Correlation Study of Operational Data and System Performance of District Cooling System with Ice Storage

The district cooling system (DCS) with ice storage can reduce the peak electricity demand of the business district buildings it serves, improve system efficiency, and lower operational costs. This study utilizes a monitoring and control platform for DCS with ice storage to analyze historical parameter values related to system operation and executed operations. We assess the distribution of cooling loads among various devices within the DCS, identify operational characteristics of the system through correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA), and subsequently determine key parameters affecting changes in cooling loads. Accurate forecasting of cooling loads is crucial for determining optimal control strategies. The research process can be summarized briefly as follows: data preprocessing, parameter analysis, parameter selection, and validation of load forecasting performance. The study reveals that while individual devices in the system perform well, there is considerable room for improving overall system efficiency. Six principal components have been identified as input parameters for the cold load forecasting model, with each of these components having eigenvalues greater than 1 and contributing to an accumulated variance of 87.26%, and during the dimensionality reduction process, we obtained a confidence ellipse with a 95% confidence interval. Regarding cooling load forecasting, the Relative Absolute Error (RAE) value of the light gradient boosting machine (lightGBM) algorithm is 3.62%, Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) is 42.75%, and R-squared value (R2) is 92.96%, indicating superior forecasting performance compared to other commonly used cooling load forecasting algorithms. This research provides valuable insights and auxiliary guidance for data analysis and optimizing operations in practical engineering applications. .

Analysis of Solar Direct-Driven Organic Rankine Cycle Powered Vapor Compression Cooling System Combined with Electric Motor for Office Building Air-Conditioning

Solar energy powered organic Rankine cycle vapor compression cycle(ORC-VCC)is a good alternative to convert solar heat into a cooling effect.In this study,an ORC-VCC system driven by solar energy combined with electric motor is proposed to ensure smooth operation under the conditions that solar radiation is unstable and discontinuous,and an office building located in Guangzhou,China is selected as a case study.The results show that beam solar radiation and generation temperature have considerable effects on the system performance.There is an optimal generation temperature at which the system achieves optimum performance.Also,as a key indicator,the cooling power per square meter collector should be considered in the hybrid solar cooling system in design process.Compared to the vapor compression cooling system,the hybrid cooling system can save almost 68.23%of electricity consumption.

Integrated Behavior of Carbon and Copper Alloy Heat Sink Under Different Heat Loads and Cooling Conditions

An actively water-cooled limiter has been designed for the long pulse operation of an HT-7 device, by adopting an integrated structure-doped graphite and a copper alloy heat sink with a super carbon sheet serving as a compliant layer between them. The behaviors of the integrated structure were evaluated in an electron beam facility under different heat loads and cooling conditions. The surface temperature and bulk temperature distribution were carefully measured by optical pyrometers and thermocouples under a steady state heat flux of 1 to 5 MW/m^2 and a water flow rate of 3 m^3/h, 4.5 m^3/h and 6 m^3/h, respectively. It was found that the surface temperature increased rapidly with the heat flux rising, but decreased only slightly with the water flow rate rising. The surface temperature reached approximately 1200℃ at 5 MW/m^2 of heat flux and 6 m^3/h of water flow. The primary experimental results indicate that the integrated design meets the requirements for the heat expelling capacity of the HT-7 device. A set of numerical simulations was also completed, whose outcome was in good accord with the experimental results.

Optimal Operation Strategies for a Large Multi-Chiller System Based on Cooling Load Forecast

In semiconductor and electronics factories, large multi-chiller systems are needed to satisfy strict cooling load requirements. In order to save energy, it is worthwhile to design the chilled water system operation. In this paper, an optimal flexible operation scheme is developed based on a two-dimensional time-series model to forecast the cooling load of multi-chiller systems with chiller units of different cooling capacities running in parallel. The optimal integrity scheme can be obtained using the Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming method, which minimizes the energy consumption of the system within a future time period. In order to better adapt the change of cooling load, the operation strategy of regulating the chilled water flowrates is employed. The chilled water flowrates are set as a design variable. When the chillers are running, their chilled water flowrates can vary within limits, whereas the flowrates are zero when the chillers are unloaded. This forecasting method provides integral optimization within a future time period and offers the operating reference for operators. The power and advantages of the proposed method are presented using an industrial case to help readers delve into this matter.

Cooling Load Distribution of Large Space Building

The cooling and heating load distribution of large area air-conditioned room such as “open” offices, shopping malls and waiting rooms is usually assumed to be even in air conditioning system design. However, it is not the case in reality, and a low efficient air conditioning system results from this assumption. A simulation and analysis of the cooling load distribution of an office building in Hong Kong with TRANSYS software is provided in this paper. A typical office is divided into 13 zones for simulation, including external zone, medial zone and internal zone in the north, the south, the east and the west respectively and a central zone, instead of 4 directional zone. The result shows there is much cooling load difference between each zone, and more attention should be paid to uneven indoor cooling and heating load distribution to further guide the design.

Experimental Study of Air Conditioning Unit of Evaporative Cooling Assisted Mechanical Refrigeration

The evaporative cooling,which assists the refrigeration machinery air-conditioning systems test-rig,has been designed.Its structure and working principle were described,and the performance test was conducted and analyzed.The test shows that making full use of the evaporative cooling "free cooling" in Spring and Autumn seasons can fully meet the requirements of air-conditioned comfort through the switch of the function in different seasons.Taking into account the evaporative cooling fan and pump energy consumption,compared with the traditional mechanical refrigeration system,more than 80 percent of energy can be saved,and the energy efficiency ratio of the Unit(EER)is as high as 7.63.Using the two stages of indirect evaporative cooling to pre-cool the new wind in summer,under the conditions of the same air supply temperature requirements,0.83 kg/s chilled water saved can be equivalent to the traditional mechanical refrigeration system,and when the new wind ratio up to 50 percent,more than 10 percent load was reduced in mechanical refrigeration system.The overall EER increased about 35 percent.

Simulation of District Cooling Plant and Efficient Energy Air Cooled Condensers (Part I)

In hot arid countries with severe weather, the summer air conditioning systems consume much electrical power at peak period. Shifting the loads peak to off-peak period with thermal storage is recommended. Model A of residential buildings and Model B of schools and hospitals were used to estimate the daily cooling load profile in Makkah, Saudi Arabia at latitude of 21.42°N and longitude of 39.83°E. Model A was constructed from common materials, but Model B as Model A with 5 - 8 cm thermal insulation and double layers glass windows. The average data of Makkah weather through 2010, 2011 and 2012 were used to calculate the cooling load profile and performance of air conditioning systems. The maximum cooling load was calculated at 15:00 o’clock for a main floor building to a 40-floor of residential building and to 5 floors of schools. A district cooling plant of 180,000 Refrigeration Ton was suggested to serve the Gabal Al Sharashf area in the central zone of Makkah. A thermal storage system to store the excess cooling capacity was used. Air cooled condensers were used in the analysis of chiller refrigeration cycle. The operating cost was mainly a function of electrical energy consumption. Fixed electricity tariff was 0.04 $/kWh for electromechanical counter, and 0.027, 0.04, 0.069 $/kWh for shifting loads peak for the smart digital counter. The results showed that the daily savings in consumed power are 8.27% in spring, 6.86% in summer, 8.81% in autumn, and 14.55% in winter. Also, the daily savings in electricity bills are 12.26% in spring, 16.66% in summer, 12.84% in autumn, and 14.55% in winter. The obtained maximum saving in consumed power is 14.5% and the daily saving in electricity bills is 43% in summer when the loads peak is completely shifted to off-peak period.

Deep mine cooling,a case for Northern Ontario:Part Ⅰ

Cooling energy needs,for mines in Northern Ontario,are mainly driven by the mining depth and its operation.Part I of this research focusses on the thermal energy loads in deep mines as a result of the virgin rock temperature,mining operations and climatic conditions.A breakdown of the various heat sources is outlined,for an underground mine producing 3500 tonnes per day of broken rock,taking into consideration the latent and sensible portions of that heat to properly assess the wet bulb global temperature.The resulting thermal loads indicate that cooling efforts would be needed both at surface and underground to maintain the temperature underground within the legal threshold.In winter the air might also have to be heated at surface and cooled underground,to ensure that icing does not occur in the inlet ventilation shaft-the main reason why cooling cannot be focussed solely at surface.

Effect of thermal storage performance of concrete radiant cooling room on indoor temperature

A building model with radiant cooling system was established and the cooling load,indoor temperature,surface temperature of the walls and other parameters in non-cooling and radiant cooling room were calculated by TRNSYS.The comparative analysis of the characteristics of attenuation and delay proves that the operation of radiant cooling system increases the degree of temperature attenuation of the room and reduces the inner surface temperature of the wall significantly,but has little effect on the attenuation coefficient and delay time of wall heat transfer.The simulation results also show that the inner surface temperature of the walls in the radiant cooling room is much lower than that in non-cooling room in the day with the maximum cooling load,which reduces the indoor operation temperature largely,and improves the thermal comfort.Finally,according to the analysis of indoor temperature of the rooms with different operation schedules of cooling system,it can be derived that the indoor mean temperature changes with the working time of radiant cooling system,and the operation schedule can be adjusted in practice according to the actual indoor temperature to achieve the integration of energy efficiency and thermal comfort.

Empirical investigation of the cooling performance of a new designed Trombe wall in combination with solar chimney and water spraying system

This paper presents an experimental study of a new designed Trombe wall in combination with solar chimney and water spraying system in a test room under Yazd(Iran) desert climate.The Trombe wall area is 50% of that of the southern wall of the building that occupies less space and reduces the implementation costs. The new design of the channel has caused the absorber to receive the solar radiation from three directions. Based on the results, the optimum mass flow rate and the nozzle diameter of the water spraying system has been obtained 10 l/h and 30 μm, respectively. The results indicate that the water spraying system decreases indoor temperature and increases indoor relative humidity by about 8 ℃ and 17%, respectively. The most effect of outdoor relative humidity variation is on indoor relative humidity, rather than indoor temperature. When outdoor temperature increases, both indoor relative humidity and the difference between indoor and outdoor relative humidity decreases. The results also showed that theTrombe wall; Solar chimney; Water spraying system(2) Prediction of energy performance of residential buildings:A genetic programming approach, P67-74, by Mauro Castelli,Leonardo Trujillo, Leonardo Vanneschi, Ale觢 Popovic Abstract: Energy consumption has long been emphasized as an important policy issue in today's economies. In particular, the energy efficiency of residential buildings is considered a top priority of a country's energy policy. The paper proposes a genetic programming-based framework for estimating the energy performance of residential buildings. The objective is to build a model able to predict the heating load and the cooling load of residential buildings. An accurate prediction of these parameters facilitates a better control of energy consumption and, moreover, it helps choosing the energy supplier that better fits the energy needs,which is considered an important issue in the deregulated energy market. The proposed framework blends a recently developed version of genetic programming with a local search method and linear scaling. The resulting system enables us to build a model that produces an accurate estimation of both considered parameters. Extensive simulations on 768 diverse residential buildings confirm the suitability of the proposed method in predicting heating load and cooling load. In particular, the proposed method is more accurate than the existing state-of-the-art techniques.

Deep mine cooling, a case for Northern Ontario:Part Ⅱ

Cooling energy needs, for mines in Northern Ontario, are mainly driven by the mining cooling technologies available and the cost to implement them in a 2500 m deep underground mine. The cooling technologies reviewed herein include mechanical and natural cooling systems, ranging from mechanical chillers to seasonal thermal storages. The economic and operating parameters for each technology were estimated and evaluated according to the mine's energy loads. Including consideration of any combined heat and power benefits of the technology, cooling tower requirements, etc., the resulting cost of implementation for each technology could be ranked. This showed that the natural thermal storage systems and conventional chillers were the most cost-effective, mainly since the natural systems had very low operating cost and the chillers had relatively low capital costs.

基于温升特性的强迫导向油循环风冷结构变压器负荷能力评估

针对强迫导向油循环风冷(oir directrd air forced,ODAF)结构变压器负荷能力受温升约束影响的问题,提出了3种负荷类型情况下变压器负荷能力评估方法。首先,考虑风扇与油泵的运行状态以及油粘度变化对热阻的影响等因素,基于热电类比法建立了变压器热路模型,以计算绕组热点与顶部油温度;其次,采用粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization,PSO)算法拟合热路模型参数,并基于2台不同型号变压器的运行数据,对热路模型的计算精度与拟合参数适用性进行有效性验证;最后,参考GB/T1094.7负载导则给出的温升限值,基于温升特性提出了负荷能力评估模型。分析结果表明,该研究所提热路模型计算热点温度的误差不大于2.35℃,在工程允许范围内;正常周期性负荷下当环境温度低于1℃时,关闭1组子散热器后仍满足温升约束。

夏季日峰降温电力负荷预测灰色模型及其应用

基于2017—2020年石家庄市逐15分钟电力负荷及同期气象资料,计算人体舒适度指标有效温度和温湿指数,考虑基准负荷存在周期性和增长性,提出采用灰色模型GM(1,1)并结合滤波法、相关分析等方法,建立日峰降温电力负荷与人体舒适度指标分段回归模型。结果表明:石家庄电力负荷具有明显的逐年增长趋势;剥离出的日降温负荷曲线呈“W”型分布;分别对模型进行一次、二次和分段函数拟合,对3种预测模型进行检验发现分段函数预测精度较高,平均相对误差在4.8%~5.2%,有效温度和温湿指数的分段函数误差在-10%~10%所占比例分别为88.1%和90.5%;考虑了温度、湿度和风速的有效温度较温湿指数的夏季日峰降温电力负荷预测模型预测准确率更高,回归模型分段点为26.2℃,对电网“迎峰度夏”时期电力调度具有参考价值。

住宅厨房空调冷负荷及其影响因素研究

住宅厨房空间因存在高温燃烧热源和烹饪空气污染源,是热舒适和空气品质问题相对集中的区域。随着生活水平的提高,人们对厨房热湿环境的舒适性要求越来越高,新的厨房空调产品也逐渐出现,而现有的负荷研究无法为厨房空调的设计提供有效依据。为了探索住宅厨房空调冷负荷及其影响因素,以某典型住宅厨房为例,研究了厨房冷负荷的大小分布、来源构成、影响变量以及地域差异。结果表明,厨房空调冷负荷集中分布在800~1600W/m^(2),潜热负荷占比高达75%,室外补风在显热负荷和潜热负荷中平均占比30%和71%。地域差异导致峰值负荷大小和出现小时数不同,这对空调选型有重要影响。现有的厨房空调需要匹配合理的运行策略和补风形式才能满足厨房冷量需求。

竖向和水平组合荷载下能量桩单桩变形特性

能量桩作为一种新型能源地下结构,在承受上部建筑荷载同时,能够获取浅层地热能。目前针对水平荷载与竖向荷载共同作用下的能量桩热力学特性的研究较少,而水平荷载与竖向荷载共同作用下,桩身温度变化会引起桩体弯矩、水平和竖向位移等发生变化。基于模型试验,对桩体施加10次冷热循环,开展了竖向和水平组合荷载下能量桩的变形特性研究。结果表明,组合荷载下冷热循环会进一步增大桩身弯矩,且对桩体中部的影响更大,最大桩身弯矩增幅达到了117%;冷热循环会产生桩顶累积位移,试验桩竖向位移增加了0.201 mm,温度作用引起的水平位移增加值达到了1.46%D(D为桩体直径);同时,冷热循环会导致桩向桩前倾斜,10次冷热循环后转角达到1.88×10^(-3)rad,且会随着循环次数增加有缓慢增加趋势;加热时桩前土压力减小,而制冷时使桩前土压力增大。

湿冷汽轮机变负荷末级1036mm高效叶片气动特性

介绍了湿冷汽轮机变负荷末级1036mm叶片的气动特性。从叶型特点、数值计算方法、分析参数分布规律及在50%、75%、100%负荷下反动度和效率等方面介绍该叶片。

强化坏路工况下冷却模块的加速耐久试验研究

提出一种加速疲劳试验功率谱编辑法。以某款商用车道路试验载荷谱为基础,通过分析各路况下的频域特征,结合冷却模块的计算模态结果,确认导致冷却模块失效的风险路况。基于采集的载荷信号计算得到各路况疲劳损伤谱分量,应用Miner线性叠理论获得总疲劳损伤,最终编辑生成台架加速试验用功率谱。通过对加速谱时域、幅值域和频域角度的对比,验证加速谱台架响应统计特征与原始谱的一致性。冷却模块的台架耐久试验表明,将振动量级提高1.85倍,通过57 h的台架试验模拟完成三种风险路段数百小时的道路试验。并复现道路试验的失效故障,验证其有效性。

基于傅里叶变换的多联机空调负荷提取及预测方法

多联机空调实际制冷量通常不等同于房间真实的空调负荷需求,导致基于数据驱动的负荷预测模型的预测效果往往较差。本文提出了一种基于傅里叶变换的从实际制冷量数据中提取空调真实负荷数据的方法。案例预测结果表明,该方法能够有效提取空调负荷数据,并能将基于人工神经网络的超短期空调负荷预测模型精度提升10.94%。