Air tightness of compressed air storage energy caverns with polymer sealing layer subjected to various air pressures

During the operation of compressed air storage energy system,the rapid change of air pressure in a cavern will cause drastic changes in air density and permeability coefficient of sealing layer.To calculate and properly evaluate air tightness of polymer sealing caverns,the air-pressure-related air density and permeability must be considered.In this context,the high-pressure air penetration in the polymer sealing layer is studied in consideration of thermodynamic change of the cavern structure during the system operation.The air tightness model of compressed air storage energy caverns is then established.In the model,the permeability coefficient and air density of sealing layer vary with air pressure,and the effectiveness of the model is verified by field data in two test caverns.Finally,a compressed air storage energy cavern is taken as an example to understand the air tightness.The air leakage rate in the caverns is larger than that using air-pressure-independent permeability coefficient and air density,which is constant and small in the previous leakage rate calculation.Under the operating pressure of 4.5-10 MPa,the daily air leakage in the compressed air storage energy cavern of Yungang Mine with high polymer butyl rubber as the sealing material is 0.62%,which can meet the sealing requirements of compressed air storage energy caverns.The air tightness of the polymer sealing cavern is mainly affected by the cavern operating pressure,injected air temperature,cavern radius,and sealing layer thickness.The cavern air leakage rate will be decreased to reduce the cavern operating pressure the injection air temperature,or the cavern radius and sealing layer thickness will be increased.

Air pressure law of a reservoir constructed in karst sinkholes

Karst sinkholes with natural negative landform provide favorable conditions for the pumped storage reservoir construction for less excavation work.However,the construction of the reservoir would plug the natural karst channels for water and air,which would cause remarkable air pressure in karst channels when the groundwater level fluctuates.A large laboratory simulation test was carried out to study the air pressure variation of a reservoir built on the karst sinkhole.The air pressure in the karst channel and inside the model was monitored during the groundwater rising and falling process.Result showed that the variation of air pressure in the karst channel and the surrounding rock exhibited a high degree of similarity.The air pressure increased rapidly at the initial stage of water level rising,followed by a slight decrease,then the air pressure increased sharply when the water level approached the top of the karst cave.The initial peak of air pressure and the final peak of air pressure were defined,and both air pressure peaks were linearly increasing with the water level rising rate.The negative air pressure was also analyzed during the drainage process,which was linearly correlated with the water level falling rate.The causes of air pressure variation in karst channels of a pumped storage reservoir built on the karst sinkhole were discussed.The initial rapid increase,then slight decrease and final sudden increase of air pressure were controlled by the combined effects of air compression in karst channel and air seepage into the surrounding rock.For the drainage process,the instant negative air pressure and gradual recovering of air pressure were controlled by the combined effects of negative air pressure induced by water level falling and air supply from surrounding rock.This work could provide valuable reference for the reservoir construction in karst area.

Surface air temperature change in the Wuyi Mountains,southeast China

Detecting changes in surface air temperature in mid-and low-altitude mountainous regions is essential for a comprehensive understanding of warming trend with altitude.We use daily surface air temperature data from 64 meteorological stations in Wuyi Mountains and its adjacent regions to analyze the spatio-temporal patterns of temperature change.The results show that Wuyi Mountains have experienced significant warming from 1961 to 2018.The warming trend of the mean temperature is 0.20℃/decade,the maximum temperature is 0.17℃/decade,and the minimum temperature is 0.26℃/decade.In 1961-1990,more than 63%of the stations showed a decreasing trend in annual mean temperature,mainly because the maximum temperature decreased during this period.However,in 1971-2000,1981-2010 and 1991-2018,the maximum,minimum and mean temperatures increased.The fastest increasing trend of mean temperature occurred in the southeastern coastal plains,the quickest increasing trend of maximum temperature occurred in the northwestern mountainous region,and the increase of minimum temperature occurred faster in the southeastern coastal and northwestern mountainous regions than that in the central area.Meanwhile,this study suggests that elevation does not affect warming in the Wuyi Mountains.These results are beneficial for understanding climate change in humid subtropical middle and low mountains.

The Study of the Auto Disk Brake Air Test

In the paper weakness of air leakage system in our company is discussed firstly. Secondly the improved scheme of air leakage system including auto-control is designed. Then, the tooling with role of location and recovery is developed. At last the application of design optimization is processed. The result reveals that the system of air leakage detection is very valuable and important to manufacture.

Development of a Remotely Controlled Testing Platform with Low-drag Air-ventilated Hull

这份报纸探讨发展并且有创新的通气空气的壳的一个遥远地控制的船平台严峻。轮船壳的下侧上的空气洞的申请是一答应为减少水动力学的工具拖和污染物质排出物和增加的海洋的交通效率。尽管有这个概念潜力，设计优化和新奇空气洞轮船的高效的操作仍然是一个挑战性的问题。赫尔建设和模型规模空气洞船的传感器乐器学在纸被描述。壳的模块化的结构允许容易的修正，和一个电的推进单位启用自己推动的操作。船经由一个收音机传播系统遥远地被控制。起始的测试的结果被报导，包括在几的戳，速度，和气流率装载条件。构造平台能被用于优化空气洞系统并且测试另外的创新的壳图案。这个系统能也被开发进一只高效的无人的船。

Processing the rig test data of an air filling twin-tube shock absorber

A separation method is proposed to design and improve shock absorber according to the characteristics of each force. The method is validated by rig test. The force data measured during rig test is the resultant force of damping force, rebound force produced by pressed air, and friction force. Different characters of damping force, air rebound force and friction force can be applied to seperate each force from others. A massive produced air filling shock absorber is adopted for the validation. The statistic test is used to get the displacement-force curves. The data are used as the input of separation calculation. Then the tests are carried out again to obtain the force data without air rebound force. The force without air rebound is compared to the data derived from the former tests with the separation method. The result shows that this method can separate the damping force and the air elastic force.

Probe Selection for Over-the-Air Test in 5G Base Stations with Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output

In 5G systems, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) has been adopted in base stations (BSs) to improve spectral efficiency and coverage. The traditional conductive performance test techniques are challenging due to the unaffordable cost and high complexity when testing a large number of antennas. To solve this problem, the over-the-air (OTA) test has been presented, in which probe selection is the key to reduce the number of channel emulators and probes. In this paper, a novel artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is introduced to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of probe selection procedure. A sectoring- based multi-probe anechoic chamber (MPAC) is built to evaluate the throughput performance of massive MIMO equipped in 5G BS. In addition, link level simulation is carried out to evaluate the proposal’s performance gain under the commercial network assumptions, where the average throughput of three velocity is given with different SNR region. The results suggest that OTA chamber and multi-probe wall are available not only for 5G BSs, but also for user equipments (UEs) with end-to-end communication.

Air Tightness Control of Passenger Car Wheels

Since the tubeless tires and especially cast alloy wheels are used, the air tightness of wheels is an important factor of the automobiles quality. Based on specification of the car industry that up to 10% decrease of the prescribed nominal tire pressure during a time of six-month is allowed, the requirements presented in specifications and norms are treated and validated. The practical experience and influences on the wheel tightness control are discussed and the data presented in a report of a wheel manufacturer, concerning the replacements of wheels in service due to air leakage are evaluated. Summarizing the results of analyses, a proposal is made for the testing of the cast aluminum car wheels to meet the requirements for a reliable and economical air tightness control in modern test facilities.

Orthogonal tests of lead-clad tin bimetal continuous casting by air pressure core-filling

To provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for preparing composite rods of external diameter no larger than 12 mm by directly continuous casting,low melting point materials of lead and tin were selected to prepare composite rods of external diameter 12 mm and inner diameter 8 mm with air pressing core filled continuous casting process.The orthogonal tests consisting of three factors and three levels were designed to investigate the parameters of melting lead temperature,continuous casting speed and air pressure that affect the performance of the composite rods.The results show that melting lead temperature is the most important factor that influences the solid/liquid interface location;continuous casting speed is the most important factor that influences the surface quality and lead and tin inter-diffusion amount;air pressure can improve the surface quality obviously and make the rods easily drawn out,but the surface quality cannot get obvious improvement when the air pressure is above 0.03 MPa.The composite rods have excellent surface quality,obvious intermediate layer,even thick clad,and metallurgical bonding interface under the condition of melting lead temperature of 375 °C,continuous casting speed of 10 mm/min,and air pressure of 0.03 MPa.

THE SENSITIVITY TEST STUDY OF AIR-SEA SURFACE FLUX MODEL

In this article, a sensitivity test of air-sea surface flux model was carried out with the field observation data of Project “South China Sea Air-Sea Flux Measurement in 2000”. The results show that sensible heat fluxes are sensitive to observation errors, increasing the error of model calculation; In contrast, the latent heat flux and momentum flux are not as sensitive to observation errors as the sensible heat, and their calculated results are reliable. The test result also verifies the rationality of the surface flux values calculated and the conclusions can be used to detect errors in observed data.

Test Apparatus for Performance Evaluation of Compressed Air End-Use Applications

Compressed air is an integral utility part of industrial utility systems. Any improvement in compressed air system will lead to reduction in utility cost. The effectiveness of utilization side of compressed air is usually dependent upon operator’s discretion. There are no performance testing methods available for testing existing end use equipments. A test apparatus for estimation of compressed air flow based on measurement of pressure reduction in a fixed volume cylinder in a given time is developed. The test apparatus is easy to build and simple to operate in an industrial environment. This can be used for measuring performance of any pneumatic end-use equipment and for benchmarking the performance. The test apparatus was used in a foundry for quantifying the performance of the old and new blow guns.

Design and Characterization of an Aerosol Test Chamber for Emergency Response Patient Contamination Control Simulation and Research

Contaminated or infected patients present a risk of cross-contamination for emergency responders, attending medical personnel and medical facilities as they enter a treatment facility. The controlled conditions of an aerosol test chamber are required to examine factors of contamination, decontamination, and cross-contamination. This study presents the design, construction, and a method for characterizing an aerosol test chamber for a full-sized manikin on a standard North Atlantic Treaty Organization litter. The methodology combined air velocity measurements, aerosol particle counts and size distributions, and computational fluid dynamics modeling to describe the chamber’s performance in three dimensions. This detailed characterization facilitates future experimental design by predicting chamber performance for a variety of patient-focused research.

现行岩心录井标准中存在的问题及修订建议

目前国内制定的钻井取心、井壁取心、地质录井等标准均涉及岩心录井的部分内容,对现场岩心录井作业都有一定的指导作用。但随着非常规油气勘探开发的推进,现行标准中存在的一些试验参数不明确、含油气级别划分不精细、岩心整理方法相对落后、岩心管理信息量较少等问题也日渐显露。针对现行标准中存在的问题进行修订,为此提出的修订建议是:通过恒温定时确定岩心密闭试验最佳参数为60℃恒温加热120 min,根据不同储层性质精细划分含油气级别、制定泥页岩储层岩心含油气级别,变更岩心标号原则、打印代替手写标识,岩心卡片以“二维码”形式呈现。这些修订建议有利于提高岩心录井观察试验的科学性、减小录井成本、增加时效,促进岩心录井的信息化发展。

空空导弹海洋大气自然环境试验研究

针对空空导弹随航母服役需求和海洋大气自然环境适应性风险,结合相关标准和研制经验,对空空导弹海洋大气自然环境试验方案设计流程、方法及要点进行了研究。提出了一套空空导弹海洋大气自然环境试验方案,可用于指导新研型号科学有效地开展自然环境试验,为回答空空导弹海洋大气自然环境适应性指标提供了支撑。空空导弹应系统策划海洋大气自然环境试验,以尽早暴露问题,实现产品设计改进,为上舰环境适应性的提高奠定基础。同时,还应大力开展自然加速环境试验技术和动态自然环境试验技术研究工作。

严寒地区超低能耗教学建筑新风系统适用性分析

目的 解决严寒地区超低能耗建筑中人员密集场所供暖期新风系统的适用性问题。方法 以沈阳市某小学教学楼中三种典型教室为例,应用Designbuilder软件建立能耗模型,分析自然通风、有无热回收的定(变)风量机械通风五种工况下超低能耗建筑的各项能耗、相对节能率和本体节能率,以及室内CO_(2)体积分数变化。结果 无热回收的变风量、有热回收的定(变)风量与无热回收的定风量机械通风相比,节能率分别为12%~30%、32%~46%、38%~57%;有热回收的变风量机械通风总能耗最低,且接近自然通风工况;五种工况室内CO_(2)体积分数均小于0.09%。结论 人员密集场所中有热回收的定(变)风量机械通风节能效果显著;建筑气密性的提高导致机械通风系统新风能耗增加,经济性和节能性下降。

基于成渝中线隧道参数CR450高速动车组气密性阈值分布特征研究

以成渝中线隧道特征为研究背景,利用一维可压缩不等熵流动模型的广义黎曼变量特征线方法,研究了CR450高速动车组单列车通过隧道和两列车中央等速交会时,车内外压力波特征及隧道长度、速度、不同时间间隔内最大压力变化量对气密阈值影响特性。研究表明:最不利隧道内车外压力波动幅值最大,随着隧道长度增加,车内压力波动幅值增大;单列车满足车内每3 s内最大压力时时间常数阈值基本在最不利隧道内最大,交会时基于气密性的最不利隧道与根据车外压力载荷得到的最不利隧道长度不同;单列车时间常数阈值随速度的增加而增加,两列车以430 km/h和450 km/h交会时,时间常数阈值基本相同;单列车头尾车和中间车满足13个压力标准时时间常数阈值最大分别为51 s和42 s,交会分别为88 s和92 s。

发制品透气性检测方法的研究

发制品已成为消费者更具时尚性和个性化的消费品。透气性能是衡量发制品穿戴舒适性的关键性能,也是消费者关注的重点。研究了发制品透气性的试验仪器和试验参数,最终制定了发制品透气性的检测方法。试验表明:测试夹具及试验参数可以有效区分不同结构帽底透气性能的好坏,检测方法重现性好,精密度达到可接受水平。

空间站舱内微量有害气体状态评价和流转分析

文章聚焦于中国空间站长期在轨运行中微量有害气体的整体状态和控制情况,阐述了微量有害气体随舱内物质循环向冷凝水回收净化以及CO_(2)去除和还原等环节流转的规律。通过在轨状态分析、地面比对评估试验结果和流转特性分析,说明中国空间站各净化系统对舱内微量污染物成分进行了有效控制,舱内空气中微量有害气体浓度保持在较低水平。研究旨在为后续微量有害气体净化环节的运行和监测提供指导。