MULTIAXIAL CREEP-FATIGUE LIFE EVALUATION UNDER PROPORTIONAL LOADING

A new method was proposed for the multiaxial creep-fatigue life evaluation under proportional loadings. Because this method was derived from the strain range partitioning method with a multiaxiality factor, it was possible to consider the influence of both creep-fatigue interaction and multiaxial stress state on fatigue life. In order to predict the combined axial-torsional fatigue life the damage under combined loading was defined as linear summation of the damages under axial loading and torsional loading. Axial-torsional creep-fatigue tests were carried out using tubular specimens of 316LC austenitic stainless steel and the ferritic rotor steel. This rotor steel was developed for the permanent magnet type eddy current retarder in heavy trucks. Experimentally obtained lives of both steels were well corresponded with the lives predicted by the proposed method. It was found that the proposed method was effective in multiaxial fatigue life evaluation under proportional creep-fatigue loadings.

Fatigue characteristics and microcosmic mechanism of Al-Si-Mg alloys under multiaxial proportional loadings

With the increasing use of Al-Si-Mg alloys in the automotive industry,the fatigue performance of Al-Si-Mg alloy has become a major concern with regard to their reliability.The fatigue characteristics and microcosmic mechanism of an Al-Si-Mg alloy under multiaxial proportional loadings were investigated in this research.As low cycle fatigue life and material strengthening behavior are closely related,the effect of equivalent strain amplitude on the multiaxial fatigue properties was analyzed.Fatigue tests were conducted to determine the influence of equivalent strain amplitude on the multiaxial proportional fatigue properties.The fatigue life exhibits a stable behavior under multiaxial proportional loadings.The dislocation structures of the Al-Si-Mg alloy were observed by transmission electron microscopy（TEM）.The dislocation structure evolution of the Al-Si-Mg alloy under multiaxial proportional loadings during low cycle fatigue develops step by step by increasing fatigue cycles.Simultaneously,the dislocation structure changes with the change in equivalent strain amplitude under multiaxial proportional loadings.The experimental evidence indicates that the multiaxial fatigue behavior and life are strongly dependent on the microstructure of the material,which is caused by multiaxial proportional loadings.

EFFECT OF NON-PROPORTIONAL OVERLOADING ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH

The effect of proportional and non-proportional overloading on mode l fatigue crack growth have been studied,and the influences of crack tip plastic zone,crack tip blunting as well as crack closure were discussed.Proportional(model I)overloading may cause more serious crack growth retardation than non-proportional(mixed mode)overloading.Therefore,for estimating the fatigue life of engineering structures to simplify a real overload which may of- ten be non-proportional as a proportional one is not always safe.

Analytic Formulae for Estimating Motor Proportion of Load Model Under Small Disturbance

In the composite load model(CLM),which is commonly used in China,an equivalent motor and equivalent static load are used to represent all electrical equipment and networks connected to a load bus.Existing research has determined typical values of electrical and mechanical parameters for load models of different load types,which improves the basis for load modeling.However,the motor proportion parameter is not the same for different load buses or at different times;therefore,obtaining the actual motor proportion is key to establishing an accurate load model.In the existing load modeling method,motor proportion is commonly identified along with other parameters under rare large disturbances;therefore,the value of the motor proportion is fixed by the time when a large disturbance occurs.In this paper,formulae are derived to estimate motor proportion under small disturbances,and these formulae allow direct calculation of motor proportion without using any optimization algorithm.The proposed estimation formulae do not rely on any parameters of load model or power system but instead rely only on measurement of the voltage and active power at steady-state points before and after a small disturbance.Because of universality of small disturbances in power systems,estimating time-varying motor proportion under small disturbances will be helpful for solving the time-varying problem of load models.Finally,the proposed motor proportion estimation formulae are validated by simulations,physical experiments,and field experiments.

Water-Assisted Injection Molding System Based on Water Hydraulic Proportional Control Technique

Water-assisted injection molding（WAIM）, an innovative process to mold plastic parts with hollow sections, is characterized with intermittent, periodic process and large pressure and flow rate variation. Energy savings and injection pressure control can not be .attained based on conventional valve control system. Moreover, the injection water can not be supplied directly by water hydraulic proportional control system. Poor efficiency and control performance are presented by current trial systems, which pressurize injection water by compressed air. In this paper, a novel water hydraulic system is developed applying an accumulator for energy saving. And a new differential pressure control method is proposed by using pressure cylinder and water hydraulic proportional pressure relief valve for back pressure control. Aiming at design of linear controller for injection water pressure regulation, a linear load model is approximately built through computational fluid dynamics（CFD） simulation on two-phase flow cavity filling process with variable temperature and viscosity, and a linear model of pressure control system is built with the load model and linearization of water hydraulic components. According to the simulation, model based feedback is brought forward to compensate the pressure decrease during accumulator discharge and eliminate the derivative element of the system. Meanwhile, the steady-state error can be reduced and the capacity of resisting disturbance can be enhanced, by closed-loop control of load pressure with integral compensation. Through the developed experimental system in the State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, Zhejiang University, China, the static characteristic of the water hydraulic proportional relief valve was tested and output pressure control of the system in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene（ABS） parts molding experiments was also studied. The experiment results show that the dead band and hysteresis of the water hydraulic proportional pressure relief valve are large, but the control precision and linearity can be improved with feed-forward compensation. With the experimental results of injection water pressure control, the applicability of this WAIM system and the effect of its linear controller are verified. The novel proposed process of WAIM pressure control and study on characteristics of control system contribute to the application of water hydraulic proportional control and WAIM technology.

Experimental Study on Non-proportional Multiaxial Strain Cyclic Characteristics and Ratcheting of U71Mn Rail Steel

An experimental study was carried out on the strain cyclic characteristics and ratcheting of U71Mn rail steel subjected to non-proportional multiaxial cyclic loading. The strain cyclic characteristics were researched under the strain-controlled circular load path. The ratcheting was investigated for the stress-controlled multiaxial circular, elliptical and rhombic load paths with different mean stresses, stress amplitudes and their histories. The experiment shows that U71Mn rail steel features the cyclic non-hardening/softening, and its strain cyclic characteristics depend greatly on the strain amplitude but slightly on its history. However, the ratcheting of U71Mn rail steel depends greatly not only on the values of mean stress and stress amplitude, but also on their histories. In the meantime, the shape of load path and its history also apparently influence the ratcheting. The ratcheting changes with the different loading paths.

Morphological evolution and flow conduction characteristics of fracture channels in fractured sandstone under cyclic loading and unloading

In coal mining,rock strata are fractured under cyclic loading and unloading to form fracture channels.Fracture channels are the main flow narrows for gas.Therefore,expounding the flow conductivity of fracture channels in rocks on fluids is significant for gas flow in rock strata.In this regard,graded incremental cyclic loading and unloading experiments were conducted on sandstones with different initial stress levels.Then,the three-dimensional models for fracture channels in sandstones were established.Finally,the fracture channel percentages were used to reflect the flow conductivity of fracture channels.The study revealed how the particle size distribution of fractured sandstone affects the formation and expansion of fracture channels.It was found that a smaller proportion of large blocks and a higher proportion of small blocks after sandstone fails contribute more to the formation of fracture channels.The proportion of fracture channels in fractured rock can indicate the flow conductivity of those channels.When the proportion of fracture channels varies gently,fluids flow evenly through those channels.However,if the proportion of fracture channels varies significantly,it can greatly affect the flow rate of fluids.The research results contribute to revealing the morphological evolution and flow conductivity of fracture channels in sandstone and then provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the gas flow pattern in the rock strata of coal mines.

进气歧管喷水对发动机燃烧性能的试验研究

为研究进气歧管喷水技术对汽油发动机热效率的提升潜力,基于一台研究型单缸汽油发动机,采用试验的手段对比研究了不同的喷水比例、不同的负荷工况及不同的压缩比下进气歧管喷水对发动机燃烧性能的影响。结果表明,采用进气歧管喷水技术可有效降低发动机的爆震趋势,随着喷水比例的增加,CA50逐渐提前,燃料的滞燃期及燃烧持续期增加,同时伴随着传热损失逐渐增加。相比于无喷水(w/o PWI)的结果,喷水的引入虽然导致未燃损失增加,但有利于排气能量损失大幅降低,最终反应到经济性的表现为热效率随着喷水比例的增大呈先增加后降低的趋势,油耗率的表现同热效率的结果相反;此时最佳的净指示热效率(GITE)为43.1%,相比于w/o PWI的结果升高了2.5%;最佳的净指示油耗率(GISFC)为197.9 g/(kW·h),相比于w/o PWI的结果降低了11.8 g/(kW·h)。高负荷运用喷水技术将达到更显著的热效率改善及油耗改善效果;同时,喷水技术的引入使得发动机高压缩比的应用成为可能。

基于储能有功功率与OLTC协调的配电网电压控制

高比例光伏系统接入配电网会引起电压越限,传统无功电压调整方案在高阻抗比配网中失效,利用储能系统有功功率实现电压控制的技术方案被广泛采用,但现有技术方案中的储能系统在电压控制过程中可能产生过度充放电问题。针对这些问题,提出了一种基于储能有功功率与有载调压变压器(on-loadtapchanger,OLTC)协调的配电网电压控制策略。在分析光伏接入对配电网电压影响的基础上,利用测量得到的电压数据控制储能有功功率,实现对接入节点电压水平的快速调控;同时在OLTC控制环节加入储能荷电状态参考量,利用节点电压信息与储能荷电状态共同控制OLTC分接头动作,实现对配电网整体电压水平调控的同时避免了储能系统过度充放电。最后在IEEE 13节点系统中进行仿真验证,结果表明所提策略能够解决配电网内电压越限问题,避免储能系统过度充放电,从而延长储能系统的使用寿命,实现对配电网内资源的合理利用。

基于预期动态方程的含高比例可再生能源孤岛运行微电网负荷频率控制

针对高比例可再生能源并入微电网带来的负荷频率控制问题,提出基于预期动态方程的比例-积分-微分(PID)控制策略.在分析微电网负荷频率控制模型和控制难点的基础上,设计基于预期动态方程的PID控制策略,采用单一变量法分析控制器参数对控制效果的影响,总结了简单、实用的参数整定流程,并在微电网负荷频率控制系统中应用.在不同工况下与多种控制器进行仿真对比,结果表明:所提控制策略能够在保证鲁棒性的前提下取得最佳控制效果,展现出很高的工程应用价值.

考虑源荷不确定性和新能源消纳的综合能源系统协同调度方法

随着“双碳”战略的实施,风光等新能源渗透比例不断提高。需求侧资源参与有功调度是源荷平衡和提高新能源消纳率的重要方式之一,而源荷侧的多重不确定性又会对综合能源系统中多类型能源的管理提出了新的要求。在此背景下,该文提出了一种调度与消纳协同优化方法,构建能源管理与定价双层优化模型。首先,上层能源管理模型采用该文提出的随机-鲁棒优化方法解决综合能源系统调度面临的新能源发电时序波动性、负荷及其响应的不确定性等问题;其次,在下层能源定价模型中,以系统新能源就地消纳率最大为目标,通过价格变化信号引导用户合理消费,从而优化负荷曲线,消纳上层控制中因安全稳定运行需要而导致的弃风弃光功率;之后,应用线性优化强对偶定理和列和约束生成算法,将上层模型转化为混合整数线性规划问题,并利用商业化求解器YALMIP/GUROBI对双层优化模型进行求解。最后,算例分析验证了该文优化方法能够兼顾系统运行鲁棒性与经济性,同时可以在高比例新能源接入情景下有效促进新能源消纳。

高水电占比地区电氢混合储能优化配置研究

受用电负荷快速增长和极端天气下来水不确定性提高等因素影响,高水电占比地区电力供给侧与需求侧波动性矛盾日益突出,电力系统对具备长期调节能力的灵活性资源需求愈发迫切。氢储能作为具有长期调节能力的新型储能,能够缓解高水电占比地区供需紧张形势。为此设计了适应高水电占比地区实际情况的电氢混合储能优化配置模型,在目标函数中引入了失负荷惩罚函数,并量化了大型/中小型水电机组发电能力随时间的变化情况。以某高水电占比地区96台不同类型发电机组构成的电力系统为分析对象,相较于现行储能配置要求,模型优化结果使得水电消纳量提升了7 188 MW·h,失负荷电量下降了6 513 MW·h,总成本下降了319.4万元。横向对比了高水电占比地区、高火电占比地区、高新能源占比地区对不同类型储能的需求规模以及储能企业的收益情况,相关结论能够为未来储能投资发展提供参考。

考虑长期负荷概率预测的储能多阶段优化配置

随着高比例新能源对电网的逐渐渗透,其出力的随机性和不确定性对电力系统的安全稳定运行提出了更高的要求。储能的源荷双向特征,可以作为灵活性资源提升电网的调节能力,当应用在电网侧时,储能配置的功率和容量大小影响电力系统的稳定运行和经济规划。提出了一种考虑长期负荷概率预测的储能多阶段优化配置方法,对电网侧的独立大规模储能进行容量配置。首先,分析电网侧独立储能的成本效益,以多阶段经济性最优为目标,采用非参数组合回归的长期负荷概率预测模型,建立优化模型并采用改进粒子群算法求解。最后,用酒泉地区电力系统进行算例分析,验证所提方法和模型的可行性和优越性,并且从峰谷电价差和新能源利用率两个方面对储能经济性进行了灵敏度分析。

一种方便工程应用的铝合金板非比例加载成形极限判据

在深入分析比例和非比例加载路径下板料达到成形极限时的厚度减薄率基础上,提出了一种基于厚度减薄率的成形极限判据。针对5086和6111T4两种铝合金板,通过拟合线性加载路径下不同应变比与厚度减薄率之间的关系曲线,绘制出成形极限厚度减薄率图,并预测了复杂加载路径下的成形极限图。结果表明,基于厚度减薄率的成形极限判据能够合理预测不同加载路径下成形极限曲线的移动方向。在一定的预应变范围内,成形极限厚度减薄率图不受加载路径的影响,但当超过这个范围时,成形极限厚度减薄率图仍然表现出对加载路径的依赖性。因此在工业生产中,成形极限厚度减薄率图适合作为加载路径中不包含大预应变的成形极限判据,否则仍需要考虑加载路径对成形极限的影响。

电解铝负荷调节能力量化及参与电网协同调度

电解铝负荷具有热惯量特性,可为区域电网提供一定的调节能力。然而,负荷参与调节的前提是电网调度机构能够准确掌握其调节能力,实现负荷调节能力的可观性。从模型-数据双驱动的思路出发,结合电解铝负荷的等效物理模型和电网侧的历史数据构建电解铝负荷的生产-调节模型,从等效物理模型中挖掘负荷的调节能力,从电网侧数据中识别负荷调节能力的关键参数。在评估和量化电解铝负荷的调节能力后,将其纳入到区域电网考虑运行可靠性的协同优化调度模型中。以实际西北电网数据为基础进行测试,结果表明所提方法能够量化电解铝负荷的调节和备用能力,优化电解铝负荷参与电网协同调度。

基于元件原理解析的掘进机液压系统故障诊断

当前矿用掘进机已向智能化和掘锚探一体化方向发展,使得其液压系统更加复杂。针对掘进机液压系统中关键元件结构原理复杂、故障机理分析专业性强、故障排查与处理难度大、效率低等问题,阐述了关键、复杂元件的功能特征,分析了其结构与工作原理。在此基础上总结了掘进机液压系统典型故障现象与特征,详细分析了故障的诱因及处理方法,提出了故障预防的措施,可为掘进机液压系统设计、使用、维护者在系统优化、故障高效判断及排除方面提供参考。

某10 kV配电台区负荷不平衡特性分析

随着电力、电子技术的发展及相关设备日趋成熟,电力终端用户侧表现出新的负荷特征。比如,随机性与不确定性更强;峰值负荷短时功率变化更显著;三相负荷均匀分配更难等。本文结合某10 kV配电台区内2023年智能电表真实数据,分析不同智能电表采集终端和不同类型用户的负荷时间序列特征,并刻画负荷变化的特性指标,主要包括:负荷曲线波动系数;峰值负荷持续时间占比;负荷三相不平衡度。通过对以上指标提取及针对性分析结果的应用,优化了该区域配电网的运行调度,改善了用户服务。同时,可以为电力市场机制设计提供科学指导。

基于电液比例和负载敏感技术的非公路矿用自卸车线控液压转向系统

提出了一种基于电液比例技术和负载敏感技术的兼容有人驾驶和无人驾驶转向功能的大流量和中小流量液压转向系统,分别阐述了两种系统的组成、液压原理和控制方法,为各流量需求的兼容有人驾驶和无人驾驶转向功能的非公路矿用自卸车液压转向系统的设计提供了一种原理方案。

基于联合时序场景和改进TCN的高比例新能源电网负荷预测

为充分挖掘新型电力系统建设过程中高比例新能源并网对负荷预测的影响,以风光负荷数据为研究对象,提出一种基于联合时序场景和改进型时间卷积网络的短期负荷预测方法。首先,基于3σ准则对风光负荷历史数据进行分析,剔除异常数据,然后应用联合时序场景刻画负荷需求与风光出力的相关性,分类出不同负荷预测场景。接着,利用随机森林算法进行负荷预测特征量提取,构建随机森林时间卷积网络(RF-TCN)预测模型,并采用Bootstrap算法对预测结果进行修正。最后,以甘肃省2022年数据为例进行仿真,并设置4种对比算例。仿真结果证明了所提方法的有效性,以期在新型电力系统建设过程中发挥积极作用。

一种电比例控制位移-流量反馈式控制阀

以流量控制阀为研究对象,针对流量控制阀负载控制稳定性差、流量变化大、易泄露的问题,基于Valvistor节流阀的原理,设计了一种电比例控制位移-流量反馈式控制阀,主要阐述了该流量控制阀的阀体结构和液压桥路原理。通过AMESim建立该流量控制阀的阀体和比例电磁铁模型,对其进行分析研究,分析结果表明,该流量控制阀在恒定电信号输入下,出口流量几乎不随负载变化,具有良好的稳定性和可控性,使系统对负载变化不敏感。