Regular and irregular observational data are used to analyze and simulate a torrential rain over the south of China on 18 - 24 June 2005. Since the regular data cannot depict the rainfall system fully, GRAPES model is...Regular and irregular observational data are used to analyze and simulate a torrential rain over the south of China on 18 - 24 June 2005. Since the regular data cannot depict the rainfall system fully, GRAPES model is used to simulate this process. Different data are assimilated for 12 hours by its simulating system and different analysis data are obtained. In order to analyze how well the model forecast has been improved with the addition of assimilated aircraft data, these different analysis data are used as the first-guess data to conduct two control numerical simulation tests. From these tests, it is proved that be model that adds aircraft assimilation data can simulate the main region of precipitation, which is more consistent with the observed precipitation than the model that does not, and that the accuracy rate is also improved. These numerical simulation tests not only show that it is necessary and capable to improve the modeling of this torrential rain process by using aircraft data, but also lays the foundation for forecasting heavy rains in the south of China based on aircraft data.展开更多
We use FLIGHT+ aircraft reconnaissance data for tropical cyclones(TCs) in the North Atlantic and Eastern Pacific from 1997 to 2015 to re-examine TC fullness(TCF) characteristics at the flight level.The results show a ...We use FLIGHT+ aircraft reconnaissance data for tropical cyclones(TCs) in the North Atlantic and Eastern Pacific from 1997 to 2015 to re-examine TC fullness(TCF) characteristics at the flight level.The results show a strong positive correlation between the flight-level TCF and the intensity of TCs,with the flight-level TCF increasing much more rapidly than the near-surface TCF with increasing intensity of the TCs.The tangential wind in small-TCF hurricanes is statistically significantly stronger near the eye center than that in large-TCF hurricanes.Large-TCF hurricanes have a ring-like vorticity structure.No significant correlation is observed between the flight-level TCF and the comparative extent of the vorticityskirt region occupied in the outer core skirt.The proportion of the rapid filamentation zone in the outer core skirt increases with increasing flight-level TCF.The differences in entropy between the radius of the maximum wind and the outer boundary of the outer core skirt also increase with increasing flight-level TCF.展开更多
We investigate the major characteristics of the occurrences, causes of and counter measures for aircraft accidents in Japan. We apply statistical data analysis and mathematical modeling techniques to determine the rel...We investigate the major characteristics of the occurrences, causes of and counter measures for aircraft accidents in Japan. We apply statistical data analysis and mathematical modeling techniques to determine the relations among economic growth, aviation demand, the frequency of aircraft/helicopter accidents, the major characteristics of the occurrence intervals of accidents, and the number of fatalities due to accidents. The statistical model analysis suggests that the occurrence intervals of accidents and the number of fatalities can be explained by probability distributions such as the exponential distribution and the negative binomial distribution, respectively. We show that countermeasures for preventing accidents have been developed in every aircraft model, and thus they have contributed to a significant decrease in the number of accidents in the last three decades. We find that the major cause of accidents involving large airplanes has been weather, while accidents involving small airplanes and helicopters are mainly due to the pilot error. We also discover that, with respect to accidents mainly due to pilot error, there is a significant decrease in the number of accidents due to the aging of airplanes, whereas the number of accidents due to weather has barely declined. We further determine that accidents involving small and large airplanes mostly occur during takeoff and landing, whereas those involving helicopters are most likely to happen during flight. In order to decrease the number of accidents, i) enhancing safety and security by further developing technologies for aircraft, airports and air control radars, ii) establishing and improving training methods for crew including pilots, mechanics and traffic controllers, iii) tightening public rules, and iv) strengthening efforts made by individual aviation-related companies are absolutely necessary.展开更多
Cloud microphysical property retrievals from the active microwave instrument on a satellite require the cloud droplet size distribution obtained from aircraft observations as a priori data in the iteration procedure.T...Cloud microphysical property retrievals from the active microwave instrument on a satellite require the cloud droplet size distribution obtained from aircraft observations as a priori data in the iteration procedure.The cloud lognormal size distributions derived from 12 flights over Beijing,China,in 2008-09 were characterized to evaluate and improve regional CloudSat cloud water content retrievals.We present the distribution parameters of stratiform cloud droplet (diameter <500 tm and <1500 μm) and discuss the effect of large particles on distribution parameter fitting.Based on three retrieval schemes with different lognormal size distribution parameters,the vertical distribution of cloud liquid and ice water content were derived and then compared with the aircraft observations.The results showed that the liquid water content (LWC) retrievals from large particle size distributions were more consistent with the vertical distribution of cloud water content profiles derived from in situ data on 25 September 2006.We then applied two schemes with different a priori data derived from flight data to CloudSat overpasses in northern China during April-October in 2008 and 2009.The CloudSat cloud water path (CWP) retrievals were compared with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) liquid water path (LWP) data.The results indicated that considering a priori data including large particle size information can significantly improve the consistency between the CloudSat CWP and MODIS CWP.These results strongly suggest that it is necessary to consider particles with diameters greater than 50 tm in CloudSat LWC retrievals.展开更多
基金Techniques for Monitoring and Pre-warning Lightening for Pearl River Delta Cities, a socialwelfare project of the Ministry of Science and Technology (2005 DIB3J110)Mesoscale Observation,Experiments and Research on Heavy Rains in Southern China (2004CB418307)Research on the Techniques forTropical Assimilation Based on Modern Measurement Techniques
文摘Regular and irregular observational data are used to analyze and simulate a torrential rain over the south of China on 18 - 24 June 2005. Since the regular data cannot depict the rainfall system fully, GRAPES model is used to simulate this process. Different data are assimilated for 12 hours by its simulating system and different analysis data are obtained. In order to analyze how well the model forecast has been improved with the addition of assimilated aircraft data, these different analysis data are used as the first-guess data to conduct two control numerical simulation tests. From these tests, it is proved that be model that adds aircraft assimilation data can simulate the main region of precipitation, which is more consistent with the observed precipitation than the model that does not, and that the accuracy rate is also improved. These numerical simulation tests not only show that it is necessary and capable to improve the modeling of this torrential rain process by using aircraft data, but also lays the foundation for forecasting heavy rains in the south of China based on aircraft data.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2017YFC1501601the Key Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China under Grant 2017YFE0107700the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 41875054,41730961,41730960,and 41775065。
文摘We use FLIGHT+ aircraft reconnaissance data for tropical cyclones(TCs) in the North Atlantic and Eastern Pacific from 1997 to 2015 to re-examine TC fullness(TCF) characteristics at the flight level.The results show a strong positive correlation between the flight-level TCF and the intensity of TCs,with the flight-level TCF increasing much more rapidly than the near-surface TCF with increasing intensity of the TCs.The tangential wind in small-TCF hurricanes is statistically significantly stronger near the eye center than that in large-TCF hurricanes.Large-TCF hurricanes have a ring-like vorticity structure.No significant correlation is observed between the flight-level TCF and the comparative extent of the vorticityskirt region occupied in the outer core skirt.The proportion of the rapid filamentation zone in the outer core skirt increases with increasing flight-level TCF.The differences in entropy between the radius of the maximum wind and the outer boundary of the outer core skirt also increase with increasing flight-level TCF.
文摘We investigate the major characteristics of the occurrences, causes of and counter measures for aircraft accidents in Japan. We apply statistical data analysis and mathematical modeling techniques to determine the relations among economic growth, aviation demand, the frequency of aircraft/helicopter accidents, the major characteristics of the occurrence intervals of accidents, and the number of fatalities due to accidents. The statistical model analysis suggests that the occurrence intervals of accidents and the number of fatalities can be explained by probability distributions such as the exponential distribution and the negative binomial distribution, respectively. We show that countermeasures for preventing accidents have been developed in every aircraft model, and thus they have contributed to a significant decrease in the number of accidents in the last three decades. We find that the major cause of accidents involving large airplanes has been weather, while accidents involving small airplanes and helicopters are mainly due to the pilot error. We also discover that, with respect to accidents mainly due to pilot error, there is a significant decrease in the number of accidents due to the aging of airplanes, whereas the number of accidents due to weather has barely declined. We further determine that accidents involving small and large airplanes mostly occur during takeoff and landing, whereas those involving helicopters are most likely to happen during flight. In order to decrease the number of accidents, i) enhancing safety and security by further developing technologies for aircraft, airports and air control radars, ii) establishing and improving training methods for crew including pilots, mechanics and traffic controllers, iii) tightening public rules, and iv) strengthening efforts made by individual aviation-related companies are absolutely necessary.
基金supported by China public science and technology research funds projects of meteorology (Grant No. GYHY201406015)the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA05040000)+3 种基金the National High-Tech R&D Program of China (Grant No. SQ2010AA1221583001)National Science Foundation program (Grant Nos. 41375024, 40775002, 41175020, and 41375008)the basic research program (Grant No. 2010CB950802)the NASA CloudSat project for making CloudSat data available to the scientific community
文摘Cloud microphysical property retrievals from the active microwave instrument on a satellite require the cloud droplet size distribution obtained from aircraft observations as a priori data in the iteration procedure.The cloud lognormal size distributions derived from 12 flights over Beijing,China,in 2008-09 were characterized to evaluate and improve regional CloudSat cloud water content retrievals.We present the distribution parameters of stratiform cloud droplet (diameter <500 tm and <1500 μm) and discuss the effect of large particles on distribution parameter fitting.Based on three retrieval schemes with different lognormal size distribution parameters,the vertical distribution of cloud liquid and ice water content were derived and then compared with the aircraft observations.The results showed that the liquid water content (LWC) retrievals from large particle size distributions were more consistent with the vertical distribution of cloud water content profiles derived from in situ data on 25 September 2006.We then applied two schemes with different a priori data derived from flight data to CloudSat overpasses in northern China during April-October in 2008 and 2009.The CloudSat cloud water path (CWP) retrievals were compared with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) liquid water path (LWP) data.The results indicated that considering a priori data including large particle size information can significantly improve the consistency between the CloudSat CWP and MODIS CWP.These results strongly suggest that it is necessary to consider particles with diameters greater than 50 tm in CloudSat LWC retrievals.
基金国家自然科学基金(52076013)北京市自然科学基金(3212024)2023年度中韩青年科学家交流计划,the Government of the Republicof Korea(Ministry of Science and ICT),and the National Research Foundation of Korea in 2023。