基于多CNN的分块镜piston和tip-tilt误差同步检测方法研究

绝大多数大型望远镜采用分块镜的设计方案,为了获得优质的成像效果,需要控制分块望远镜系统的piston和tip-tilt误差。神经网络误差检测方法相较于传统的检测方法具有一定优势,但存在仅检测单一类型误差的局限性。本文提出一种基于卷积神经网络的piston和tip-tilt误差同步检测方法,通过在出瞳面设置具有离散孔的光阑,引发分段镜反射的子波发生干涉-衍射现象,构建包含丰富piston和tip-tilt误差信息的数据集。通过粗测网络和精测网络级联,满足大范围和高精度同步检测的需求。结果表明,该方法实现了对输入光源相干长度内纳米级的piston误差检测,并对10μrad范围内的tip-tilt误差实现了亚微弧度检测;对40 dB的CCD噪声表现出良好的抗干扰性,对面形误差的允差为0.05λ0RMS(λ0=600 nm),同时对六子镜系统具有可扩展性。本文方法光路简单,操作便利,具有实际意义。

Effect of ultrasonic and mechanical vibration treatments on evolution of Mn-rich phases and mechanical properties of Al−12Si−4Cu−1Ni−1Mg−2Mn piston alloys

Effects of ultrasonic vibration(UV)and mechanical vibration(MV)on the Mn-rich phase modification and mechanical properties of Al−12Si−4Cu−1Ni−1Mg−2Mn piston alloys were investigated.The results show that the UV and UV+MV treatments can significantly refine and fragmentize the microstructures.In addition,UV treatment can significantly passivate the primary Mn-rich Al15Mn3Si2 intermetallics.The formation mechanisms of refinement and passivation of the grains and non-dendrite particles were discussed.Compared with the gravity die-cast alloys,the UV and UV+MV treated alloys exhibit improved tensile and creep resistance at room and elevated temperatures.These results can be attributed to the refinement of theα(Al)grains and the secondary intermetallics,the increased proportion of refined heat-resistant precipitates,and the formation of nano-sized Si particles.The ultimate tensile strength of the UV treated alloys at 350°C exceeds that of commercial piston alloys.This indicates the high application potential of the developed piston alloys in density diesel engines.

Static and Thermal Analysis of Aluminium (413,390,384 and 332) Piston Using Finite Element Method

The main objective of this research was to examine the suitability of aluminium alloy to design a piston of an internal combustion engine for improvement in weight and cost reduction. The piston was modelled using Autodesk Inventor 2017 software. The modelled piston was then imported into Ansys for further analysis. Static structural and thermal analysis were carried out on the pistons of the four different materials namely: Al 413 alloy, Al 384 alloy, Al 390 alloy and Al332 alloy to determine the total deformation, equivalent Von Mises stress, maximum shear stress, and the safety factor. The results of the study revealed that, aluminium 332 alloy piston deformed less compared to the deformations of aluminium 390 alloy piston, aluminium 384 alloy piston and aluminium 413 alloy piston. The induced Von Mises stresses in the pistons of the four different materials were found to be far lower than the yield strengths of all the materials. Hence, all the selected materials including the implementing material have equal properties to withstand the maximum gas load. All the selected materials were observed to have high thermal conductivity enough to be able to withstand the operating temperature in the engine cylinders.

The Effect of Ignition Parameters on the Combustion Characteristics of an Aviation Piston Engine

A cylinder combustion simulation model was established for a two-stroke aviation piston engine used in a small unmanned aerial vehicle. The influence of different ignition system parameters on the combustion process of aviation kerosene was studied using this model. The research results showed that under the working conditions of 5500 r/min and 50% throttle opening, as the ignition energy increased, the peak values of average cylinder pressure and average temperature increased, and the combustion duration shortened, The advance of the combustion center of gravity increases the tendency of the engine to knock. Under the same operating conditions, as the ignition timing advances, the peak values of average pressure and average temperature in the cylinder increase, gradually approaching the top dead center, and the tendency of engine detonation increases more significantly.

Air-Floating Towing Behaviors of Multi-Bucket Foundation Platform

Air-floating towing beha viors of multi-bucket foundation plat form （MBFP） are investigated with the 1/20-scale model tests and hydrodynamic so ftware MOSES. MOSES numerical model was val idated by test results, and M OSES prototype model of MBFP can eliminate scale effect of model. The influences of towing factors of to wing speed, water depth, freeboard, and w ave direction on air-floating tow ing stability of MBFP were analyzed by model tests and validated MOSES prototype mod el. It is sho wn that the re duction of towing sp eed can effectively d ecrease the to wing force and surge acceleration to improve towing stability. Water depth is another f actor in towing s tability. Obvious shallow water effect will appear in shallow water with sma ll water depth-draft ratio and it w ill disappear gradually and air-floating towing becomes more stable with the increase of water depth. Accelerations of surge, s way and heave are small and they have modest changes when freeboard increases from 0.5 to 2 m. For MBFP, the freeboard is not suggested to be larger than 2 m in following wave. Wave direction has large influence on the towing stability, the surge acceleration and towing force are sensitive to the va riation of wave direction, the surge acceleration and towing force in following wave （0°） and counter wave （180°） are much larger than that in transverse sea （90°and 270°）.

Experimental Study on Influencing Factors of Motion Responses for Air-Floating Tetrapod Bucket Foundation

Air floating transport is one of the key construction technologies of bucket foundation.The influences of draft,water depth and bucket spacing on the motion response characteristics of tetrapod bucket foundation(TBF)during air-floating transportation were studied by models tests.The results showed that with the increase of draft,the natural periods of heave motion increased,while the maximum amplitudes of oscillating motion decreased.The maximum amplitudes of heave motion decreased while pitch motion increased with the increasing of water depth;further,the period range of oscillating amplitude close to the maximum amplitude was expanded due to shallow water effect.With increasing bucket spacing,the maximum amplitudes of heave motion first increase and then decreased,whereas the maximum amplitudes of pitch motion decreased.Therefore,the favorable air-floating transportation performance can be achieved by choosing a larger bucket spacing under the condition of meeting the design requirements and reducing the draft under shallower water.

Experimental Study on the Influencing Factors of Motion Responses on an Air-Floating Caisson with Multiple Compartments

The structure of an air-floating caisson is suitable for the major structure of caisson-type artificial islands.Thus,it has been rapidly developed and widely used in the exploration and development of oil and gas fields in shallow sea and intertidal zones.Air-floating transportation technology is one of the key technologies employed in this structure.In this paper,the factors influencing the dynamic response characteristics of air-floating caisson with multi-compartments(AFCMC)were studied using model tests.The length and the height of each air-floating structure in the model were 1.0 and 0.1 m,respectively.In addition,the 1:100 models with 6,8,and 10 compartments under regular waves were tested in the wave flume,respectively.In the experiments,the respective water depths were set at 0.2,0.3,and 0.4 m,and the corresponding drafts were 0.05,0.06,and 0.07 m.Results show that with the increase of draft,the heave natural period increased and the maximum amplitude of the heave motion decreased.Meanwhile,the pitch motion decreased at 6 and 8 compartments and increased at 10 compartments.As the water depth increased,the maximum amplitude and amplitude change of heave and pitch motions first increased and then decreased.However,several amplitudes close to the maximum amplitude appeared in the measured period at shallower water depth,thereby indicating the vertical movements of the structure enhanced under shallow water.The increase in the number of compartments reduced the vertical movements under 6.0 m draft,but it increased the vertical movements under 5.0 and 7.0 m draft.Thus,increasing the number of compartments has a limited capacity to improve the motion performance of the structure.

Cavitation recognition of axial piston pumps in noisy environment based on Grad-CAM visualization technique

The cavitation in axial piston pumps threatens the reliability and safety of the overall hydraulic system.Vibration signal can reflect the cavitation conditions in axial piston pumps and it has been combined with machine learning to detect the pump cavitation.However,the vibration signal usually contains noise in real working conditions,which raises concerns about accurate recognition of cavitation in noisy environment.This paper presents an intelligent method to recognise the cavitation in axial piston pumps in noisy environment.First,we train a convolutional neural network(CNN)using the spectrogram images transformed from raw vibration data under different cavitation conditions.Second,we employ the technique of gradient-weighted class activation mapping(Grad-CAM)to visualise class-discriminative regions in the spectrogram image.Finally,we propose a novel image processing method based on Grad-CAM heatmap to automatically remove entrained noise and enhance class features in the spectrogram image.The experimental results show that the proposed method greatly improves the diagnostic performance of the CNN model in noisy environments.The classification accuracy of cavitation conditions increases from 0.50 to 0.89 and from 0.80 to 0.92 at signal-to-noise ratios of 4 and 6 dB,respectively.

Tribological Properties of Ti-DLC Coatings on Piston-pin Surfaces

A magnetically filtered cathode vacuum arc deposition system was used to deposit Ti-doped diamond-like carbon coatings(Ti-DLC)on pin surfaces to improve the wear resistance of high-power density diesel engine piston pins.The coating structure,composition,and morphology were characterised using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Raman spectroscopy,and other techniques.Friction tests were carried out using a universal tribometer to study the tribological properties of pins with or without coatings under dry friction and oil lubrication.The surface morphology and cross-sectional morphology of the Ti-DLC coating show that the coating has a uniform crosssection and good surface properties.The XPS spectrum shows that the coating contains Ti-C,Ti-C*,sp2-C,sp3-C,and C-O/C=O.Raman spectroscopy shows that there is an amorphous carbon phase in the Ti-DLC coating.The friction test shows that the friction temperature increase of the pin with the Ti-DLC coating is lower than that without the coating,especially under dry-friction conditions.At the end of the test,the difierence in temperature increase is 16.7%.The friction coefficient when using high-viscosity lubricating oil with a coating is relatively lower than that without a coating,especially under low-speed and heavy-duty conditions.In the dryfriction state,the coated surface has better wear resistance than the uncoated surface,which primarily manifests as abrasive wear,and the surface without a coating mainly experiences adhesive wear.

基于改进EEMD-MB1DCNN的船用柴油机缸套-活塞环故障诊断

针对船用中高速柴油机缸套-活塞环振动信号非线性非平稳性以及同类型不同损伤程度故障发生时振动信号时频域特征相似、故障难以识别等问题,利用振动信号辨识故障,提出一种基于改进集成经验模态分解方法和多模块一维卷积神经网络端到端缸套-活塞环故障诊断方法,通过设计固有模态分量IMF信息质量筛选准则对EEMD分解出的IMFs进行重新排序,获得包含更多凸显故障特征成分的重构信号,输入到上述神经网络模型,通过振动信号分析并与现有方法比较,评估所设计IMF信息质量筛选准则与所搭建模型的性能,试验结果显示该方法能准确、有效地识别缸套-活塞环故障类型。在判断该易损件同类型不同磨损程度故障诊断中有较高的准确率,能对故障状况进行有效的特征提取与故障分类。

OP2S双燃料发动机气口匹配特性研究

对置活塞二冲程(OP2S)发动机是一种结构可调性较高的动力系统,采用等效二冲程方法建立并校验了OP2S柴油机的一维仿真模型,研究了不同甲醇含量下进排气口高度冲程比对OP2S柴油机动力性能、燃油经济性、换气性能和排放性能的影响。结果表明:OP2S柴油机具有换气性能和排放性能的双“trade-off”关系。甲醇含量增加会促进经济性能的提高和动力性能的降低,也会促进扫气效率的增加和捕获率的降低。进排气口的匹配设计是提升OP2S柴油机性能的关键之一。进气口通过增加新鲜空气主动促进燃烧,而排气口通过减少能量和新鲜充量损失被动改善换气性能。随着气口高度的增加,OP2S柴油机的性能曲线具有双转捩点。将性能曲线分为3个区域,其中第2区域为最佳性能区,该区域对应的进/排气口高冲程比分别为0.056~0.122和0.078~0.100。

列车活塞风对寒区铁路隧道温度场的影响

研究目的:列车通过隧道会产生活塞风,活塞风会将寒区隧道洞外冷空气带入洞内,导致洞内温度场分布发生变化,若对这种影响认识不到位,会导致洞内抗防冻措施不合理造成冻害发生,影响隧道运营安全。鉴于此,采用理论分析和数值模拟等方法,分析列车活塞风对隧道洞内温度场的影响机制,研究列车活塞风对寒区特长铁路隧道洞内温度场的影响规律,为寒区隧道抗防冻设计提供技术支撑。研究结论:(1)冬季列车通过隧道后,活塞风会引起洞内温度场在短时间内显著变化,列车活塞风对洞内温度场持续影响时间较短,列车通过后,洞内温度场会逐渐恢复,特别是当列车频次较小时,基本可恢复到自然通风条件下状态;(2)行车频次导致洞内纵向负温长度增大或减小率均在1%左右;随着围岩温度的增大,隧道洞内纵向负温长度显著降低,且围岩温度越高,活塞风作用方向对洞内温度场影响越小;(3)考虑活塞风对寒区隧道防寒抗冻影响时,应重点考虑其对两侧水沟抗防冻的影响;由于局部衬砌会出现交替冻融现象,隧道结构设计时,应对衬砌耐久性做一定的考虑;(4)本研究成果可供寒区特长铁路隧道建设参考,特别是单向自然风条件下铁路隧道抗防冻设计。

基于稳态有限元法的组合式活塞疲劳寿命分析

活塞作为柴油机关键部件之一,通过台架试验评估其使用寿命成本昂贵,因此为分析某型号国产研制改进后的柴油机活塞在热-机负荷作用下的疲劳寿命,以该V型增压柴油机的活塞为研究对象,建立活塞连杆机构装配体有限元模型,计算了活塞在热载荷下的温度分布和热-机耦合作用下的应力分布。在此基础上,将实测的柴油机命。计算结果表明,由于活塞头部工作环境恶劣、头部和裙部的接触面受螺栓预紧力挤压,使得活塞的短寿命区出现在燃烧室侧壁面与活塞裙顶部截面突变处;活塞裙部疲劳寿命满足厂商设计使用寿命45000 h,活塞头部仅在特定存活率下满足设计使用寿命45000 h。

基于多目标遗传算法的斜盘式轴向柱塞泵低脉动结构优化设计

由于轴向柱塞泵的非对称结构特性,其输出压力和输出流量存在脉动特性,对液压系统的输出稳定性和可靠性造成影响,因此提出了一种基于多目标遗传算法的斜盘式轴向柱塞泵低脉动结构优化设计方法。首先,通过CFD(computational fluid dynamics,计算流体动力学)仿真分析方法,对轴向柱塞泵上/下死点位的压力-流量脉动的产生机理进行了分析;其次,对阻尼槽结构参数对轴向柱塞泵输出压力-流量脉动的影响规律进行了分析,构建了阻尼槽结构的多目标优化模型;最后,求解了低脉动阻尼槽结构。优化后的结构参数:阻尼槽半径为2.21 mm,阻尼槽长度为10.32 mm,阻尼槽错配角为16.54°。优化后压力脉动率为0.59%,相比于优化前的0.75%降低了0.16%,脉动幅值为0.25 MPa;优化后流量脉动率为12.02%,相比于优化前的5.61%降低了43.59%。研究结果为轴向柱塞泵低脉动结构的优化设计提供了有效的理论支持和实践指导。

内燃机活塞环材料及表面处理技术研究现状与发展趋势

活塞环是内燃机中重要的零部件之一,该部件的摩擦损耗占内燃机总摩擦损失的26%。因此,活塞环材料的选用及其表面处理研究对于优化提升内燃机性能、延长服役寿命具有重要意义。简单介绍并总结了内燃机活塞环常用材料及其发展趋势,详细综述了激光表面织构技术、表面涂层技术以及表面复合技术在内燃机活塞环减摩抗磨方面的研究和应用现状。其中,激光表面织构技术(LST)可起到接纳磨屑、保持油膜等作用,从而降低活塞环表面摩擦和磨损,但由于织构形貌和几何参数特征对摩擦学性能的影响较为复杂,仍需结合实际工况进一步研究并优化。以镀铬、热喷涂、气相沉积及激光熔覆为代表的涂层技术也常用于活塞环的表面强化处理,但涂层材料种类繁多,难以形成统一的行业标准进而规模应用。此外,通过合理复合多种表面处理技术,比如微弧氧化与电泳沉积复合、超声滚压与离子渗氮技术复合、磁控溅射和低温离子渗硫复合等,可实现优势互补、发挥协同作用,有效改善接触表面的摩擦性能,为活塞环的减摩增寿研究开拓了新的思路。最后对未来活塞环材料开发应用及其减摩抗磨方面的研究发展进行了展望。

GEO-PISTON重力活塞取样器工作原理与工程应用

重力取样对样品的破坏程度较小、结构简单、对母船适应能力强、理论上不受作业水深的限制。本文系统梳理介绍了“The Geo-Piston Corer”重力活塞取样器系统结构和工作原理,开展了海试工程应用,分析了应用过程中问题产生的原因,并提出了进一步的优化建议。研究工作能够为现有重力活塞取样器的结构优化和现场作业工艺标准化制订提供参考经验和理论支撑,丰富了现有活塞重力取样技术。

间隙密封被动活塞式气体流量标准装置量值溯源方法

间隙密封被动活塞式气体流量标准装置具有操作简单、测量效率高、无水银密封、易于携带和具有自动温压补偿功能等优点,在气体微小流量测量中广泛使用。被动活塞的上下往复运动对测量管路内的压力会产生波动,直接用流量测量法对间隙密封被动活塞式气体流量标准装置进行量值溯源还存在一些困难。针对这一情况,提出了一种利用几何测量法对间隙密封被动活塞式气体流量标准装置进行量值溯源的新方法,对几何测量溯源法进行了不确定度评估,并与国外相关机构进行了比对验证。结果表明,利用几何测量法对间隙密封被动活塞式气体流量标准装置进行溯源的方法是可行的。

航空活塞发动机气缸体多物理场耦合磨损机理研究

航空活塞发动机气缸体表面摩擦失效是滑动摩擦应力场、气缸体表面温度场和循环多变功率载荷耦合作用的结果。统计分析了航空活塞发动机在多种工况环境下的摩擦磨损润滑状态,绘制了航空活塞发动机气缸体载荷功率谱。通过多变工况确定多物理场加载参数方案,在SRM-4摩擦试验机上给定功率、温度、载荷和滑油量拟耦合摩擦环境测试废旧气缸体。通过检测气缸体表面状态参数,检验拟废旧气缸体摩擦前后的表面状态。通过拟耦合研究了气缸体应力场、温度场、载荷功率变化对气缸体摩擦系数的影响。结果表明:气缸体表面摩擦系数随温度的增加呈指数增加;低温段(92℃)和中温段(145℃)时,摩擦系数对载荷在35~38N时的变化较为敏感,摩擦系数随载荷的增加而增加,磨损形式以疲劳磨损、疲劳点蚀为主;大于38 N后,载荷对摩擦系数的影响较小;高温段(198℃),载荷对摩擦系数的影响程度减小,温度是主要影响因素,摩擦形式由磨粒磨损(两体/三体磨损)转变为粘着磨损。摩擦系数随频率的变化相对较小。

斜盘式轴向柱塞泵空化特性分析

针对斜盘式轴向柱塞泵的空化现象,建立了斜盘式轴向柱塞泵全流域模型,采用计算流体力学方法研究了全流域空化特性分布,分析了排油口负载压力、缸体转速和斜盘倾角等工况参数对全流域空化特性的影响规律。研究表明:空化主要发生在吸油区的吸油口、配流盘和柱塞腔区域,空化随气相体积分数增大而加重;排油口负载压力由10 MPa增至30 MPa,吸油口、配流盘和柱塞腔气相体积分数峰值分别由6.28%增至6.68%、5.91%增至7.13%、10.03%增至11.23%;缸体转速由2 200 r/min增至3 000 r/min,吸油口、配流盘和柱塞腔气相体积分数峰值分别由6.39%增至6.41%、6.26%增至10.54%、7.13%增至10.16%;斜盘倾角由3.64°增至5.64°,吸油口、配流盘和柱塞腔气相体积分数峰值分别由6.34%增至6.41%、14.7%降低至13.9%、10.16%增至11.66%。斜盘式轴向柱塞泵在实际设计中,排油口负载压力、缸体转速和斜盘倾角的取值在合理范围内越低越好,斜盘倾角取值存在最优区间。

涡轮自增压轴向柱塞泵全流域流场特性分析

为了探究离心涡轮自增压装置对高速轴向柱塞泵内液流流动特性的影响,建立了轴向柱塞泵的仿真模型,通过CFD仿真技术研究了离心涡轮与柱塞泵耦合运行时泵内部全流域流场的压力特性、速度特性以及空化特性。研究表明:装配有离心涡轮的轴向柱塞泵吸油能力显著提升,且对射流空化、吸空空化均有抑制作用,其中对吸空空化的抑制效果最显著。应用涡轮增压系统后,单个柱塞腔旋转一周过程中的时均气相体积从59.54 mm^(3)降至1.66 mm^(3),最大气相体积分数由0.155降至0.029,阻尼槽区域的射流速度由100 m/s降至75 m/s,而涡轮所消耗功率仅占柱塞泵轴功率的9.7%。