Effects of impingement and friction of swirling air stream on prefilming airblast atomization of non-Newtonian fluids

Liquids to be broken up using a prefilming airblast atomizer are usually Newton liquids with relatively low viscosities.While in some industrial processes,such as spray drying,liquids to be atomized are high concentration suspensions or non-Newtonian fluids with high viscosities.In this paper,non-Newtonian fluids with viscosity up to 4.4 Pa·s were effectively atomized using a specially designed prefilming airblast atomizer.The atomizer enabled liquid to extend to a thickness-adjustable film and forced the atomizing air stream to swirl with 30° or 45° through gas distributors with spiral slots.The liquid film was impinged by the swirling air stream resulting in the disintegration of the film into drops.Drop sizes were measured using a laser diffraction technique.An improved four-parameter mathematical model was established to relate the Sauter mean diameter of drops to the atomization conditions in terms of power dependencies on three dimensionless groups:Weber number,Ohnesorge number and air liquid mass ratio.The friction on the surface of the liquid film made by swirling air stream played an important role in the prefilming atomization at the conditions of low air velocity and low liquid viscosity.In this case,the liquid film was disintegrated into drops according to the classical wavy-sheet mechanism,thus thinner liquid films and high swirl levels of the atomizing air produced smaller drops.With the increase of the air velocity and the liquid viscosity,the effect of the friction on the prefilming atomization relatively weakened,whereas the impingement on the liquid film made by atomizing air stream in a direction normal to the liquid film and corresponding momentum transfer gradually strengthened and eventually dominated the disruption of liquid into drops,which induced that the initial thickness of the liquid film and the swirl of atomizing air stream exercised a minor influence on the drop sizes.

Simulation of Droplet-gas Flow in the Effervescent Atomization Spray with an Impinging Plate

Abstract A comprehensive three-dimensional model of droplet-gas flow was presented to study the evolution of spray in the effervescent atomization spray with an impinging plate. For gas phase, the N-S equation with the κ-ε turbulence model was solved, considering two-way coupling interaction between droplets and gas phase. Dispersed droplet phase is modeled as Lagrangian entities, accounting for the physics of droplet generation from primary and secondary breakup, droplet collision and coalescence, droplet momentum and heat transfer. The mean size and sta- tistical distribution of atomized droplets at various nozzle-to-plate distances were calculated. Some simulation resuits were compared well with experimental data. The results show that the existence of the impinging plate has a pronounced influence on the droplet mean size, size distribution and the droplet spatial distribution. The air-to-liquid ratio has obvious effects on the droplet size and distribution.

Experimental studies of air-blast atomization on the CO_(2)capture with aqueous alkali solutions

In this work,an air-blast atomizing column was used to study the CO2 capture performance with aqueous MEA(mono-ethanol-amine)and Na OH solutions.The effects of gas flow rate,the liquid to gas ratio(L/G),the CO2 concentration on the CO2 removal efficiency(η)and the volumetric overall mass transfer coefficient(KGav)were investigated.The air-blast atomizing column was also compared with the pressure spray tower on the studies of the CO2 capture performance.For the aqueous MEA and Na OH solutions,the experimental results show that theηdecreases with increasing gas flow rate and CO2 concentration while it increases with increasing L/G.The effects on KGavare more complicated than those forη.When the CO2 concentration is low(3 vol%),KGavincreases with increasing gas flow rate while decreases with increasing L/G.However,when the CO2 concentration is high(9.5 vol%),as the gas flow rate and L/G increases,KGavincreases first and then decreases.The aqueous MEA solution achieves higherηand KGavthan the aqueous Na OH solution.The air-blast atomizing column shows a good performance on CO2 capture.

微射流撞击形成液膜的形态演变特征

利用高速相机从正面和侧面两个视角拍摄了不同速度微射流撞击形成液膜的流动形态,以深入理解液膜形态演变的物理机制.实验中的射流韦伯数在6.3~404.5之间变化,结果表明:随着微射流速度的增加,射流的流动形态经历了从层流到湍流的变化,所形成的液膜经历了液体链条、封闭液膜、边缘失稳和波动液膜等多种流动形态.侧面视角观察到了撞击点附近射流表面存在静止毛细波,其波长随韦伯数增加呈现快速减小后缓慢减小的趋势.还观察到液膜顶端存在界面不稳定状态,其摆动导致沿液膜边缘产生向下传播的界面扰动,进而在液膜边缘形成液珠,液珠又可发展成指状液丝.指状液丝的生成带走了液膜中的部分流体,导致液膜在指状液丝根部上方撕裂.当射流中出现速度脉动后,会激励起液膜表面波动.若速度脉动间歇出现,液膜波动会在扰动消失后很快衰减;而持续的速度脉动会激励产生剧烈且持续的液膜摆动.这一发现证实了速度脉动引入的有限大小的扰动是激发液膜波动的必要条件.此外,液膜波动加速了液珠形成以及液珠向指状液丝的转变过程,还影响了指状液丝的空间分布.液膜摆动使两侧的撕裂点向液膜中心汇聚,形成下游的长液丝,完成了从液膜到液丝再到液滴的雾化过程.研究还利用纹影法获得了射流从层流向过渡流演变过程中液滴直径数据,发现液滴大小概率密度分布由多峰分布逐渐转变为符合Gamma函数的单峰分布.本研究得到的微射流撞击形成液膜的演变规律和机制,为相关应用研究提供了理论支持和定量认识.

Experimental Studies on Fuel Spray Characteristics of Pressure-Swirl Atomizer and Air-Blast Atomizer

In this work,the effects of fuel temperatures and pressure drops on the flow field and spray characteristics of a pressure-swirl atomizer were discussed using the Particle Imaging Velocimetry(PIV),Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence(PLIF)and Laser Particle Size Analyzer(LPSA)methods.Then the air-blast atomizer was selected to study the interaction of initial atomization and flow field.The effect of fuel-air ratio on the air-blast atomizer were also considered,where the fuel-air ratio was varied by adjusting mass flow rate of the air and fuel respectively.The results show that the spray angle of the pressure-swirl atomizer increases first and changes a little after the pressure drop higher than 0.5 MPa.However,more fuel concentrate on the central region,which is mainly caused by the increase of the proportion of small droplets with lower centrifugal force.The fuel temperature can improve the spray angle only in lower pressure drop,and it has a little effect under higher pressure drops.In addition,the fuel pressure drop has an obvious influence on the fuel distribution and flow field near the nozzle exit compared with the downstream.For the air-blast atomizer,the spray angle increases compared with the pressure-swirl atomizer for the introduction of swirl air.Furthermore,the spray angle decreases with the air mass rate increasing,and it increases with the fuel mass rate increasing.The distribution of velocity and droplet near the nozzle exit is influenced by the air mass rate,and the fuel mass rate mainly affects the distribution in the downstream.The fuel accumulates in the annular area below the nozzle,and the distribution of it changes little with the development along the axial direction.

Design and experiment on atomizer parameter of impinging low-speed centrifugal atomization sprayer

Atomizers were designed with different atomization parameters to obtain droplets that satisfy optimal particle size requirements for an impinging-type low-speed centrifugal atomizing sprayer.The main factors affecting droplet size are turntable speed,the number of teeth and the tooth shape of the toothed disc.Winner318 software was used to evaluate droplet sizes for different structures and the working parameters of the atomizer.The response surface method and Design-Expert were used to analyze the effect of each factor.The response surface analysis of the effect of structural and working parameters of the atomizer on the interaction between the volume medium diameter of the droplet and the spectral width of the droplet size was used to establish the atomizer droplet Granular spectrum prediction model.Optimal design fitting formulas are obtained,and the droplet sizes required for pesticides to control flying insect pests,to control the growth of reptile larvae,and the use of spraying fungicides to prevent crop damage were determined.This research provides a product not only similar to those in the market,but also the theoretical basis and references for innovation,development,and optimization of centrifugal atomization technology.

两股湍流射流撞击雾化过程的数值研究

采用新提出的雾化过程仿真算法,对两股湍流射流撞击雾化过程进行了数值研究,重点关注了撞击角和动量比的影响。为精细地模拟湍流对雾化的影响,采用了大涡模拟。对雾场瞬态和统计结果的分析表明,喷雾角随着两股射流撞击角的减小而减小,但液膜的破碎长度反而增加;动量比主要影响雾场的偏斜程度,动量比由1.0增大到2.25时,喷雾偏斜角由0°增大到约23°。仿真结果与试验结果吻合较好,表明新算法能够较好地反映两股湍流射流的雾化过程。

泄洪雾化机理和影响范围的探讨

总结泄洪雾化对工程的影响,分析泄洪雾化的来源和雾化区的划分,指出雾化源主要来自水舌落水附近的喷溅;探讨入水喷溅的机理,给出重力、空气阻力和水舌风作用下喷溅的纵向距离和横向喷溅宽度数学表达式,确定喷溅范围和强度;分析提出雾化范围的预报估算式,最后对雾化危害的防护提出具体意见。

流体动力式空调喷水室理论及靶式撞击流喷嘴的实验研究

介绍了流体动力式空调喷水室的理论及撞击流技术应用现状,系统阐述了撞击流喷嘴的雾化机理。对改进后的靶式撞击流喷嘴进行了实验研究。

双股互击式喷嘴凝胶水雾化特性试验

采用激光全息技术,研究了双股互击式喷嘴的撞击角、射流速度、射流初始状态和在液流中预混入气体对凝胶水雾化性能的影响,并与水进行了对比。研究表明:相同条件下,与水相比,凝胶水难以雾化;增加喷嘴撞击角和射流速度有利于凝胶水的雾化;表面粗糙孔喷嘴和液流中预混入气体有助于凝胶水的雾化。

射流撞击雾化液滴运动过程与粒径分布特性的试验研究

在大气环境下,以水为介质,采用PDPA和高速动态分析系统,针对直流撞击式喷注单元的雾场结构进行试验研究,获得了雾化液滴速度分布、粒径分布等试验参数。从液滴运动及液滴大小分布的角度针对撞击雾化液膜破碎成液滴的过程进行了分析,发现水平面上雾化液滴的径向速度以原点为中心对称,且随离原点距离增大而增大;初始雾化阶段的粒径大小分布则与径向速度分布相反。分析认为是液膜运动过程赋予了雾化液滴的初始速度,并影响了初始雾化液滴的分布特性。

撞击流反应器用于甲醇合成反应

撞击流反应器用于气液固三相甲醇合成反应可以充分发挥其优良的传热、传质性能。在撞击流反应器内,催化剂浆料经喷嘴雾化后成微米尺度的液滴,气液相间接触面积远大于其他三相合成反应器。考察了温度、压力、气体流量、浆料循环量以及喷嘴个数对甲醇合成反应的影响,结果表明,当压力从3.8MPa上升到5MPa时,反应器的时空产率增长了近1倍,气体流量达22.4L.min-1后时空产率几乎不再变化,增加浆料循环量以及在同一循环量下采用多喷嘴对置都可以增加催化剂时空产率。同时,与固定床、搅拌釜和浆态鼓泡床甲醇合成进行了对比,结果表明,在低空速下撞击流反应器与其他反应器时空产率相当,而在高空速下要优于其他反应器。

基于PIV的凝胶模拟液撞击雾化速度场实验研究

为了更好研究凝胶推进剂的雾化,采用时间分辨粒子图像测速(TR-PIV),研究了不同撞击角度(45°,60°,75°,90°和120°)和射流压差(0.4MPa^0.8MPa)对凝胶推进剂雾化速度的影响。实验结果表明:雾化液滴速度对于撞击轴线呈单峰对称分布,距离撞击点越远,雾化液滴速度越小且分布越均匀;增大撞击角和增大射流压差都可提高凝胶推进剂有效撞击速度,即增加撞击后液体动能转换液体破碎所需的能量,雾化质量提高;当有效撞击速度大于27.9m/s时,实验室配置的凝胶推进剂可充分雾化。

双股射流碰撞雾化特征实验

为改善双股射流碰撞雾化器的雾化性能,基于自行搭建的射流碰撞雾化实验台,采用CCD拍摄技术,研究射流速度、碰撞角度、喷嘴出口内径和黏度对雾化特征的影响.结果表明:随着射流韦伯数和碰撞角度的增大,喷雾角增大,液滴的索太尔平均直径(SMD)减小,且液滴分布更加均匀;喷嘴内径较小时形成的液膜厚度较薄,稳定性差,喷雾角较小,在所研究的范围内,液滴的平均直径不受喷嘴内径的影响;液体黏度越大,液膜越稳定不易破碎,液膜尺寸越大,喷雾角越小,液滴的平均粒径越大;在韦伯数较小时,差异明显,而在较高的韦伯数条件下,差距较小.在进行40%浓度甘油溶液雾化实验时,观察到了液膜翻转现象,从碰撞点往下出现连续多个相互垂直的液膜.因此,增大射流速度、碰撞角度,减小液体黏度,有助于改善雾化性能.

对撞喷嘴喷雾场周向分布特性的实验研究

借助相位多普勒粒子动态分析仪（PDA），采用对撞式喷嘴，研究了液体工质在大气环境中喷雾场的周向分布特性。结果表明：在0．8～1．8MPa喷射压力下，液滴雾化参数D32，vz，vr的周向分布均匀性随着轴向距离的增加而提高；在2．2～2．6MPa喷射压力下，距离喷嘴越远，液滴雾化参数沿周向分布越不均匀。采用RNI理论对喷雾场参数沿轴向和径向的分布均匀特性进行了定量表征分析，结果与实验相吻合，表明RNI理论可以反映雾化场的非均匀特性。

幂律型流体雾化SPH方法数值分析

幂律型流体的雾化过程存在复杂的界面运动,用传统网格法很难精确追踪运动界面。为研究幂律型流体的雾化特性,运用SPH方法对典型的双股幂律型流体撞击雾化问题进行三维数值分析。根据文献实验,采用SPH方法模拟获得与实验条件相应的数值结果,对比后表明,二者雾化角相当吻合,数值结果还成功捕捉到液膜向液丝的破碎过程及网状的液丝分布状态,验证了方法的有效性。分析了射流速度和撞击角度对雾化角的影响,得到雾化角随着射流速度和撞击角度的增加而增大;对雾化后的速度场进行数值分析后表明,撞击点附近,惯性力的作用使速度场变化剧烈;在流体远离撞击点的过程中,粘性耗散作用使速度场趋于稳定,但速度大小小于初始撞击速度。

雾化过程的一种Euler-Lagrangian耦合算法（英文）

对雾化过程的直接数值模拟需要巨大的计算资源和时间,而工程中的简化模型则经常会给出错误的结果。因此,可以折中地采用一种混合方法,即在不同尺度上采用不同的模型。提出了一种雾化过程的欧拉——拉格朗日耦合算法。较大的液团采用VOF法直接求解,与网格尺度相当或更小的液滴则采用双向耦合的拉格朗日粒子法进行追踪。而该方法要求粒子的体积小于网格体积的10%,为此又提出了一种虚网格粒子追踪法。由于湍流结构对雾化过程的影响很大,故湍流采用了大涡模拟模型。采用多个算例对开发的算法进行了验证,并对部分关键参数的影响进行了深入研究。采用新算法对两股撞击射流的雾化过程进行了研究,瞬态和统计结果均表明新算法能够给出良好的预测。

冲击式气流喷嘴雾化模型

针对冲击式气流喷嘴的雾化特点,考虑气流的冲击作用及表面张力对雾化过程的影响,从液膜受力平衡角度,建立了冲击式气流喷嘴的分阶段雾化模型。分析气流速度、液孔与气孔的相对位置对雾化滴径的影响,模拟结果与实验结果基本一致。

低Weber数射流撞击雾化的数学模型

通过分析低Ｗｅｂｅｒ数无粘射流撞击形成液膜雾化的特征，由质量守恒和动量守恒，并借鉴前人的理论和实验结果，推导出Ｔａｙｌｏｒ心形波作用下计算液膜厚度和形状的近似解析式，数值计算结果与文献所给实验数据基本吻合一致。结合矩形喷孔形成的扇形液膜的破碎理论，进一步计算了不同撞击角下雾化形成液滴尺寸的大小及分布。

撞击型喷嘴雾化特性的试验研究

选用撞击型雾化喷嘴AM4进行雾化特性试验,研究了喷嘴背压对雾化液滴尺寸及分布的影响。研究发现,雾化液滴的直径随喷雾压力的增大而减小,但喷雾压力有其临界范围,该压力更有利于空气与液滴的热质交换。利用最小二乘法拟合出喷嘴雾化液滴的经验关联式,整理成韦伯数和雷诺数的函数关系,可用来预测喷嘴出口粒子的直径。