基于AirTOp的终端区扇区负荷校准方法研究

管制员工作负荷的评估是扇区运行的一个重要论题,它对提高机场终端区容量值,进而增加航班量和经济收益具有重要意义。结合北京终端区的管制员实际工作负荷评估和校准工作,提出了一种基于AirTOp仿真软件的终端区进近扇区负荷校准的新思路和方法。通过对比同等运行环境下的实际管制负荷与仿真输出,校准管制负荷权重设置,获得一个可用于仿真管制员负荷评估的负荷权值汇总表,使用交叉验证方法将校准后的权值作为输入进行面向扇区的计算机仿真。结果显示仿真负荷与实际负荷偏差值小于±2,证明该校准方法可以适用于对复杂终端区扇区负荷的评估。

Microstructural observations on the terminal penetration of long rod projectile

Present study focuses on the terminal penetration of tungsten heavy alloy(WHA) long rod penetrator impacted against armour steel at an impact velocity of 1600 m/s. The residual penetrator and armour steel target recovered after the ballistic test have been characterized using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope(SEM) and electron probe micro analyzer(EPMA). Metallurgical changes in target steel and WHA remnant have been analysed. Large shear stresses and shear localization have resulted in local failure and formation of erosion products. Severe plastic deformation acts as precursor for formation of adiabatic shear band(ASB) induced cracks in target steel. Recovered WHA penetrator remnant also exhibits severe plastic deformation forming localized shear bands, ASB induced cracks and shock induced cracks.

Analysis on Potential Conflict Frequency of Intersected Air Routes in Terminal Airspace Design

In order to obtain accurate conflict risks in terminal airspace design,the concept and calculation model of potential conflict frequency for intersected routes are proposed.Conflict frequency is represented by the product of horizontal conflict frequency and vertical conflict probability.The horizontal conflict frequency is derived from the probability density distribution of conflicts in a period of time.Based on the recorded radar trajectory data,the concept and model of ROUTE distance are proposed,and the probability density function of aircraft height at a specified ROUTE distance is deduced by kernel density estimation.Furthermore,vertical conflict probability and its horizontal distribution are achieved.Examples of three intersected arrival and departure route design schemes are studied.Compared with scheme 1,the conflict frequency values of the other two improved schemes decrease to53% and 24%,respectively.The results show that the model can quantify potential conflict frequency of intersected routes.

Discharge characteristics of different lightning air terminals under composite voltages

Different types of lightning air terminals have been designed over the years.Concern regarding the effect of different types of air terminals,especially the early streamer emission(ESE)-type,remains controversial.This paper describes the discharge characteristics of different types of air terminals,two of which are quite similar to the ESE-type dynasphere,and concludes that the tested non-standard air terminals have discharge characteristics similar to those of Franklin rods and that their lightning protection performance should be similar.

Performance Evaluation of Terminal Airspace System Safety, Delay and Predictability of Muritala Mohammed International Airport, Ikeja Lagos, Nigeria

This paper outlines a multi-dimensional user-oriented performance metrics approach in evaluating the operation of the terminal airspace system to aid in the airport and airspace planning and decision making. Safety, delay and predictability metrics contribute to the analytical framework. From the findings, the occurrence of air incidence has a high severity level at departure, and arrival phases of flight, higher likelihood at the radar room and much of the incidences were as a result of faulty equipment and inherent absence of modern airspace infrastructure. Also, in Lagos terminal airspace, the number of incidences has no close correlation with the level of traffic complexity. Total schedule arrival delay ranges from 1 - 392 minutes representing an average of 7.8 - 17.9 minutes per aircraft that arrived Lagos airport at that period. Besides, the total approach contact time ranges from 1 - 57 minutes, translating to 4.6 - 7.1 minutes per aircraft. However, variability in arrival time of 1 - 5 minutes is common from published airline arrival scheduled time. In the same vein, the variability of 1 - 5 minutes is common from approach contact times of aircraft. These figures indicate sound arrival predictability signature for Lagos airport. Also, departure time variability above 30 minutes is familiar from the ATC clearance time for the various routes under study. However, there is about or more 25% variability of more than 15 minutes, and this indicates possible inconsistency of predicting departure times from the times Air Traffic Control (ATC) clearance was acquired. Above all, the predictability of departure times in Lagos airport is weak compared to those of the arrival. Taken by it, this may be a sign of airspace congestion or ATC deficiencies at the Lagos airport. This is an indication of the lack of users’ confidence in Nigeria’s air transport industry to deliver just-in-time service.

Controlling chaos based on a novel intelligent integral terminal sliding mode control in a rod-type plasma torch

An integral terminal sliding mode controller is proposed in order to control chaos in a rod-type plasma torch system.In this method, a new sliding surface is defined based on a combination of the conventional sliding surface in terminal sliding mode control and a nonlinear function of the integral of the system states. It is assumed that the dynamics of a chaotic system are unknown and also the system is exposed to disturbance and unstructured uncertainty. To achieve a chattering-free and high-speed response for such an unknown system, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system is utilized in the next step to approximate the unknown part of the nonlinear dynamics. Then, the proposed integral terminal sliding mode controller stabilizes the approximated system based on Lyapunov＇s stability theory. In addition, a Bee algorithm is used to select the coefficients of integral terminal sliding mode controller to improve the performance of the proposed method. Simulation results demonstrate the improvement in the response speed, chattering rejection, transient response,and robustness against uncertainties.

Theoretical and Experimental Study of a Double Air-Pass Solar Thermal Collector with an Insulating Rod of Millet

In this article, we present the study of a double-pass air insulated by crushed millet stem mixed with gum arabic. The study is carried out based on mathematical models obtained by writing energy conservation laws in the various components of the system, which made it possible to determine the evolution of the air temperature as a function of the length of the absorber and to make a comparison with the experimental results. After comparing the results obtained with those found in the literature, the influence of some physical and geometrical parameters on the performance of the solar thermal collector is presented.

Study on Recognition Method of Similar Weather Scenes in Terminal Area

Weather is a key factor affecting the control of air traffic.Accurate recognition and classification of similar weather scenes in the terminal area is helpful for rapid decision-making in air trafficflow management.Current researches mostly use traditional machine learning methods to extract features of weather scenes,and clustering algorithms to divide similar scenes.Inspired by the excellent performance of deep learning in image recognition,this paper proposes a terminal area similar weather scene classification method based on improved deep convolution embedded clustering(IDCEC),which uses the com-bination of the encoding layer and the decoding layer to reduce the dimensionality of the weather image,retaining useful information to the greatest extent,and then uses the combination of the pre-trained encoding layer and the clustering layer to train the clustering model of the similar scenes in the terminal area.Finally,term-inal area of Guangzhou Airport is selected as the research object,the method pro-posed in this article is used to classify historical weather data in similar scenes,and the performance is compared with other state-of-the-art methods.The experi-mental results show that the proposed IDCEC method can identify similar scenes more accurately based on the spatial distribution characteristics and severity of weather;at the same time,compared with the actualflight volume in the Guangz-hou terminal area,IDCEC's recognition results of similar weather scenes are con-sistent with the recognition of experts in thefield.

棒电极直径和端部形状对短空气间隙交流击穿电压的影响研究

空气间隙交流击穿特性试验常采用棒棒、棒板电极作为试验电极,目前棒电极直径、棒端部形状对空气间隙交流击穿电压的影响尚不清晰。为此,用直径2 cm、1 cm的圆棒和直径1 cm的尖棒搭建棒棒、棒板电极,开展5~40 cm短空气间隙下的交流击穿试验,研究棒电极直径和端部形状对空气间隙交流击穿电压的影响。结果表明:在试验棒电极直径和端部形状范围内,空气间隙距离5~20 cm时,各棒棒或棒板电极空气间隙击穿电压相对偏差在5.93%~33%之间,随着空气间隙距离增大,棒电极直径和端部形状对棒棒、棒板空气间隙击穿电压的影响逐渐减弱;空气间隙距离大于20 cm时,各棒棒或棒板电极空气间隙击穿电压相对偏差均小于5%。研究认为,空气间隙距离超过20 cm时,棒电极直径和端部形状对棒棒、棒板空气间隙击穿电压无影响。

基于注意力Seq2Seq模型的终端区航空器航迹预测

为充分挖掘机场终端区航空器航迹时间依赖性,解决中长期、多步长航迹预测精度不稳定的问题,引入注意力机制(attention mechanism)和教师监督(teacher forcing)中的指数衰减(exponential decay)采样方法,提出了一种基于序列到序列框架的机场终端区航迹预测模型(Seq2Seq-attention mechanism-exponential decay,SAE)。序列到序列框架实现了多步长预测,注意力机制提高解码器预测精度,指数衰减采样方法加速了训练阶段模型收敛,在一定程度上提高了模型的泛化性。最后,为了验证提出方法的有效性,利用天津终端区28架次、90 d ADS-B航迹数据构建原始数据集,以平均绝对误差(mean squared error,MAE)和均方根误差(root mean squared error,RMSE)作为模型性能评价指标,进行了航迹预测实验,实验结果表明:高度、经度和纬度在序列到序列框架中的循环神经网络分别采用LSTM、GRU和LSTM可以获得最好预测性能;以4种预测长度1、3、5和10 min进行建模,与基线模型中预测性能最好的结果比较,所提出方法在验证集上的高度、经度和纬度指标表现最优,10 min预测窗口下的平均绝对误差分别降低了66.30%、54.62%和36.59%,均方根误差分别降低了65.45%、38.16%和20.57%,同时,上述4种预测时长下所提出方法预测结果的均值和方差最小,表明随着预测时长的增加,模型预测结果的稳定性最好。此外,引入的注意力机制与指数衰减采样方法对有效捕捉航迹时间依赖性、提高模型泛化性均具有积极的贡献。

小口径定距空爆弹末端防空拦截实时模拟及开舱距离研究

针对现有小口径定距空爆弹末端防空拦截及开舱距离模拟中,无法体现开舱后子弹云团与目标的动态交会过程,并忽略了定距空爆引信实际启动规律,导致毁伤效能评估不准确的问题,开展小口径定距空爆弹末端防空拦截实时模拟及开舱距离进行研究。通过建立多束定向预制破片战斗部、弹目交会及以巡航导弹为拦截目标的等效目标数值模型,搭建小口径定距空爆弹末端防空拦截实时模拟平台。基于实时模拟平台,引入武器系统误差与定距空爆引信实测启动规律,分析炮弹在不同射击距离下开舱距离与毁伤效能的关系,并对小口径定距空爆弹引信技术发展方向进行展望。研究结果表明,引信实际启动规律使得最优毁伤效能随射击距离的增加而减少的幅度增大,在射击远距离目标时,0~20 m的开舱距离内都存在着较高的完全脱靶率。

考虑延误特征的航站楼离港聚集客流预测方法

为满足航班延误下航站楼内资源规划与旅客管理对聚集客流预测所提出的高精度和高效率要求,本文提出一种融合延误特征的离港聚集客流预测方法。通过引入航班延误特征量化表征航站楼离港聚集客流的波动情况,探究航班延误下离港聚集客流波动规律和分布特征,构建基于自适应噪声完全集合经验模态分解(CEEMDAN)、排列熵算法(PE)以及鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)优化的长短期记忆神经网络(LSTM)的短期航站楼聚集客流预测模型。首先,应用CEEMDAN将聚集客流数据序列分解为若干模态分量(Intrinsic Mode Function, IMF)和残差量(Residual, Res),降低原序列中数据的复杂性和非平稳性影响;其次,为减小模型计算规模,同时提高预测效率和精度,采用PE算法对IMF分量进行熵值重构;最后,建立WOA-LSTM聚集客流预测模型,利用鲸鱼优化算法优化LSTM超参数,叠加重构分量的预测结果,得到最终的聚集客流预测值。将模型应用于长三角某枢纽机场进行实例验证。结果表明:CEEMDAN-PE-WOA-LSTM预测模型性能最优,相较单一的LSTM模型,候机大厅聚集客流预测的均方根误差、平均绝对误差以及百分比误差分别降低42.78%、44.00%及45.62%;相较CEEMDAN-WOA-LSTM模型,预测效率提高41.64%。本文所提模型能够有效拟合存在显著非线性和非平稳性特征的候机大厅聚集客流,具有较高的预测精度和运算效率。

基于改进Terminal滑模的导弹大角度机动控制

针对空空导弹攻击载机尾后目标的大角度机动控制问题,提出一种基于复合滑模面与扰动抑制机制的非奇异Terminal滑模(NTSM)控制器设计方法。首先建立了包含有气动不确定性的直接力控制系统(RCS)空空导弹数学模型,并采用传统NTSM控制方法设计了导弹姿态控制律。然后,在此基础上,针对大角度机动时初始状态远离平衡点的问题,设计了一种复合滑模面以加快系统收敛速度。为解决大攻角下的气动不确定性导致的严重抖振问题,引入了扩张状态观测器(ESO)技术,实现了系统不确定量的在线估计与补偿。对所提方法的稳定性分析证明了系统的有限时间收敛特性。最后,将设计的控制器应用于空空导弹的敏捷转弯大角度机动控制,仿真结果表明新方法可以加快系统收敛速度,并能有效削弱未建模动力学造成的抖振现象。

基于terminal滑模控制的小卫星机动方法

采用terminal滑模控制方法研究了以单框架控制力矩陀螺(SGCMG)为执行机构的小卫星的姿态机动控制。首先,基于修正罗德里格斯(MRP)参数建立了小卫星数学模型,以terminal滑模控制方法进行控制力矩规划。然后,采用SGCMGs作为小卫星执行机构,以非对角奇异鲁棒操纵律跟踪terminal滑模控制产生的期望力矩;通过仿真分析归纳出terminal滑模控制设计参数的变化规律和选取原则。最后,利用小卫星三轴气浮转台实验验证termianl滑模控制方法的实用性。实验显示:根据参数选取原则设定的参数进行小卫星机动稳定实验得到的姿态角和姿态角速度控制精度和稳态误差分别小于0.1°和0.01(°)/s,满足三轴气浮转台最佳控制精度。结果表明terminal滑模控制方法在小卫星机动稳定任务中具有很高的控制精度和稳定度,能够为小卫星成像任务稳定执行提供良好的基础。

多避雷针系统接闪器布设优化方法研究

针对多避雷针系统接闪器布设过于依赖工程经验的问题,基于最小成本原则,以多接闪器的高度和安装位置为优化变量,建立了多避雷针系统接闪器布设的优化模型,提出了基于遗传算法的多避雷针系统接闪器布设优化方法,通过典型设计案例对所提优化设计方法的有效性进行了验证。结果表明:该方法对多接闪器位置和高度优化设计的偏差不大于0.29 m;在该方法获得的接闪器位置和高度最优解条件下,预设的防护对象能够完全处于避雷针系统的保护范围之内,且防护对象与保护范围边界的最小间距不大于0.71 m,能够完全满足工程使用的需求。

温度对车载高压电缆终端局部放电特性的影响研究

电缆终端作为高速列车的一个重要设备,在接触网与列车之间的能量传递中起着重要作用。然而由电缆终端界面缺陷引起的局部放电,严重影响着电缆终端的绝缘性能与列车的行车安全。通过实验的方法,制作了含有不同长度气隙的电缆终端试验品,并在27.5 kV的电压条件下进行了实验,探究了不同缺陷长度的电缆终端在不同环境温度下的局部放电特性。结果表明,相同气隙长度的电缆终端在27.5 kV的电压条件下,其局部放电量随着环境温度呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。根据这一特性可以知道在一定的电压等级之下,电缆终端的放电量主要受温度影响,当超过某一温度后,由于温升导致的电缆终端内部压力变化成为影响局部放电量的主要因素,并且随着气隙长度的增加,同一温度下的局部放电起始电压呈现增加的趋势。

新型风管抗震支吊架力学性能研究

抗震支吊架作为非结构构件,具有保障建筑附属机电设备在地震中正常工作的作用。为提升风管抗震支吊架抗震能力并减少钢材用量,提出主要由丝杆、竖向C型钢、上下横向C型钢、抗震连接件、限位件和钢索组成的新型风管抗震支吊架,通过与传统风管抗震支吊架进行对比分析,研究风管高度和宽度、丝杆和钢索直径、风管上部悬吊长度对传统和新型风管抗震支吊架力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,新型风管抗震支吊架力学性能优于传统风管抗震支吊架,且其用钢量略低,具有较好的实用性和经济性。

变风量空调系统的风量平衡调试

变风量末端装置(VAV BOX)是变风量空调系统的核心组成部分。本文借助于楼宇自控系统(BAS)对装有压力无关型单风道VAV BOX的变风量空调系统的单机风量调试及风管系统平衡调试作了介绍。VAV BOX的单机风量调试主要是VAV BOX的风量标定,风管系统平衡调试主要是各手动风阀的开度调试。

风力发电机机舱新型接闪系统防护效能评估

针对风力发电机复材机舱接闪系统防护效能评估中存在的滚球法适用受限、被保护对象结构与分布复杂的问题,结合风电场雷电环境特点,建立了两种接闪设计方案的数值模型,计算了多种先导起点位置条件下的电场分布;从表面电场、附着区域及等电势覆盖区域3个关键影响因素出发,比较了两种设计方案的防护效果,结果表明:该方法能够更加准确评估防护效能,可有效支持复杂系统的雷电防护的精细化设计。

空调系统的变风量末端装置

从节能的角度介绍了当前应用的空调变风量末端装置及其风量测量技术。第一代变风量末端装置使用皮托阵列式动压测管测量其增幅动压,经差压变送器输出数字信号到控制器,因其风阀通过风速高,造成能耗损失大。第二代变风量末端装置使用螺旋桨风速传感器等电子设备直接输出数字信号到控制器,因其风阀通过风速低,比第一代变风量末端装置大幅降低了风机能耗。第三代变风量末端装置采用风机取代了传统变风量末端装置的风阀,比第二代变风量末端装置更进一步降低了系统风机能耗。