Spray Characteristics of Non-Circular Nozzle in Air-Assisted Injection System

In order to analyze the spray characteristics of non-circular nozzle holes based on the air-assisted spray system, the spray characteristics of circular and non-circular nozzles were studied under the pressure of 0.2-0.6 MPa and the spray volume of 1000-5000 mL/h. Elliptical nozzle and triangular nozzle are classified as non-circular geometries. The spray cone angle was measured by processing the spray image captured by a CCD camera. The measured spray cone angles of the circular nozzles were analyzed, and the axis switching phenomenon of minor plane of elliptical nozzle was found during the test. Among the three shapes of nozzles, the elliptical nozzle had the largest spray cone angle, and the triangular nozzle had the smallest. The velocity field obtained depended on the PIV system. The results show that for axial velocity, elliptical orifice spray has greater kinetic energy and smaller droplet size under the same working parameters. Compared with the circular and elliptical nozzles, triangular orifice reached maximum spray velocity the fastest, but its velocity decay was the fastest. For radial velocity, away from the axis, the spray velocity of the elliptical orifice was less affected by the injection parameters, and the velocity was less than that of circular orifice and triangle orifice. Increasing air pressure will weaken radial propagation. The increase of liquid spraying rate had no remarkable effect on the increase of spraying rate. The results of particle size analysis show that the particle size of the non-circular orifice is reduced compared with that of the circular orifice, which promotes the breakup of droplets to a certain extent and enhances the atomization effect.

Spray Characteristics of Air-Assisted Injector Under Different Ambient Pressures

Spray atomization of liquid fuel plays an important role in droplet evaporation,combustible mixture formation and subsequent combustion process.Well-atomized liquid spray contributes to high fuel efficiency and low pollutant emissions.Gasoline direct injection(GDI)has been recognized as one of the most effective ways to improve fuel atomization.As a special direct injection method,the air-assisted direct injection utilizes high-speed flow of high-pressure air at the injector exit to assist liquid fuel injection and promote spray atomization at a low injection pressure.This injection method has excellent application potential and advantages for high performance and lightweight engines.In this study,the hollow cone spray emerging from an air-assisted injector was studied in a constant volume chamber with the ambient pressures ranging from 5 kPa to 300 kPa.External macro characteristics of spray were obtained using high speed backlit imaging.Phase Doppler particle analyzer(PDPA)was utilized to study the microcosmic spray characteristics.The results show that under the flash boiling condition,the spray will generate a strong flash boiling point which causes the cone shape spray to expand both inwards and outwards.The axisymmetric inward expansion would converge together and form a lathy aggregation area below the nozzle and the axisymmetric outward expansion greatly increases the spray width.The sauter mean diameter(SMD)of flash boiling condition can be reduced to 5μm compared to the level close to 10μm in the non-flash boiling condition.

Evaluation on Application and Spraying Effect of Air-Assisted Sprayer in Apple Orchard with Dwarfing Rootstocks

The application and spraying effect of 3 WG-1200 A air-assisted sprayer in dwarfing rootstock apple orchard were evaluated by investigating the droplet density, coverage and volume median diameter(VMD) in different canopy layers(2.0, 1.5, 1.0 m) and five directions(east, south, west, north and middle) of apple trees. The results showed that the droplet density was 166.99 per square centimeter, the coverage was 48.23%, and the VMD was 138.63 μm. The droplet density in different canopy layers of the trees had consistent trend with the coverage. The droplet density and coverage in the upper and middle canopy(2.0 m and 1.5 m) had no significant difference, but they were both higher than those in the lower canopy, while the VMD in different canopy layers showed an opposite trend. The change trends of the coverage and VMD in the five directions were consistent, and the values in the middle and east were the highest, followed by the north, south and west, respectively. The results indicated that droplet characteristics of the 3 WG-1200 A air-assisted sprayer met the basic requirements for pest and pathogen control. This study provides a theoretical basis and data support for the application and improvement of orchard application equipments in dwarfing rootstock apple orchard.

膀胱黏膜红斑样病灶的特征和活检病理结果分析

目的分析经膀胱镜检查发现的膀胱黏膜红斑样病灶(RPL)的特征及病理良恶性概率,探讨RPL活检的意义。方法回顾性分析2019年1月—2023年6月南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院泌尿外科膀胱镜检查中发现RPL患者的性别、年龄、膀胱镜检查原因、是否有疤痕、并发症以及活检病理结果等资料,按照病理结果将患者分成良性组和恶性组,分析其临床和RPL特征。结果共收集521例患者资料,其中病理结果良性416(79.8%)例,恶性105例(20.2%),恶性组患者平均年龄更高,差异有统计学意义[(66.8±12.2)岁vs.(62.8±12.9)岁,P=0.005]。膀胱镜检查原因为膀胱癌/肾盂输尿管癌术后随访、血尿待查和下尿路症状患者RPL的恶性检出率分别为23.7%(92/389)、19.6%(9/46)、4.7%(4/86)。医师根据膀胱镜下直接观察的结果和经验判断对RPL高度怀疑恶性、轻度怀疑恶性、良性概率大的3组患者的病理恶性检出率分别为56.9%(37/65)、37.0%(30/81)、10.1%(38/375)。结论RPL活检在膀胱癌/肾盂输尿管癌患者的术后随访中具有重要意义,尤其是男性高龄患者且病灶位于疤痕或疤痕旁时。

预防性使用阿托品对无痛膀胱镜检查术中诱发迷走神经反射的防治效果

目的:探讨预防性使用阿托品对无痛膀胱镜检查术中诱发迷走神经反射的防治效果。方法:选择2022年10月—2023年11月在青岛大学医学院松山医院行静脉复合全麻下无痛膀胱镜检查的144例患者作为研究对象,采用完全随机化分组的随机数表法将144例入选病例分为对照组、观察组,各72例。两组均采用地佐辛(0.05 mg/kg)复合1%丙泊酚(1.5~2.0 mg/kg)进行麻醉诱导,待患者睫毛反射消失时开始进行膀胱镜检查。术中丙泊酚以3~6 mg/(kg·h)维持,患者术中如发生体动,则追加丙泊酚0.5 mg/kg,直至检查结束。对照组在1%丙泊酚20 mL中加入0.9%氯化钠溶液1 mL,观察组在1%丙泊酚20 mL中加入阿托品1 mg。两组在麻醉过程中出现心率低于50次/min时,静脉注射阿托品0.5 mg,当血压降低超过20%时静脉注射麻黄碱6 mg。比较两组无痛膀胱镜检查操作时间、术后清醒时间、丙泊酚用量、术中迷走神经反射及并发症发生情况。结果:观察组无痛膀胱镜检查操作时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);两组术后清醒时间、丙泊酚用量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组术中发生迷走神经反射发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。两组均无严重并发症,对照组均经及时应用阿托品、麻黄碱等积极抢救治疗而痊愈。结论:无痛膀胱镜检查中预防性使用阿托品不仅有利于缩短操作时间、有利于呼吸管理,更有利于预防迷走神经反射,减少并发症,具有较高的安全性。

虚拟膀胱镜技术在非肌层浸润性膀胱癌手术分型中的初步应用

目的浅探基于超薄磁共振灌注成像三维重建的虚拟膀胱镜检查在非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(NMIBC)患者手术分型中应用的可行性。方法回顾性分析2020年7月至8月收治的3例NMIBC患者的资料。术前均行超薄磁共振灌注成像,在获得患者知情同意后采集检查数据,使用3D交互式医学影像控制系统Mimics对影像进行三维重建构建高精度的虚拟膀胱镜模型,在术前用于激光切除术的手术规划。结果3例手术均顺利完成,手术时间分别为20、55、60 min。术后病理报告切缘均为阴性,围手术期3例患者均无Clavien-DindoⅡ级及以上的并发症。术后2~7d恢复出院,其中1例为高级别尿路上皮癌,术后1个月定期行卡介苗灌注治疗,另外2例均为低危NMIBC,术后定期行吉西他滨或沙培林维持灌注,定期随访至今,3例患者均无复发。结论基于超薄磁共振灌注成像的高精度虚拟膀胱镜技术对于NMIBC患者的激光切除术前预分割、减少手术时间有临床辅助意义,同时有待未来进行前瞻性队列研究来明确术前虚拟膀胱镜技术的应用是否有助于降低NMIBC患者的术后复发率。

分层递进教学模式在膀胱镜教学中的可行性研究

目的评价分层递进教学模式在本科实习生泌尿外科膀胱镜技能培训中的效果,为改进外科教学方法提供参考依据。方法选取2022年5月至2023年4月于新疆喀什地区第二人民医院实习的临床本科生共计40名,根据教学方法不同,随机分为对照组和试验组,对照组采用传统带教模式,试验组采用分层递进教学模式,比较2组学生膀胱镜操作培训效果;记录试验组膀胱镜操作并发症发生例数。结果2组实习生数据对比显示,试验组膀胱镜操作成绩(68.00±6.10)分高于对照组成绩(61.40±4.96)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);试验组膀胱镜检查并发症发生2例,未出现严重并发症。结论分层递进教学模式在临床本科实习生膀胱镜操作培训中的效果优于传统教学模式,为安全、可行的教学方法。

The optimal stent pusher position to achieve successful ureteral stent insertion under fluoroscopic guidance

Objective: To examine factors to predict the optimal stent pusher position when inserting ureteral stents under fluoroscopy.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 327 patients who underwent ureteral stent insertion. We considered the pubic bone as a useful anatomical landmark to insert ureteral stents under fluoroscopic guidance. Thus, we categorized patients into three groups (proximal, middle, and distal groups) according to the position of the radiopaque tip of the push catheter when inserting the ureteral stent. Success was defined as a completely curled ureteral stent tail. We compared stent insertion success rates among the three groups. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify the factors affecting stent insertion success.Results: In men, 36 (63.2%) cases were deemed successful in the proximal group compared with 40 (80.0%) cases in the middle group and 12 (20.7%) cases in the distal group (p<0.001). In women, 26 (45.6%) cases were deemed successful in the proximal group compared with 54 (98.2%) cases in the middle group and 38 (76.0%) cases in the distal group (p<0.001). With the multivariate analysis, the stent pusher position was the most significant factor influencing successful stent insertion (men: odds ratio 6.00, 95% confidence interval 2.66-13.51, p<0.001;women: odds ratio 37.80, 95% confidence interval 4.94-289.22, p<0.001).Conclusion: The position of the stent pusher affects stent insertion success. The middle of the pubic symphysis is the optimal position for the radiopaque tip of the pusher when inserting ureteral stents under fluoroscopic guidance.

光动力技术介导膀胱癌精准诊疗的研究进展

膀胱癌是泌尿系统常见的恶性肿瘤之一,现阶段常规诊疗手段取得的效果并不令人满意。近年来,光动力技术发展迅速,在膀胱癌的诊断与治疗中均得到应用,其效果在临床上得到了广泛认可:光动力学诊断(PDD)在膀胱癌的诊断中已经展现价值,与白光膀胱镜(WLC)相比,蓝光膀胱镜(BLC)灵敏度及特异度更高,更好地适用于微小病变及原位癌(CIS)等隐匿性病变的诊断,但昂贵且耗时。以尿液为样本的非侵入性靶向光动力诊断技术开始展现潜力;PDD引导的经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术(TURBT)具有更好的诊断敏感性及手术精确性。同时,光动力学治疗(PDT)是膀胱癌理想的治疗方式。新型光敏剂的开发,双光子PDT技术、间断性和节律性PDT技术的应用,均有助于在提高疗效的同时减少PDT的操作次数,从而减少额外创伤;有学者尝试使用纳米技术结合PDT与化疗药物进一步改善肿瘤治疗效果;光动力技术与新型分子靶向技术相结合的靶向光动力技术是膀胱癌治疗领域新的热点,单克隆抗体、抗体片段、蛋白质支架、肽和小分子靶向分子示踪剂各自具备不同的特点,新的联合治疗手段正在被研究与开发,光动力技术为膀胱癌治疗带来了新的机遇。

门诊膀胱镜检查患者的人文关怀理念护理服务效果及对疼痛评分的影响

目的探究人文关怀理念护理服务对门诊膀胱镜检查患者的效果及疼痛评分的影响。方法简单随机选取2022年10月-2023年8月盐城市第一人民医院膀胱内镜室接受膀胱镜检查的100例患者为研究对象,随机选出50例作为对照组,实行常规护理,另外选出50例作为观察组,在常规护理基础上加入人文关怀护理服务。对比两组紧张和恐惧程度、依从性、插管成功率、疼痛程度、护理满意率。结果观察组患者紧张和恐惧程度比对照组更优,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。观察组依从性和插管成功率均对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。观察组护理后疼痛程度轻于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组护理总满意率(100.00%)明显高于对照组(82.00%),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=9.890,P<0.05)。结论门诊膀胱镜检查过程中,积极开展人文关怀理念护理服务,可以有效减轻患者紧张、恐惧感和疼痛度,更好地配合插管,保证插管成功率,大大提高患者护理满意度。

知信行护理联合耳穴压豆对膀胱镜检查患者的影响

目的:分析知信行护理联合耳穴压豆对膀胱镜检查患者的影响。方法:选取2020年8月—2023年8月徐州市中医院收治的70例膀胱镜检查患者。根据随机数表法将其分为观察组和对照组,各35例。对照组实施常规护理,观察组实施知信行护理联合耳穴压豆。比较两组干预前后负性情绪、疼痛程度及治疗依从性。结果:干预后,两组汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA)评分、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression scale,HAMD)评分均低于干预前,观察组HAMA、HAMD评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预后,观察组视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组完全依从率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:膀胱镜检查患者应用知信行护理联合耳穴压豆,可有效改善患者负性情绪,减轻疼痛感,增强检查依从性。

Efficacy and Safety of COX-2 Inhibitor Parecoxib for Rigid Cystoscopyrelated Pain Management in Male Patients:A Prospective,Randomized and Controlled Study

Using anesthetic gel may not sufficiently exclude pain perception during and after cystoscopy in male patients.To evaluate the analgesic efficacy and safety of intramuscular parecoxib(40 mg)for outpatient-based rigid cystoscopy,we performed a prospective,randomized and controlled study.Consecutive male patients requiring diagnostic cystoscopy in our hospital were divided into group A(1%tetracaine gel,n=50)and group B(parecoxib,n^5l)at random.Patients received intramuscular injections of either 2 mL sterile saline in group A or 40 mg parecoxib in group B 30 min before the procedure.Tetracaine gel was injected into the urethra 3 min before the procedure in group A,with patients receiving plain lubricant gel in group B at the same time.Cystoscopy-associated pain levels were evaluated using the Visual Analog Score(VAS)during the procedure.Post-procedure urethral pain and complications were recorded and analyzed.The results showed that male patients experienced significantly less pain in group B than in group A(2.70±1.36 V5.3.56±1.74,P=0.008).The percentage of patients with dysuria pain was not significantly different between the two groups.In addition,24 h after cystoscopy,the patients with no previous experience of cystoscopy were more likely to declare urethral pain(59.2%vs.33.3%,P=0.012,relative risk=1.78).No difference was observed in analgesic-related complications between the two groups.We conclude that intramuscular injection of 40 mg parecoxib may improve comfort for male patients undergoing rigid cystoscopy.

Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation on Spray Characteristics of New-Type Air-Assist Nozzle

To investigate the spray characteristics of a new-type air-assist nozzle,three-dimensional laser phase Dopper analyzer( PDA) was used to measure the spray parameters. The external flow fields of the nozzle were simulated by means of computational fluid dynamics( CFD). The distributions of the diameter and the axial velocity for the droplets were analyzed respectively. The results indicate that,the mean diameter of the droplets fluctuates along the center axis. The distance between the measurement point and the nozzle increases,the axial velocity of the droplets decreases. The further the measurement point from the center axis is,the smaller the axial velocity of the droplets is. With the increase of the nozzle pressure drop,the axial velocity of the droplets improves while the mean diameter of the droplets is reduced,and the distribution uniformity of the droplets is better for the diameter. The simulation result agrees well with the experimental data. The average deviation ranges from 3.9% to 7.7%.

Wireless Capsule Cystoscopy: How Near? How Far?

It is a fact that performing endoscopy using conventional methods requires substantial time and development of alternative diagnostic modalities. Replacement of rigid endoscopes with flexible and digital devices in time, faster performance of the procedures and reduced time for them to turn back to work brought about the expectancy. It was possible that easier and more reliable methods could exist. Idea of capsule endoscopy was born following examination of the gastrointestinal tract with an endoscope with shape of a capsule. Although idea of capsule endoscopy was suggested long years ago, it fell behind the advances in conventional step of the endoscopy, especially developmental speed of the flexible devices. Furthermore, three-dimensional (3D) organ views can be processed digitally by means of sophisticated software in the fields of computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Thus, virtual cystoscopy of high resolution and specificity is possible by means of both methods. Wireless capsule endoscopy is still in the experimental stage. “Steerable independent intracorporeal endoscope” with feature of consecutive instillation in addition to its diagnostic utility is not a dream.

Modern advances in reducing anxiety and pain associated with cystoscopy:Systematic review

AIM:To investigate if music reduces anxiety and pain in the Veterans Affairs population undergoing flexible cystoscopy. METHODS:This study was reviewed and approved by the University of California,San Diego Human Research Protections Program Institutional Review Board. Patients were prospectively randomized to undergo flexible cystoscopy with or without music. Thirty-eight patients were randomized into either the No Music group(n = 24) or the Music group(n = 14). We used the state-trait anxiety inventory and the visual analog pain scale,respectively. Statistics were generated and compared using an independent t-test and chi-squared tests. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Outpatient cystoscopy is a safe and useful procedure employed frequently in Urology for diagnosis and evaluation of genitourinary pathologies. However,cystoscopy-related distress cannot be ignored. Three components of outpatient cystoscopy have been evaluated to improve the cystoscopic experience:local anesthetic control,cystoscopic equipment redesign and environmental modification. We reviewed the literature pertaining to these modifications. RESULTS:The mean age was 65.3 and 67.1 years for men in the No Music and Music groups,respectively.Although,the majority of patients in each group selfidentified as Caucasians(66%),African American,Hispanic and other ethnicities represented 13%,8% and 13% respectively. The majority of patients(68%) reported experiencing hematuria. Thirty-four percent had a history of bladder cancer,and eighteen percent had a history of prostate cancer. Ten patients(26%) admitted to taking antidepressants. Physiologic parameters that correlated to pain and anxiety(systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,and heart rate) were statistically similar in both groups prior to and after flexible cystoscopy. The median delta anxiety between the No Music and Music groups were not significantly different(0.78 vs-1.46),and the pain scores between the No Music and Music groups(1.5 vs 1.6) were not statistically different(P = 0.28 and P = 0.92,respectively).CONCLUSION:Preliminary results demonstrate that music does not reduce anxiety or pain associated with flexible cystoscopy.

Autonomic Dysreflexia Severity between Urodynamics and Cystoscopy in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury above T6

Objective: The objective is to evaluate autonomic dysreflexia (AD) severity between urodynamics and cystoscopy in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) above thoracic 6 (T6). Design: It is a cross-sectional survey. Subject and methods: The study was carried out in 22 patients with SCI above T6 who underwent both procedures of urodynamics and cystoscopy;all patients developed episodes of AD. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured and recorded at the beginning and during the various stages of the two examinations. AD was defined as a rise in SBP above 20 mm Hg. Results: There was no significant difference in SBP and DBP at baseline before urodynamics and cystoscopy. Both urodynamics and cystoscopy triggered episodes of AD. The volume of water instilled during cystoscopy was typically standard and smaller (150 mL) in comparison with urodynamics, where volume varied depending on cystometric bladder capacity (the mean bladder volume in our study was 234.86 ± 139.06 mL). The SBP was significantly different between cystoscopy and urodynamics (49.23 ± 23.07 mm Hg and 35.14 ± 15.75 mm Hg, respectively;P = 0.023). Conclusions: Although bladder distension during cystoscopy was less than that in urodynamics, the severity of AD was more pronounced during cystoscopy. It is recommended that monitoring of cardiovascular parameters during these procedures should be routinely performed.

The Additional Value of Cystoscopy with Urodynamic Study in the Assessment of Patients with Urinary Incontinence

Background: Urinary incontinence (UI) is generally defined as the involuntary loss of urine from the bladder through the urethral meatus. Filling cystometry is the method by which the pressure/ volume relationship of the bladder is measured during bladder filling. Purpose: To determine the value of diagnostic cystoscopy in addition to Urodynamic study (UDS) in patients with primary urinary incontinence. Material and Methods: 200 patients with primary incontinence studied prospectively from January 2013 to June 2014. Their age ranges from (14 - 93 years), 86.5% were female, and 13.5% of them were male. In addition to physical, neurological examination and bio-chemical investigations, urine analysis and urine culture with Ultra-sound and Post void residual volume (PVRV), all patients underwent diagnosticflexible cystoscopy under local anesthesia, and urodynamic study. Result: 43.5% of patients age were between (34 - 53 years), (39%) between (54 - 73 years), (9%) between (14 - 33 years) and (8.5%) were between (74 - 93 years). Atonic bladder on UDS were (40.5%), Detrusor over activity (29%), patients with normal UDS were (22%) and patients that had DSD (Detrusor Sphincter Dyssynergia) were (8.5%). Eighty-four cases (42%) were found to have normal cystoscopy, those with grade-I-II bladder wall trabeculations were (49%) and patients with grade-III were (8.5%). Sixty-one patients (30.5%) with normal diagnostic cystoscopy have abnormal UDS (Atonic bladder, over-active bladder and DSD) while twenty-one (10.5%) patients with normal UDS had bladder wall trabeculations (grade-I-III) on diagnostic cystoscopy. Conclusion: Diagnostic cystoscopy in addition to urodynamic study will put in further knowledge in the assessment of patients with urinary incontinence. To some extent, it can predict the diagnosis.

不同剂量阿芬太尼复合丙泊酚在无痛膀胱镜检查中的临床应用效果

目的:研究不同剂量阿芬太尼复合丙泊酚在无痛膀胱镜检查术中的临床应用效果。方法:选取2021年1月—2021年12月在我院行静脉全麻下膀胱镜检查的患者105例,采用随机数字表法将患者随机分为A组、B组和C组,分别采用阿芬太尼5μg/kg、7.5μg/kg和10μg/kg复合丙泊酚麻醉,目标镇静深度为改良警觉/镇静评分(MOAA/S)≤2分。记录膀胱镜检查中检查时间、低氧血症发生率、不自主体动事件、低血压、心动过缓、术后恶心、头晕发生率、术后尿路刺激征发生率、中重度尿路刺激征发生率、镇静成功率、丙泊酚用量、血管活性药物使用人数、诱导时间、苏醒时间及满意度评分。结果:C组患者术中低氧血症发生率明显高于B组(25.0%vs 3.2%,P<0.05);A组低血压发生率显著高于B组(32.4%vs 9.7%,P<0.05),A组心动过缓发生率(35.3%)显著高于B组(12.9%)、C组(12.5%),差异有统计学意义;A组尿路刺激征发生率(67.6%)显著高于B组(35.5%)、C组(25.0%),差异有统计学意义。A组丙泊酚用量、血管活性药人数及苏醒时长均显著高于B、C组,差异有统计学意义;3组患者的镇静成功率、中重度尿路刺激征及满意度评分差异均无统计学意义。结论:阿芬太尼7.5μg/kg复合丙泊酚麻醉在无痛膀胱镜检查中安全有效,麻醉效果较好。

荧光膀胱镜在尿路上皮膀胱癌中的诊断价值

目的:评估以5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-aminolevulinic acid,5-ALA)作为荧光剂的荧光膀胱镜检查对非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的诊断价值。方法:按照筛除纳入标准,纳入97名研究对象,膀胱灌注50 mL浓度为3%的5-ALA溶液,保留1小时后,排空膀胱后置入膀胱镜,分别在普通白光和荧光下观察,对白光和/或荧光下显示阳性或可疑区域取组织做病理活检,同时行电切术。结果:97例患者中,19例患者普通白光膀胱镜及荧光膀胱镜下检查均为阴性,剩余78例患者取156处组织进行活检,平均每例患者取2块组织。结果显示97处病理报告为尿路上皮癌。经计算得出荧光膀胱镜的敏感性为91.75%(89/97),特异性为64.41%(38/59);普通白光膀胱镜的敏感性为71.13%(69/97),特异性55.93%(33/59);P<0.05,差异具有统计学意义。结论:荧光膀胱镜在诊断尿路上皮膀胱癌上的敏感性和特异性均显著高于普通白光膀胱镜,具有较高的临床应用价值。

Effect of different drying methods on the taste and volatile compounds,sensory characteristics of Takifugu obscurus

Pufferfish is prone to deterioration due to abundant nutrients and high moisture content.Drying technology can extend the shelf life and enhance the flavor quality of aquatic products.The study investigated the effect of hot air drying(HAD),microwave vacuum drying(MVD)and hot air assisted radio frequency drying(HARFD)on the taste and volatile profiles of Takifugu obscurus.Different drying methods had significant influence on the color,rehydration,5’-nucleotides,free amino acids and volatile components(P<0.05).The results showed that HAD and HARFD could promote the flavor of T.obscurus by producing higher equivalent umami concentration(EUC)values,which were about two times of MVD group,and more pronounced pleasant odor according to sensory analysis.HAD is more appropriate for industrial application than HARFD and MVD considering the economic benefits.This study could provide a reference for the industrial application of drying T.obscurus.