Air interaction around outdoor air-cooled condensers

In order to increase cooling or heating efficiency,a porous computational fluid dynamics（CFD）model is employed to predict the thermo-fluid status and optimize the placement of outdoor units.A full scale model is established to validate the accuracy of CFD simulation in terms of velocity and temperature distributions.The comparison between the measurement and the simulation shows a good agreement.By evaluating the condensers＇ sucked air temperature with CFD for three units installed in a row,it is found that the minimum separation distance among neighboring units is 0.2 m;a vertical wall should be apart from the unit line by at least 0.8 m;and large different operating pressures among units do not impact the flow rate and the heat transfer of the other units meaningfully.

Precipitation of α_2 Phase in α+β Solution-Treated and Air-cooled Ti-Al-Sn-Zr-Mo-Si-Nd Alloys

A series of Ti-Al-Sn-Zr-Mo-Si-Nd alloys with various content of Al were solution treated in α+β phase field and air-cooled. The precipitation of a2 phase in cooling was investigated by transmission electron microscopic analysis The precipitation characteristic of α2 phase was discussed. The precipitation of α2 phase would proceed by the nucleation and growth of α2 phase dependent on the diffusion of Al atoms. And a comparison on the difference of precipitation of α2 phase was carried out under the conditions of air-cooling and quenching in water. The investigation showed that the air-cooling and even quenching could supply enough time for the precipitation and growth of α2 phase when Al content reached a certain value even though far away from the stoichiometric composition of Ti3Al.

Microstructure and properties of rheo-HPDC Al-8Si alloy prepared by air-cooled stirring rod process

A new and effective semisolid slurry preparation process with air-cooled stirring rod(ACSR)is reported,in which the compressed air is constantly injected into the inner cavity of a stirring rod to cool the melt.The slurry of a newly developed high thermal conductivity Al?8Si alloy was prepared,and thin-wall heat dissipation shells were produced by the ACSR process combined with a HPDC machine.The effects of the air flow on the morphology ofα1-Al particles,mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of rheo-HPDC samples were studied.The results show that the excellent slurry of the alloy could be obtained with the air flow exceeding3L/s.Rheo-HPDC samples that were produced with the air flow of5L/s had the maximum UTS,YS,elongation,hardness and thermal conductivity of261MPa,124MPa,4.9%,HV99and153W/(m·K),respectively.Rheo-HPDC samples show improved properties compared to those formed by HPDC,and the increasing rates of UTS,YS,elongation,hardness and thermal conductivity were20%,15%,88%,13%and10%,respectively.

Effect of Chromium on CCT Diagrams of Novel Air-Cooled Bainite Steels Analyzed by Neural Network

The quantitative effects of chromium content on continuous cooling transformation （CCT） diagrams of novel air-cooled bainite steels were analyzed using artificial neural network models. The results showed that the chromium may retard the high and medium-temperature martensite transformation.

Feasibility Analysis of Back-Pressure Steam Feeding Water Pump for Direct Air-Cooled Unit

As the performance of an air-cooled condenser is apt to be affected by the fluctuating ambient condition, some difficulties are brought to the use of a steam feeding water pump in an air-cooled unit. This paper introduces a new design of for steam feeding the water pump of an air-cooled unit using the back-pressure steam turbine as the prime motor. Using variable condition analysis on a 600 MW direct air-cooled unit, and with consideration of the effect on the ambient conditions, the feasibility, economy, and adaptability of the design are verified.

Application of Air-cooled Blast Furnace Slag Aggregates as Replacement of Natural Aggregates in Cement-based Materials：A Study on Water Absorption Property

The influence of air-cooled blast furnace slag aggregates as replacement of natural aggregates on the water absorption of concrete and mortar was studied, and the mechanism was analyzed. The interface between aggregate and matrix in concrete was analyzed by using a micro-hardness tester, a laser confocal microscope and a scanning electron microscope with backscattered electron image mode. The pore structure of mortar matrixes under different curing conditions was investigated by mercury intrusion porosimetry. The results showed that when natural aggregates were replaced with air-cooled blast furnace slag aggregates in mortar or concrete, the content of the capillary pore in the mortar matrix was reduced and the interfacial structure between aggregate and matrix was improved, resulting in the lower water absorption of mortar or concrete. Compared to the concrete made with crushed limestone and natural river sand, the initial absorption coefficient, the secondary absorption coefficient and the water absorption capacity through the surface for 7 d of the concrete made from crushed air-cooled blast furnace slag and air-cooled blast furnace slag sand were reduced by 48.9%, 52.8%, and 46.5%, respectively.

Physical Properties of Crushed Air-cooled Blast Furnace Slag and Numerical Representation of Its Morphology Characteristics

Physical properties and geometrical morphologies of crushed air-cooled blast furnace slag （SCR） and crushed limestone （LCR） were comparatively investigated. The shape, angularity, surface texture and internal pore structure of aggregate particles for different size and gradation were numerically represented by sphericity （ψ） and shape index （SI）, angularity number （AN）, index of aggregate particle shape and texture （IAPST）, porosity and pore size, respectively. The results show that SCR is a porous and rough aggregate. Apparent density, void, water absorption and smashing index of SCR are obviously higher than those of LCR with the same gradation, respectively. However, bulk density of SCR is lower than that of LCR with the same gradation. SI, AN, IAPST and porosity of SCR are obviously higher than those of LCR with the same gradation, respectively. The smaller particle size of SCR, the larger of its AN, IAPST and porosity.

Thermodynamic Simulation of CCP in Air-Cooled Heat Pump Unit with HFCs and CO₂Trans-Critical

The exergy analysis and finite time thermodynamic methods had been employed to analyze the compound condensation process (CCP). It was based on the air-cooling heat pump unit. The cooling capacity of the chiller unit is about 1 kW, and the work refrigerant is R22/R407C/R410A/CO2. The MATLAB/SIMULINK software was employed to build the simulation model. The thermodynamic simulation model is significant for the optimization of parameters of the unit, such as condensation and evaporation temperature and mass flow of the sanitary hot water and size of hot water storage tank. The COP of the CCP of R410A system is about 3% - 5% higher than the CCP of the R22 system, while CCP of the R407C system is a little lower than the CCP of R22 system. And the CCP of CO2 trans-critical system has advantage in the hot supply mode. The simulation method provided a theoretical reference for developing the production of CCP with substitute refrigerant R407C/R410A/CO2.

Effect of Crushed Air-cooled Blast Furnace Slag on Mechanical Properties of Concrete

Morphology characteristics of mix aggregates with crushed air-cooled blast furnace slag（SCR） and crushed limestone（LCR） with 5-20 mm and 20-40 mm gradation were represented by numerical parameters including angularity number（AN） and index of aggregate particle shape and texture（IAPST）.The effect of mix aggregates containing SCR on compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of concrete was investigated.Fracture characteristics of concrete,interfacial structure between aggregates and matrix were analyzed.The experimental results show that porous and rough SCR increases contact area with matrix in concrete,concave holes and micro-pores on the surface of SCR are filled by mortar and hydrated cement paste,which may increase interlocking and mechanical bond between aggregate and matrix in concrete.SCR can be used to produce a high-strength concrete with better mechanical properties than corresponding concrete made with LCR.The increase of AN and IAPST of aggregate may enhance mechanical properties of concrete.

Quantitative analysis of Ni effect on CCT diagrams of novel air-cooled bainite steels using artificial neural network models

The quantitative effect of Ni content on continuous cooling transformation （CCT） diagrams of novel air-cooled bainite steels was analyzed using artificial neural network models. The results showed that Ni may retard the high- and medium-temperature transformation and martensite transformation. The results conform to the materials science theories.

The Experimental Investigation of Recirculation of Air-Cooled System for a Large Power Plant

The paper introduces thermal buoyancy effects to experimental investigation of wind tunnel simulation on direct air-cooled condenser for a large power plant. In order to get thermal flow field of air-cooled tower, PIV experiments are carried out and recirculation ratio of each condition is calculated. Results show that the thermal flow field of the cooling tower has great influence on the recirculation under the cooling tower. Ameliorating the thermal flow field of the cooling tower can reduce the recirculation under the cooling tower and improve the efficiency of air-cooled condenser also.

Influence of thermal flow field of cooling tower on recirculation ratio of a direct air-cooled system for a power plant

In order to get thermal flow field of direct air-cooled system,the hot water was supplied to the model of direct air-cooled condenser(ACC). The particle image velocimetery (PIV) experiments were carried out to get thermal flow field of a ACC under different conditions in low velocity wind tunnel,at the same time,the recirculation ratio at cooling tower was measured,so the relationship between flow field characteristics and recirculation ratio of cooling tower can be discussed. From the results we can see that the flow field configuration around cooling tower has great effects on average recirculation ratio under cooling tower. The eddy formed around cooling tower is a key reason that recirculation produces. The eddy intensity relates to velocity magnitude and direction angle,and the configuration of eddy lies on the geometry size of cooling tower. So changing the flow field configuration around cooling tower reasonably can decrease recirculation ratio under cooling tower,and heat dispel effect of ACC can also be improved.

Water, Air Emissions, and Cost Impacts of Air-Cooled Microturbines for Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems： A Case Study in the Atlanta Region

The increasing pace of urbanization means that cities and global organizations are looking for ways to increase energy efficiency and reduce emissions. Combined cooling, heating, and power （CCHP） systems have the potential to improve the energy generation efficiency of a city or urban region by providing energy for heating, cooling, and electricity simultaneously. The purpose of this study is to estimate the water consumption for energy generation use, carbon dioxide （CO2） and NOx emissions, and economic impact of implementing CCHP systems for five generic building types within the Atlanta metropolitan region, under various operational scenarios following the building thermal （heating and cooling） demands. Operating the CCHP system to follow the hourly thermal demand reduces CO2 emissions for most building types both with and without net metering. The system can be economically beneficial for all building types depending on the price of natural gas, the implementation of net metering, and the cost structure assumed for the CCHP system. The greatest reduction in water consumption for energy production and NOx emissions occurs when there is net metering and when the system is operated to meet the maximum yearly thermal demand, although this scenario also results in an increase in greenhouse gas emissions and, in some cases, cost. CCHP systems are more economical for medium office, large office, and multifamilv residential buildings.

航空活塞发动机稳压箱温度影响因素及高空特性研究

针对某型航空活塞发动机中冷系统,建立了系统的传热数学模型.通过与实验数据相对比可知,中冷器冷侧出口温度、热侧出口温度模拟结果误差均在1.5%以内,明确了本文构建仿真模型可行且可靠.进而,利用该模型研究了中冷系统空气速度、环境温度、增压比、进气流量等因素对稳压箱温度的影响,分析了航空活塞发动机中冷系统的高度特性.结果表明:稳压箱温度随着空气速度的增加而降低,随着环境温度、增压比及进气流量的增加而上升.稳压箱温度对增压比的敏感度最大,对环境温度的敏感度最低,对进气流量及空气速度的敏感度介于二者之间.对于所研究的航空发动机中冷系统,最高稳压箱温度及中冷系统最大换热量均出现在临界增压高度,在海平面温度为50℃的条件下,二者的值分别为82.4℃、11.5 kW.

非均匀散热管对中冷器流动均匀性的影响

为了解决中冷器内部气体流动均匀性差的问题,提出了非均匀散热管中冷器。基于非均匀散热管设计了非均匀散热管中冷器,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对非均匀散热管中冷器的内部流动均匀性进行了研究。结果表明:在不改变中冷器气室的情况下,使用非均匀散热管能有效提高中冷器内部流动均匀性;非均匀散热管中冷器与传统中冷器相比,均匀性系数提高2.45%~3.51%,中冷器整体压降增加约7%。

Maisotsenko燃气轮机循环技术经济分析与参数优化

Maisotsenko燃气轮机循环(MGTC)的能效需进一步提升且其经济适用性未被合理评估,为此,区别于具备后冷及回热过程的两级MGTC,充分考虑对于冷却水的重复使用和能量回收,构建另耦合有中冷过程的3级MGTC系统(IMGTC)布局。研究压比(R_c)、饱和器出口气流湿化程度(H_(ASD))以及燃烧室出口温度(T_(CO))对于热效率、饱和器载水量、当量二氧化碳排放(E_(EC))和平准化电力成本(C_(LOE))的影响。最后,基于ISIGHT平台对系统展开多目标优化并筛选出最佳参数组合。结果表明,IMGTC的中冷器及其能效增进能够调节并有效减少饱和器载水量,可实现IMGTC系统饱和器最低载水量仅为无中冷模式下饱和器载水量的57.55%。多目标优化表明,IMGTC在采用最佳参数组合时热效率达49.89%,E_(EC)和C_(LOE)分别仅为5.496 kg/s和0.059 5 USD/kWh。研究证实了IMGTC相比MGTC在热力学性能及经济性方面的显著优势。

中冷压降对多级增压航空活塞发动机性能影响研究

为了提高航空用活塞发动机升限和高空性能,本文基于仿真方法,建立带有三级增压中冷的复合增压系统GT-POWER计算模型,并研究了不同飞行高度下各级中冷器的压降对增压系统及发动机性能参数的影响。研究表明,级后中冷器的压降会改变不同飞行高度下的增压系统中涡轮增压器的效率及实际总压比,进而影响发动机的动力性能和燃油经济性。其中,低压级中冷器的压降影响最为显著。在海拔20 km,当中冷器压降增大至6 kPa时,低压级中冷压降导致增压系统实际总压比下降了28.9%。同时,低压级中冷压降造成的航空活塞发动机功率损失约是同工况高压级造成的4倍、机械级的8.3倍。

氯气中间冷却器防腐阻垢措施

分析了氯气中间冷却器腐蚀结垢的原因,通过对传统工艺与超声波工艺的比较,认为应用超声波防垢对冷却器具有良好的防腐阻垢效果。

氯气压缩机的维护与处理

总结了离心式氯气压缩机日常维护经验,对氯气压缩机运行中存在的问题提出了处理措施。

中冷器流热固耦合分析与试验研究

为实现中冷器流场、温度场及结构场的耦合分析,利用计算流体力学(CFD)与热应变测试方法,采用流热固耦合方式对中冷器流场、温度场及应力场进行耦合分析与试验,获得了中冷器流场结构、温度及应力分布情况,分析结果表明,该方法可有效预测中冷器流场和温度场。