Current state and influencing factors in airbag management among emergency department nurses:A multicenter study

BACKGROUND The emergency department(ED)plays a critical role in establishing artificial airways and implementing mechanical ventilation.Managing airbags in the ED presents a prime opportunity to mitigate the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia.Nonetheless,existing research has largely overlooked the understanding,beliefs,and practical dimensions of airway airbag management among ED nurses,with a predominant focus on intensive care unit nurses.AIM To investigate the current status of ED nurses'knowledge,beliefs,and practical behaviors in airway airbag management and their influencing factors.METHODS A survey was conducted from July 10th to August 10th,2023,using convenience sampling on 520 ED nurses from 15 tertiary hospitals and 5 sary hospitals in Shanghai.Pathway analysis was utilized to analyze the influencing factors.RESULTS The scores for ED nurses'airway airbag management knowledge were 60.26±23.00,belief was 88.65±13.36,and behavior was 75.10±19.84.The main influencing factors of airbag management knowledge included participation in specialized nurse or mechanical ventilation training,department,and work experience in the department.Influencing factors of airbag management belief comprised knowledge,department,and participation in specialized nurse or mechanical ventilation training.Primary influencing factors of airbag management behavior included knowledge,belief,department,participation in specialized nurse or mechanical ventilation training,and professional title.The belief in airbag management among ED nurses acted as a partial mediator between knowledge and behavior,with a total effect value of 0.513,and an indirect effect of 0.085,constituting 16.6%of the total effect.CONCLUSION ED nurses exhibit a positive attitude toward airbag management with relatively standardized practices,yet there remains room for improvement in their knowledge levels.Nursing managers should implement interventions tailored to the characteristics of ED nurses'airbag management knowledge,beliefs,and practices to enhance their airbag management proficiency.

Characteristic Verification and Parameter Optimization of Airbags Cushion System for Airborne Vehicle

Abstract： The major methods to investigate the airbags cushion system are experimental method, thermodynamic method and finite element method （FEM）. Airbags cushion systems are very complicated and very difficult to be investigated thoroughly by such methods For experimental method, it is nearly impossible to completely analyze and optimize the cushion characteristics of airbags of airborne vehicle because of charge issue, safety concern and time constraint. Thermodynamic method fails to take the non-linear effects of large airbag deformation and varied contact conditions into consideration. For finite element method, the FE model is usually complicated and the calculation takes tens of hours of CPU time. As a result, the optimization of the design based on a nonlinear model is very difficult by traditional iterative approach method. In this paper, a model based on FEM and control volume method is proposed to simulate landing cushion process of airborne vehicle with airbags cushion system in order to analyze and optimize the parameters in airbags cushion system. At first, the performance of airbags cushion system model is verified experimentally. In airdrop test, accelerometers are fixed in 4 test points distributed over engine mount, top, bottom and side armor plate of hull to obtain acceleration curves with time. The simulation results are obtained under the same conditions of the airdrop test and the simulation results agree very well with the experimental results, which indicate the established model is valid for further optimization. To optimize the parameters of airbags, equivalent response model based on Latin Hypercube DOE and radial basis function is employed instead of the complex finite element model. Then the optimal results based on equivalent response model are obtained using simulated annealing algorithm. After optimization, the maximal acceleration of airborne vehicle landing reduces 19.83%, while the energy absorption by airbags increases 7.85%. The performance of the airbags cushion system thus is largely improved through optimization, which indicates the proposed method has the capability of solving the parameter optimization problem of airbags cushion system for airborne vehicle.

Multi-objective Optimization Design of Vented Cylindrical Airbag Cushioning System for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Multi-objective optimization design of the gas-filled bag cushion landing system is investigated.Firstly,the landing process of airbag is decomposed into a adiabatic compression and a release of landing shock energy,and the differential equation of cylindrical gas-filled bag is presented from a theoretical perspective based on the ideal gas state equation and dynamic equation.Then,the effects of exhaust areas and blasting pressure on buffer characteristics are studied,taking those parameters as design variable for the multiobjective optimization problem,and the solution can be determined by comparing Pareto set,which is gained by NSGA-Ⅱ.Finally,the feasibility of the design scheme is verified by experimental results of the ground test.

侧面柱碰撞工况下驾驶员侧气囊优化设计

为提高侧面柱碰撞工况下驾驶员侧气囊安全得分,依据2021版C-NCAP管理规则搭建汽车侧面柱碰撞乘员约束系统模型,实车碰撞及仿真结果表明,头部、腹部、骨盆安全得分均达标,胸部伤害较严重,得分较低。通过优化侧气囊的袋型和气孔直径,提升胸部肋骨安全得分。优化后结果表明,胸部上肋骨、中肋骨、下肋骨压缩量分别减小30.97%、8.26%、13.71%,验证了优化方案的有效性。

纵摇运动下船用转子-轴承-浮筏气囊耦合系统非线性动力学特性

以纵摇运动作用下转子-轴承-浮筏气囊耦合系统的非线性动力学特性作为研究对象。首先,考虑转子不平衡力、轴承油膜力、浮筏气囊弹性回复力以及船体纵摇运动惯性力等因素,根据Lagrange方程建立转子轴承-浮筏气囊耦合系统的动力学模型。基于数值方法,结合瀑布图、轴心轨迹图及相图、时域和频谱图等对转子-轴承-气囊浮筏耦合系统非线性动力学特性进行分析。结果表明:随着转子转速的增加,纵摇运动下的转子轴承-浮筏气囊耦合系统运动状态从拟周期运动到混沌运动;与不考虑纵摇运动时相比,纵摇运动下转子的振动响应幅值明显增大,同时响应中存在纵摇频率及工频的组合倍频。最后讨论纵摇幅值的变化对于转子轴承-浮筏气囊耦合系统动力学特性的影响。

Data Mining Based Research of Development Direction of Waist Protection Equipment

[Objectives]To explore the trend of brands towards the design of waist protection products through data mining,and to provide reference for the design concept of the contour of waist protection pillow.[Methods]The structural design information of all waist protection equipment was collected from the national Internet platform,and the data were classified and a database was established.IBM SPSS 26.0 and MATLAB 2018a were used to analyze the data and tabulate them in Tableau 2022.4.After the association rules were clarified,the data were imported into Cinema 4D R21 to create the concept contour of waist protection pillow.[Results]The average and standard deviation of the single airbag design were the highest in all groups,with an average of 0.511 and a standard deviation of 0.502.The average and standard deviation of the upper and lower dual airbags were the lowest in all groups,with an average of 0.015 and a standard deviation of 0.120;the correlation coefficient between single airbag and 120°arc stretching was 0.325,which was positively correlated with each other(P<0.01);the correlation coefficient between multiple airbags and 360°encircling fitting was 0.501,which was positively correlated with each other and had the highest correlation degree(P<0.01).[Conclusions]The single airbag design is well recognized by companies,and has received the highest attention among all brand products.While focusing on single airbag design,most brands will consider the need to add 120°arc stretching elements in product design.At the time of focusing on multiple airbag design,some brands believe that 360°encircling fitting elements need to be added to the product,and the correlation between the two is the highest among all groups.

栈桥橡胶气囊充气系统的设计

设计一种栈桥橡胶气囊(简称气囊)充气系统。以栈桥气囊的使用功能、充气速度、工作压力为依据,针对栈桥气囊充气系统的技术方案,进行设备参数的计算及管路系统的安装,并根据栈桥钢结构内部构造进行栈桥气囊的装配。水上充气试验表明,栈桥气囊充气至工作压力用时约7 min,满足栈桥气囊充气速度快、浮态稳定性好和充气速度一致的要求。

Optimization of Vehicle Side Curtain Airbag Module Based on Computer Aided Engineering

Compared with other kinds of airbags, curtain airbag（CAB） has more complex structures and larger coverage area. The product development process depends on many module tests, sled tests and full size vehicle tests. Computer aided engineering（CAE） technology can replace tests to a great extent, also save test costs and product development time. This paper introduces the way of setting up simulation models and application of static deployment tests and free motion headform（FMH） tests to verify simulation models. In the CAB simulation, uniform pressure airbag models and computational fluid dynamics（CFD） models are all used. The uniform pressure airbag models are not able to simulate the pressure difference among different parts inside the cushion during inflating process. CFD-based CAB models are used to help the curtain airbag optimization design. Based on effective CAE simulation, the optimization analyses related to diffuser tube parameters, inflator mass flow rate and cushion folding patterns are discussed and performed in different cases. The optimization result shows that the proposed techniques are helpful to the parametric optimization design of side curtain airbag module in curtain airbag development process.

Establishment and Validation for the Theoretical Model of the Vehicle Airbag

The current design and optimization of the occupant restraint system（ORS） are based on numerous actual tests and mathematic simulations. These two methods are overly time-consuming and complex for the concept design phase of the ORS, though they＇re quite effective and accurate. Therefore, a fast and directive method of the design and optimization is needed in the concept design phase of the ORS. Since the airbag system is a crucial part of the ORS, in this paper, a theoretical model for the vehicle airbag is established in order to clarify the interaction between occupants and airbags, and further a fast design and optimization method of airbags in the concept design phase is made based on the proposed theoretical model. First, the theoretical expression of the simplified mechanical relationship between the airbag＇s design parameters and the occupant response is developed based on classical mechanics, then the momentum theorem and the ideal gas state equation are adopted to illustrate the relationship between airbag＇s design parameters and occupant response. By using MATLAB software, the iterative algorithm method and discrete variables are applied to the solution of the proposed theoretical model with a random input in a certain scope. And validations by MADYMO software prove the validity and accuracy of this theoretical model in two principal design parameters, the inflated gas mass and vent diameter, within a regular range. This research contributes to a deeper comprehension of the relation between occupants and airbags, further a fast design and optimization method for airbags＇ principal parameters in the concept design phase, and provides the range of the airbag＇s initial design parameters for the subsequent CAE simulations and actual tests.

Designing for Ripped-up Edge in Full Airbag

An investigation is reported in which the factors such as air discharge resistance capability, weaving ability, and anti- breakage performance are discussed. These parameters are concerned during weave designing for ripped-up edge of full airbag. Furthermore, two kinds of weave of edge in airbag, rib weave and basket weave,were chosen to analyze the performances of airbag. And the datum relative to the weave which affected the performances of airbag, such as weave form, initial point, were analyzed. In addition, accordingly technical handles are taken on the special loom.

基于ALE的充气式海上围栏系统气囊单元优化设计

针对充气式海上围栏系统的气囊单元选型,在单层单气室气囊的基础上提出单层多气室气囊、双层多气室气囊两种改进型,建立静水海域中小艇以10、20、30 m/s的初速度垂直撞击气囊中部3种典型拦截场景.基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)算法,应用有限元软件LS-DYNA进行数值模拟,通过小艇的最大碰撞力、最大反向加速度、单元失效比等数据,分析单层单气室气囊、单层多气室气囊、双层多气室气囊3种气囊单元对来袭小艇的拦截效果,发现双层多气室气囊的拦截能力最强.借助正交试验进一步优化双层多气室气囊的设计参数.通过优化后的结果发现,优化后的双层多气室气囊的最大碰撞力相比原设计方案提高了9%,显著提高了气囊的拦截能力.

不确定因素下空投系统气囊缓冲仿真研究

在货台空投稳降阶段,降落伞系统的摆动及着陆区域不平整地形等不确定因素不仅对气囊缓冲能力产生影响,严重时甚至可能导致货台侧翻,有必要针对这种更为一般的着陆条件进行仿真分析。在现有的空投系统气囊缓冲过程仿真模型基础上,考虑货台下落姿势和地面坡度两个因素,构建不确定因素下气囊缓冲的仿真模型,通过蒙特卡洛仿真获取大量结果样本点,结合置信水平得到货台着陆可靠度。算例结果表明,所建模型能有效模拟缓冲气囊的实际工作特性,仿真算法结果合理,可行性高,具有更广泛的工程应用价值。

基于模糊PID控制算法的振动筛智能气囊系统的设计及应用

介绍了对传统空气弹簧的改造方法,利用新型的空气弹簧以及模糊PID控制技术相结合设计了智能气囊系统。实验结果表明,该智能气囊系统大幅度降低了生产过程中物料对振动筛的冲击,保证了振动筛安全可靠运行,降低了维护维修成本。

气囊缓冲技术研究现状与应用启示

通过梳理气囊缓冲技术的发展历程和研究成果,总结缓冲气囊的一般构造、工作原理和设计流程。分别从气囊静态起爆展开特性研究、气体发生器与药剂研制、气囊动态起爆展开特性研究三个方面,介绍气囊缓冲关键技术。通过分析气囊缓冲技术典型特例——空气弹簧的研究现状,讨论既有气囊缓冲技术在工程结构隔震应用中所存在的问题,提出能够同时适用于天然地震动和爆炸冲击震动的地下防护工程概念性气囊式智能隔震系统构想。研究旨在拓宽气囊缓冲技术的应用范围,促进隔震系统向智能化、功能多样化方向发展。

海外施工工程船舶气囊上排牵引系统设计

为切实提高我司海外施工工程船舶的效益,基于海外工程施工所在地的特殊性,本文从船舶气囊上排所用的牵引设备功能出发,结合以往某船成功上排维修实践,探讨船舶气囊上排牵引系统的设计原则及对各设备进行负荷验算,保证牵引系统的可靠性、适用性和经济性。

绿色物流背景下的模块化可扩容快递箱设计

快递包装是绿色物流供应链中的重要组成部分。针对快递数量快速增长下的包装污染持续恶化问题,结合榫卯结构和模块化设计理论提出一款模块化可扩容复用型轻量化包装箱结构设计方案;通过长短两用榫配合深浅两用卯,解决快递箱扩容过程中的尺寸缺口问题;通过气体双向阀及配套的凹槽圈和密封圈,解决扩容过程中的气囊系统定位组件错位问题;拓展了榫卯结构在模块化产品设计领域的实用性和适应性,为同类产品设计提供了新的思路。

空投装备气囊缓冲系统评价方法

以热力学理论和有限元法为基础,建立装备-气囊系统有限元模型,并利用试验数据对模型进行验证。对比结果表明,所建模型系统的精度较高,可以用在下一步的仿真分析工作中。针对缓冲气囊的复杂非线性模型计算规模大、难以进行大规模计算的问题,以着陆初速度、初始侧倾角、初始俯仰角、横向速度和地面坡度为变量,分别以最大冲击加速度、最大侧倾角、最大俯仰角以及气囊最大内压为响应,结合扩展拉丁超立方设计,采用径向基函数构建多工况响应代理模型。考虑空投装备在着陆过程中环境因素以及空投装备着陆姿态的影响,利用蒙特卡罗法结合代理模型对多工况下的空投装备着陆成功概率进行计算。通过计算得到着陆成功概率为95.84%,冲击加速度为其主要影响因素,气囊内压为次要因素。

基于ARM的汽车安全气囊控制系统设计

针对汽车安全气囊控制系统实时性要求高、运算量大的特点,提出了基于ARM Cortex-M3内核微控制器的设计方案;方案选用基于ARM Cortex-M3内核的工业级32位高性能微控制器LM3S1138,嵌入μC/OS—Ⅱ操作系统,运用移动积分窗爆破算法,构建了汽车安全气囊控制系统;系统软件设计部分使用TI公司官方提供的驱动库进行模块化设计,大大缩短了开发周期。由于LM3S1138微控制器是片上系统(SoC),集成了众多外设并具有丰富的I/O口,故该系统具有集成度高、体积小及可扩展性强的特点;台车试验和实车试验表明,系统可较为准确地控制气囊的最佳点火时刻,从而验证了方案的可行性。

多腔体气囊式回收系统的着陆冲击动力学建模与分析

首先对深空探测气囊式回收系统的结构特性进行了分析,讨论了多腔体气囊系统动力学分析模型的构造思路。然后引入一维流管理论描述子气囊之间气体流动的通气孔。最后通过气囊式回收系统着陆冲击过程的仿真分析了通气孔面积对系统着陆缓冲性能的影响,验证了通气孔模型的有效性。分析结果表明,本文建立的动力学分析模型能够较为全面地反映出气囊式回收系统的着陆冲击过程,分析出回收系统的各项工作参数或环境因素对系统着陆缓冲性能的影响。

货台空投系统气囊缓冲过程仿真

基于热力学方法,建立了货台空投系统气囊缓冲过程仿真模型。综合考虑了实际缓冲工作过程中气囊的形变与排气口面积的变化,从而更加有效的模拟了该型缓冲气囊的实际工作特性。仿真结果与试验结果一致,能够准确的计算缓冲过程最大过载、缓冲过程时间等特性。基于DirectXSDK实现了气囊缓冲过程的可视化仿真。建模方法与可视化技术可用于其他型号气囊的缓冲特性仿真计算工作。