”一体化的立体监测体系,可以实现宏观观测与重点监测的互补与协同,有利于洪涝灾害的监测、预报和预警,显著提高洪涝灾害防御能力。遥感技术可应用于水体提取、水位测算、降水测量、流量估算、洪涝模拟、灾害损失估计等,但在监测数据可用性、监测方法有效性等方面还有很多问题需要解决。

基于赛博孪生的天空地智能网络架构与资源分配

随着海量移动和物联终端用户及其应用的爆发式涌现,迅速增加的网络流量对基于现有互联网架构设计的网络带来了严峻挑战。特别是对于空天网络,由于资源稀缺、时空分布不均,资源部署与需求不匹配,网络性能亟需优化提升。为解决以上问题,本文构建了基于赛博孪生的天空地智能网络体系架构。该架构通过软件定义网络和资源虚拟化将物理资源抽象为虚拟资源,并采用边缘云技术将赛博孪生内生于网络边缘侧,使得网络更加灵活、具有更强的扩展性、更高的安全性。同时,本文利用匹配理论将资源分配问题转化为多参数、多玩家的匹配博弈问题,通过构建匹配模型并求解效用函数,提出了高效稳定的三边匹配算法,实现了资源分配的整体性能最优。仿真结果表明,本文方法可有效提升网络性能,实现资源的高效分配。