磁共振AIR-魔毯线圈在胸椎结核扫描中的应用价值

目的探讨联合应用AIR-魔毯线圈磁共振成像(MRI)对胸椎结核扫描图像信噪比(signal to noise ratio,SNR)、对比噪声比(contrast to noise ratio,CNR)和脂肪抑制成像效果的价值。方法选取我院80例经手术病理证实为胸椎结核患者,按1:1随机分为两组,应用常规线圈(脊柱相控阵线圈,头颈联合线圈)、常规线圈联合AIR魔毯线圈对两组患者分别进行扫描。扫描序列包括胸椎矢状位T_(2)WI,T_(1)WI,T_(2)FLEX,进一步测量、比较SNR,CNR及脂肪抑制效果,分析MRI多序列诊断胸腰椎结核的准确率、特异度和灵敏度。结果常规线圈联合AIR-魔毯线圈扫描组,胸椎矢状位图像的SNR、CNR及压脂效果优于常规线圈组。结论联合应用AIR-魔毯线圈的图像SNR、CNR得到提高,脂肪抑制效果稳定良好。

Evaluation of Air-Kerma and Absorbed Dose to Water for External Radiotherapy Beam Using Ionization Chamber

Radiotherapy is the most widely applied oncologic treatment modality utilizing ionizing radiation. A high degree of accuracy, reliability and reproducibility is required for a successful treatment outcome. Measurement using ionization chamber is a prerequisite for absorbed dose determination for external beam radiotherapy. Calibration coefficient is expressed in terms of air kerma and absorbed dose to water traceable to Secondary Standards Dosimetry Laboratory. The objective of this work was to evaluate the level of accuracy of ionization chamber used for clinical radiotherapy beam determination. Measurement and accuracy determination were carried out according to IAEA TRS 398 protocol. Clinical farmers type ionization chamber measurement and National Reference standard from Secondary Standards Dosimetry Laboratory were both exposed to cobalt-60 beam and measurement results compared under the same environmental conditions. The accuracy level between National Reference Standard and clinical radiotherapy standard was found to be −1.92% and −2.02% for air kerma and absorbed dose to water respectively. To minimize the effect of error and maximize therapeutic dose during treatment in order to achieve required clinical outcome, calibration factor was determined for air kerma (Nk) as 49.7 mGy/nC and absorbed dose to water ND, as 52.9 mGy/nC. The study established that radiotherapy beam measurement chain is prone to errors. Hence there is a need to independently verify the accuracy of radiation dose to ensure precision of dose delivery. The errors must be accounted for during clinical planning by factoring in calibration factor to minimize the systematic errors during treatment, and thereby providing enough room to achieve ±5% dose delivery to tumor target as recommended by ICRU.

A Regional Air-Sea Coupled Model and Its Application over East Asia in the Summer of 2000

A regional air-sea coupled model, comprising the Regional Integrated Environment Model System （RIEMS） and the Princeton Ocean Model （POM） was developed to simulate summer climate features over East Asia in 2000. The sensitivity of the model＇s behavior to the coupling time interval （CTI）, the causes of the sea surface temperature （SST） biases, and the role of air-sea interaction in the simulation of precipitation over China are investigated. Results show that the coupled model can basically produce the spatial pattern of SST, precipitation, and surface air temperature （SAT） with five different CTIs respectively. Also, using a CTI of 3, 6 or 12 hours tended to produce more successful simulations than if using 1 and 24 hours. Further analysis indicates that both a higher and lower coupling frequency result in larger model biases in air-sea heat flux exchanges, which might be responsible for the sensitivity of the coupled model＇s behavior to the CTI. Sensitivity experiments indicate that SST biases between the coupled and uncoupled POM occurring over the China coastal waters were due to the mismatch of the surface heat fluxes produced by the RIEMS with those required by the POM. In the coupled run, the air-sea feedbacks reduced the biases in surface heat fluxes, compared with the uncoupled RIEMS, consequently resulted in changes in thermal contrast over land and sea and led to a precipitation increase over South China and a decrease over North China. These results agree well observations in the summer of 2000.

Impact of summer office set air-conditioning temperature on energy consumption and thermal comfort

To explore the relationship between summer office set air-conditioning temperature and energy consumption related to air conditioning use to provide human thermal comfort,a comparison experiment was conducted in three similar offices at temperatures of 24,26 and 28 ℃ respectively. A thermal comfort questionnaire survey was conducted. It is demonstrated that air-conditioner energy consumption at the set temperature of 28 ℃ is 113% and 271% lower than at 26 ℃ and 24 ℃,respectively. A linear relationship exists between air-conditioner energy consumption and the indoor and outdoor temperature difference. When comfortably dressed,over 80% of research participants accept the set temperature of 28 ℃. The regression analysis leads to a neutral temperature of 26.2 ℃ and an acceptable temperature of 28.2 ℃ for over 80% of the research participants subjects,indicating that the current 26 ℃ set temperature for offices in summer,required by Chinese General Office of the State Council,can be increased to 28 ℃. Moreover,analysis of predicted mean vote(PMV) index shows that a set temperature of 27 ℃,not 26 ℃,is sufficiently comfortable for office staff wearing long-sleeve shirts,long pants and leather shoes.

Optimization and Aerodynamic Characteristics of New Air-Cushion Nozzle of Floating Furnace for Automobile Body Sheet

It is very important to develop new air-cushion nozzles so as to raise the heat treatment property of aluminum alloy automobile body sheet(ABS). A geometric model of air-cushion furnace equipment of ABS was built up and flow field was simulated by using k-ε turbulence equations of COMSOL Multi-physics. The influence and regularity of number(n),diameter(d) and arrangement of middle hole,and main control parameters of new air-cushion nozzle on aerodynamic characteristics and flow field were studied. The results show that:1) with n increases,airflow vortexes in air-cushion area increase in multiple; d decreases or n increases,air cushion pressure(p_c) becomes uniform; 2) average of p_c is proportional to pressure in nozzle box(p_t),when n increases,ratio of average of p_c to p_t increases,and when n ≤ 3 and d < b / 2,they have little effect on ratio of p_c average to p_t; 3) when n is an even number,n ≥4,and d ≤ b/2,p_c shows good uniformity; when n is an odd number,the center hole affects p_c uniformity greatly,and,when diameter of center hole is less than b / 4 and diameter of non-center is between b / 4 and b / 2,p_c has good uniformity. A new air-cushion jet model was presented,and the deviation of this new model with simulation data and experimental measured data are less than 7.75% and 7.76%,respectively. The present research is valuable for improving air-cushion stability,Al strip temperature homogeneity,and temperature control precision.

CFD-based design and analysis of air-bearing-supported paint spray spindle

In this paper, an analytical scientific approach is presented for the design and analysis of an air-turbine-driven paint spray spindle, and it is used to improve further the design concept of the existing spindle applied in automotive coating and paint spraying applications. The current spindle on the market can operate at a maximum speed of 100,000 rpm and features a maximum bell size of 70 mm diameter. Given the increasing demands for high automotive coating/painting quality and productivity in assembly, the design and development of a paint spray spindle with a speed of 145,000 rpm or higher is needed. Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)-based simulation is applied in the approach. Accordingly, CFD simulation-based design and analysis are undertaken, covering the characteristic factors of velocity, pressure of the air supply, rotational speed of the air-turbine, and torque and force reaction on the turbine blades. Furthermore, the turbine blade geometric shape is investigated through the simulations. Three geometrical concepts have been investigated against the original model. The results on Concept_03 verified the higher angular velocity speeds against the theoretical model. The pressure and velocity effects in the blades have been investigated. The results show that the pressure and velocity of the air supply driving the turbine are critical factors influencing the stability of turbine spinning. The results also demonstrate that the force acting on the blades is at the highest level when the adjacent face changes from a straight surface into a curve. Finally, changing the geometrical shape in the turbine likely increases the tangential air pressure at the blades surface and relatively increases the magnitude of the lateral torque and force in the spindle. Notwithstanding this condition, the analytical values surpass the theoretical target values.

基于工厂机制的Air-SeaSim CGF模型系统

针对仿真模型可重用性不足的问题,以海空对抗战术仿真为背景,设计了一种基于工厂机制的Air-SeaSim CGF(Computer Generated Forces)仿真模型开发系统.遵循"自底向上"的开发原则,构造了由模型层、对象层、服务层和应用层构成的Air-SeaSim CGF模型系统软件体系结构.基于工厂机制的实体模型设计,对CGF实体进行适当的分解,抽象出满足仿真需求的模型,以组件形式表示,通过定义组件接口实现实体模型的快速组装及其功能的扩展.系统应用效果表明,通过工厂机制开发技术设计的Air-SeaSim CGF实体模型,集成了不同粒度组件的仿真模型,实现了实体模型行为组件在不同兵力模型建立过程中的共享和组合,简化了用户的定义,有利于模型的统一开发.

A review of research progress in air-to-water sound transmission

International and domestic research progress in theory and experiment and applications of the air-to-water sound transmission are presented in this paper. Four classical numerical methods of calculating the underwater sound field gener- ated by an airborne source, i.e., the ray theory, the wave solution, the normal-mode theory and the wavenumber integration approach, are introduced. Effects of two special conditions, i.e., the moving airborne source or medium and the rough air-water interface, on the air-to-water sound transmission are reviewed. In experimental studies, the depth and range distributions of the underwater sound field created by different kinds of airborne sources in near-field and far-field, the longitudinal horizontal correlation of underwater sound field and application methods for inverse problems are reviewed.

Air-Q和Ambu Aura-i插管型喉罩联合纤维支气管镜用于耳畸形儿童气管插管的比较

目的比较Air-Q和Ambu Aura-i气管插管型喉罩联合纤维支气管镜(FOB)用于耳畸形儿童气管插管的安全性和有效性。方法 120例全麻下行外耳再造手术患儿,根据体重随机分为Air-Q喉罩组(Air-Q组)和Ambu Aura-i喉罩组(Aura-i组),喉罩置入到位后,经Air-Q和Ambu Aura-i插管型喉罩联合FOB实施气管插管。记录喉罩置入、喉罩退出及FOB引导气管插管时间及次数;测量喉罩的套囊压、密封压;观察记录FOB在喉罩开口处的声门暴露分级、喉罩和气管插管操作过程对循环系统的影响以及术后并发症的发生情况。结果 120例患儿全部完成喉罩置入、气管插管和喉罩退出,Air-Q组和Aura-i组的喉罩置入时间、气管插管时间和喉罩退出时间分别为(14.1±7.2)s和(10.8±5.2)s(P<0.05)、(39.8±9.5)s和(24.1±8.2)s(P<0.05)、(18.2±5.1)s和(14.7±3.7)s(P<0.05);Air-Q组和Aura-i组在喉罩开口处FOB观察的声门暴露分级相近,声门直视率分别为80.0%和86.7%;Air-Q组和Aura-i组的平均漏气压分别为(20.5±4.8)cm H_2O和(22.2±5.0)cm H_2O(P<0.05),平均套囊压分别为(22.9±11.5)cm H_2O和(33.9±15.9)cm H_2O(P<0.05)。两种插管方式插管对血流动力学影响较小,术后2 h Air-Q组和Aura-i组分别有4例和3例发生咽痛,并发症较低。结论 Air-Q和Ambu Aura-i插管型喉罩联合FOB用于耳畸形儿童气管插管均有操作简单、插管成功率高、术后并发症少等优点,其中Ambu Aura-i插管型喉罩的优点更为突出。

Research and Demonstration of Direct Air-Cooling System for 600-MW Fossil-Fired Power Plants

Given the distribution feature of resources such as coal and water, the requirements for the development of Chinese power industry, and the fact of monopoly by foreign companies, it is very necessary and significant to independently research and develop air-cooling technologies. Through experimental research, simulative calculation, process and equipment development, field tests and a demonstration project, the design and operation technologies for air-cooling system are grasped and relevant key equipment is developed. The results of the demonstration project show that the technical indicators for the air-cooling system have met or exceeded the design requirements. Part of the research results have been incorporated into the relevant national design standards. The technologies developed have been applied to more than 23 sets of thermal power units of or above 600 MW in China.

用AIR-C_2H_2原子吸收光谱法测定镉镍电池正极浸渍液中钴含量

本文主要简述与运用AIR -C2 H2 原子吸收光谱法进行镉镍电池正极浸渍液中钴含量的测定。介绍了钴最佳测定条件及呈良好线性范围的浓度。同时对样品消化处理条件 ,在测定中样品的干扰因素进行了综合考虑。该方法具有很好的灵敏度、很好的重复性、干扰小 ,同时具有方法步骤简单、操作容易掌握等特点。对样品钴含量的测定 ,其相对标准偏差均小于 1.0 % (n =6 ) ;标准加入回收率均在 97.0 %～ 10 2 .0 % (n =5 )范围内。结果表明 :运用AIR -C2 H2 原子吸收光谱法测定镉镍电池正极浸渍液中钴含量的分析 ,达到了实验室分析质量控制的要求 。

基于微加速度计的AIR-MOUSE的研究

本文研究了一种基于微加速度计原理的空中鼠标。该鼠标采用微加速度计来检测手部运动的角度和速度等参数,并通过射频无线传输和USB接口实现与计算机的通信。本文介绍微加速度计、微控制器、无线射频模块、USB通讯等的集成研究,并对无线传输模块的软硬件做了详细阐述。

Effect of Air Injector on the Performance of an Air-lift for Conveying River Sand

An air-lift has been more recently applied in the dredging, deep-seated beach placer mining and underground mining engineering. However, the influence and mechanism of various parameters on the air-lift performance are not quite clear, especially the influence of flow pattern on lifting efficiency. Focusing on the problems mentioned above, the key part of the air-lift （namely, the air injector） was proposed aimed to reduce friction loss in the inner pipe according to improving flow field performance, thus increase the lifting efficiency. The study of relative factors of the performance of an air-lift is performed and the river sand is used as simulation of underground ore bed. The total lifting height of the experimental system is 3 m, the water flux, mass flow of solid particles, concentration of particles and lifting efficiency are measured under the same submergence ratios by changing the air injector, which is divided into nine specifications of air injection in this research. The experimental results indicate that the optimal air flow rate corresponding to excellent performance of the air-lift can be obtained in the range of 35-40 m3/h. The air injection method has a great effect on the performance of the air-lift, the air injector with three nozzles is better than that in the case of one or two nozzles. Further more, the air injection angle and arrangement of air injection pipes also have great effect on the performance of an air-lift. The proposed research results have guiding significance for engineering application.

The Influence of Atmospheric Pressure on Air Content and Pore Structure of Air-entrained Concrete

To study the effect of atmospheric pressure on the properties of fresh and hardened airentrained concrete, three kinds of air entraining agents were used for preparing air-entrained concrete in the plateaus(Lhasa, 61 kPa) and the plains(Beijing, 101 kPa). Air content, slump, compressive strength and pore structure of the three air-entrained concretes were tested in these two places. It is found that the air content of concrete under low atmospheric pressure(LAP) is 4%-36% lower than that of concrete under normal atmospheric pressure(NAP), which explaines the decrease of slump for air-entrained concrete under LAP. Pore number of hardened concrete under LAP is reduced by 48%-69%. While, the proportion of big pores(pore diameter >1 200 μm) and air void spacing factor are increased by 1.5%-7.3% and 51%-92%, respectively. The deterioration of pore structure results in a 3%-9% reduction in the compressive strength of concrete. From the results we have obtained, it can be concluded that the increase of critical nucleation energy of air bubbles and the decrease of volumetric compressibility coefficient of air in the concrete are responsible for the variation of air content and pore structure of concrete under LAP.

Air-sea Interaction of Typhoon Sinlaku (2002) Simulated by the Canadian MC2 Model

Three experiments for the simulation of typhoon Sinlaku （2002） over the western North Pacific are performed in this study by using the Canadian Mesoscale Compressible Community （MC2） atmospheric model. The objective of these simulations is to investigate the air-sea interaction during extreme weather conditions, and to determine the sensitivity of the typhoon evolution to the sea surface temperature （SST） cooling induced by the typhoon. It is shown from the three experiments that the surface heat fluxes have a substantial influence on the slow-moving cyclone over its lifetime. When the SST in the East China coastal ocean becomes 1℃ cooler in the simulation, less latent heat and sensible heat fluxes from the underlying ocean to the cyclone tend to reduce the typhoon intensity. The cyclone is weakened by 7 hPa at the time of its peak intensity. The SST cooling also has impacts on the vertical structure of the typhoon by weakening the warm core and drying the eye wall. With a finer horizontal resolution of （1/6）° × （1/6）°, the model produces higher surface wind, and therefore more surface heat fluxes are emitted from the ocean surface to the cyclone, in the finer-resolution MC2 grid compared with the relatively lower resolution of 0.25° × 0.25° MC2 grid.

The Quasi-Decadal Oscillation of Air-Sea System in the Northwestern Pacific Region

The data analyses found at first that the air-sea system in the northwestern Pacific region has clear systematical quasi-decadal oscillation, such as the surface air temperature, the subtropical high activities over the northwestern Pacific and the SSTA which has different time-scale features from the temporal variation with 3-4 years period of SSTA in the equatorial Pacific. In East Asia, the climate variations, such as the surface air temperature, the precipitation and the beginning date of Mei-yu in the Yangtze River basin, also have clear quasi-decadal oscillation. They can be regarded as the influences of quasi-decadal oscillation of air-sea system in the northwestern Pacific region.

Modelling Air-Sea Fluxes during a Western Pacific Typhoon:Role of Sea Spray

It has long been recognized that the evolution of marine storms may be strongly affected by the flux transfer processes over the ocean. High winds in a storm can generate large amounts of spray, which can modify the transfer of momentum, heat, and moisture across the air-sea interface. However, the role of sea spray and air-sea processes in western Pacific typhoons has remained elusive. In this study, the impact of sea spray on air-sea fluxes and the evolution of a typhoon over the western Pacific is investigated using a coupled atmosphere-sea-spray modeling system. Through the case study of the recent Typhoon Fengshen from 2002, we found that: (1) Sea spray can cause a significant latent heat flux increase of up to 40% of the interfacial fluxes in the typhoon; (2) Taking into account the effects of sea spray, the intensity of the modeled typhoon can be increased by 30% in the 10-m wind speed, which may greatly improve estimates of storm maximum intensity and, to some extent, improve the simulations of overall storm structure in the atmospheric model; (3) The effects of sea spray are mainly focused over the high wind regions around the storm center and are mainly felt in the lower part of the troposphere.

Response of IAP/LASG GOALS Model to the Coupling of Air-Sea Fresh Water Exchange

The process of air—sea fresh water exchange is included successfully in the Global— Ocean—Atmosphere Land—System model developed at the State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG). The results of the coupled integration show that the climate drift has been controlled successfully. Analyses on the responses of ocean circulation to the changes of surface fresh water or salinity forcing show that the ocean spin-up stage under flux condition for salinity is the key to the implementation of air-sea fresh water flux coupling. This study also demonstrates that the Modified—Monthly—Flux—Anomaly coupling scheme (MMFA) brought forward by Yu and Zhang (1998) is suitable not only for daily air—sea heat flux coupling but also for daily fresh water flux coupling. Key words Fresh water flux - Air-sea coupling - Thermohaline circulation This work was co-supported by the National Key Project (Grant No.96-908-02-03), the Excellent National Key Laboratory Research Project (Grant No.49823002) and Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) under grant “ Bai Ren Ji Hua? for “Validation of Coupled Climate Models”.

Thermal stratification level of low sidewall air supply with air-conditioning system in large space

The thermal stratification level of low sidewall air supply system in large space was defined. Depending on the experiment of low sidewall air supply in summer 2008,the thermal stratification level was studied by simulation. Based on the simulation of experiment condition,the air velocity and vertical temperature distribution in a large space were simulated at different air-outlet velocities,and then the thermal stratification level line was obtained. The simulation results well match with the experimental ones and the average relative error is 3.4%. The thermal stratification level is heightened by increasing the air-outlet velocity with low sidewall air supply mode. It is concluded that when air-outlet velocity is 0.29 m/s,which is the experimental case,a uniform thermal environment in the higher occupied zone and a stable stratification level are formed. When the air-outlet velocity is low,such as 0.05 m/s,the thermal stratification level is too low and the air velocity is too small to meet the human thermal comfort in the occupied zone. So,it would be reasonable that the air-outlet velocity may be designed as 0.31 m/s if the height of the occupied zone is 2 m.

An Intelligent Harmonic Synthesis Technique for Air-Gap Eccentricity Fault Diagnosis in Induction Motors

Induction motors （IMs） are commonly used in various industrial applications. To improve energy con- sumption efficiency, a reliable IM health condition moni- toring system is very useful to detect IM fault at its earliest stage to prevent operation degradation, and malfunction of IMs. An intelligent harmonic synthesis technique is pro- posed in this work to conduct incipient air-gap eccentricity fault detection in IMs. The fault harmonic series are syn- thesized to enhance fault features. Fault related local spectra are processed to derive fault indicators for IM air- gap eccentricity diagnosis. The effectiveness of the pro- posed harmonic synthesis technique is examined experi- mentally by IMs with static air-gap eccentricity and dynamic air-gap eccentricity states under different load conditions. Test results show that the developed harmonic synthesis technique can extract fault features effectively for initial IM air-gap eccentricity fault detection.