Refined Aerodynamic Test of Wide-Bodied Aircraft and Its Application

The large dual-channel wide-bodied aircraft has a long range and a high cruise Mach number.Therefore,its aerodynamic design requires a high level ofwind tunnel test refinement.Based on the requirements of aerodynamic design for the future wide-bodied aircraft and the characteristics of high-speed wind tunnel tests,the error theory is introduced to analyze the factors affecting the accuracy of the test data.This study carries out a series of research on the improvement of refined aerodynamic test technology in an FL-26 wind tunnel,including design and optimization of the support system of wide-bodied aircraft,model attitude angle measurement,Mach number control accuracy,measurement and control system stability,test data correction and perfection,high-precision force balance and standard model development.In addition,the effect of the standard specification of the refined aerodynamic test is investigated to improve the data quality.The research findings have been applied in the standard model test and subsequent models of wide-bodied aircraft.The results show that whenMach numbers are less than 0.9,the control accuracy of Mach numbers in the FL-26 wind tunnel is smaller than 0.001 and the measurement error of attack angle is smaller than 0.01°.Therefore,it has the ability to correct the data influenced by factors,such as support/wall interference,model deformation,floating resistance and airflow deflection angle.The repeatability accuracy of the standard model’s comparison test shows that the lift coefficient is less than or equal to 0.0012,the drag coefficient is less than or equal to 0.00004,pitching moment coefficient is less than or equal to 0.0004.The bending resolution of the model’s deformation measurement is less than 0.2 mm,and the tensional deformation is smaller than 0.04°.The revised aerodynamic data and model deformation measurement results have good agreement with that of the ETW wind tunnel.The results demonstrate that the improved technology presented in this paper can significantly enhance the refined aerodynamic test of wide-bodied aircraft.

Analysis of volatile organic compounds emitted from aircraft carpets:comparison using headspace and dynamic chamber tests

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emitted from three types of carpets used in aircrafts were compared by using headspace and dynamic chamber tests. The headspace samples contained many compounds that were not detected in the dynamic chamber test; in addition, the dominant VOCs found by these two methods were different. The findings indicate that for highly sorptive materials such as carpets, headspace analysis may give inaccurate indication of actual VOC emissions, and it is necessary to conduct dynamic chamber tests over a certain period of time in order to identify the true emission characteristics. From the dynamic chamber tests, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol was the main VOC emitted from all three carpets. The study also examined the emission characteristics of aircraft carpets. In all experiments, total VOC(TVOC) concentration peaked within a few hours after the start of the experiment and was followed by rapid decay. The emission parameters of TVOC emitted by all three carpets were calculated and the simulated data matched the measured data well.

Digital Simulation of Full Scale Static Test of Aircraft

Full scale aircraft static test is a very important process of aircraft design, it is costly and time consuming. The testing accuracy and validity mainly depend on the rationality of the test scheme design. When the aircraft is being tested, the specimen＇s safety mainly depends on monitoring and understanding the testing data by way of evaluating the coherence with the digital simulation data synchyononsly. The test digital simulation can aid realizing above requirements and improving the test efficiency significantly during test scheme design stage or testing stage respectively. The key technologies and the solving methods of test digital simulation are presented and the application example is given.

Design and development of large-scale in-situ PRACLAY heater test and horizontal high-level radioactive waste disposal gallery seal test in Belgian HADES

In Belgium,the Boom clay was selected as a potential host formation for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste（HLW）.To demonstrate the suitability of Boom clay for bearing thermal load induced by the HLW,a large-scale in-situ heater test,called PRACLAY heater test,will be conducted in the underground research laboratory（URL） in Mol.Owing to the limitations of the test（a short period of time compared with that considered in a real repository,different boundary conditions,etc.）,the test is designed to simulate,in a conservative way,the most critical state and phenomena that could occur in the host rock.The PRACLAY gallery was excavated at the end of 2007;the heating phase will begin in 2010 and will last for at least 10 years.The PRACLAY gallery itself leaves an opportunity to study the possibilities of sealing a disposal drift in Boom clay and testing the feasibility of hydraulic cut-off of any preferential pathway to the main access gallery through the excavation damage zone（EDZ） and the lining with a seal in a horizontal drift（horizontal seal）.Indeed,this is a generic problem for all deep geological disposal facilities for HLW.An annular seal made of compacted swelling bentonite will be installed in the front of the heated part of the PRACLAY gallery for these purposes.This paper provides detailed considerations on the thermo-hydro-mechanical（THM） boundary conditions for the design of the PRACLAY heater test and the seal test with the support of numerical calculations.It is believed that these important items considered in the PRACLAY heater test design also constitute key issues for the repository design.The outcome of the PRACLAY heater test will be an important milestone for the Belgian repository design.

RESEARCH ON SONIC FATIGUE CALCULATION AND TEST FOR AIRCRAFT PANEL

The sonic fatigue life of the aluminium rectangular panel was calculated using the concise method[1], and the sonic fatigue test was conducted on progressive wave tube (PWT) test facility. A comparison was made between the results of calculation and test, and it shows reasonable agreement between these two results.

倾转旋翼机悬停状态气动干扰分析

针对倾转旋翼机,开展了悬停状态气动干扰风洞试验和数值模拟研究。试验中,测量了悬停状态下的旋翼升力、扭矩以及半模机翼的气动力。同时,采用运动嵌套网格方法,通过求解N-S方程对机翼倾角0°和90°两种状态进行数值模拟,开展了数值模拟与风洞试验的相关性分析研究,验证了该数值模拟方法的有效性。结果表明:不考虑机身气动力时,孤立旋翼、机翼攻角0°和机翼攻角90°三种状态下旋翼气动特性差异不明显;考虑机身气动力时,机翼攻角0°时,机身产生约18.2%向下载荷,单片桨叶和机身出现强烈非定常气动特性,其中桨叶升力系数动态值与平均值比为9.8%,机身升力系数动态值与平均值比为18.38%。

全尺寸飞行器地面振动试验数字化协同探索与实践

全尺寸飞行器地面振动试验具有协调界面多、试验系统复杂、实施周期长、试验风险高等特点,面向先进飞行器高效协同研制需求,必须引入数字化手段提升物理试验能力。通过梳理传统模式飞行器地面振动试验流程,剖析数字化协同试验要素,从试验方案与实施流程的数字化、试验对象的数字化、试验系统的数字化等方面出发,探索并初步构建全尺寸飞行器地面振动试验的数字化方案。指出当前数字化协同模式对降低试验风险、提高试验效率具有显著助益,未来需要进一步推进数实融合仿真、应用平台开发,以推动数字化成熟落地。

民机典型机身框段垂直入水冲击特性研究

为了研究民机典型机身框段垂直入水冲击特性,采用入水冲击试验系统开展不同高度下的圆柱体入水冲击试验,研究其入水冲击响应;基于LS-DYNA任意拉格朗日-欧拉(arbitrary Lagrange-Euler,ALE)方法建立流体域均匀网格及局部加密网格模型,通过对比圆柱体入水冲击试验结果验证网格收敛性及流体域模型;基于验证的流体域模型及机身框段模型,研究机身框段在6.02 m/s速度下的入水冲击特性,并分析与刚性地面冲击特性的差异性以及不同入水冲击速度下的机身框段冲击响应特性。结果表明:ALE方法在结构入水冲击方面具有较高的模拟精度,且采用局部加密网格时可以极大减少流体域模型网格数量和入水冲击计算时间。机身框段入水冲击时的失效模式与刚性地面冲击时的失效模式较为一致,但机身框段结构整体变形程度减小,客舱地板横梁变形程度增大;机身框仍是吸能最多的部件,但水也吸收了大量的冲击能量,使得地板导轨处的加速度始终小于刚性地面冲击时的加速度;随着机身框段入水冲击速度的增大,机身框发生弯折和上翘的程度加剧。

舰载机前起落架缓冲性能参数敏感性研究

为了同时满足缓冲和突伸性能,舰载机前起落架常采用双腔缓冲器设计。以某型机前起落架为研究对象,建立前起落架缓冲性能分析动力学模型,并将仿真计算结果与试验结果进行验证对比,验证理论模型的有效性和正确性。对缓冲器高、低压腔初始压力以及体积占比进行参数敏感性分析。结果表明,高、低压腔初始充填压力和体积占比对起落架缓冲性能的影响有别于它们对突伸性能的影响,所以对舰载机前起落架缓冲器的设计需不断优化,同时兼顾缓冲和突伸性能。

基于机器视觉的飞机电镀部件曲表面无损检测

[目的]为解决机器视觉在曲表面无损检测中算法复杂的问题,以及克服传统光源在曲表面检测中的局限性,开发了一套基于格栅光源的飞机电镀部件曲表面无损检测系统。[方法]该系统通过格栅光对电镀部件曲表面进行成像,随后进行图像分析,包括图像导入、预处理、Blob分析等步骤。[结果]该系统能够快速、准确地检测出电镀部件曲表面存在的缺陷,检测效率高且稳定可靠。[结论]该系统在飞机制造企业及航空公司飞机维护一线的初步工程应用中取得了良好效果,有望进一步推广。

面向飞机运维的测试与计量数字化构想

介绍了数字化浪潮下国内外航空维修企业推进数字化转型的现状与成果,分析了飞机运维中的测试与计量业务要素及其组织,围绕“在保证安全的前提下实现维修工作提质增效”的目标,提出了测试与计量业务的数字化构建方法,包括资源数字化、数据数字化、流程数字化、签署数字化,并对预期效果进行了探讨,为建立民航维修领域统一的数字化标准提供了思路。

飞机火焰抑制器阻火测试中混合气体的适用性研究

文章对典型民用飞机油箱通气口飞机火焰抑制器火焰传播特性开展试验研究。根据SAEARP5416中规定的H_(2)、O_(2)、Ar3种混合气体的燃爆方案,借鉴ISO16852标准下的试验方法,自建燃爆试验台,并分别在不同H_(2)体积分数、阻火芯体内部孔径和芯体长度的情况下开展系列试验,并与现行商用阻火器特性进行对比,同时使用高速摄像机获得爆燃阻火现象及规律并开展仿真对比。试验结果表明,使用体积分数为5.0%~10.0%的H_(2)进行飞机火焰抑制器火焰传播试验时,试验阻火成功率极低,并得到H_(2)体积分数升高对火焰传播速度的影响规律。研究表明,H_(2)与航空煤油蒸气的特性差异是阻火失效的关键因素。该文对此次试验的混合气体局限性进行分析,试验结果也为H2类阻火器的研究提供一定的参考。

机载激光武器试验评估技术研究

由于毁伤机理和使用方法的不同,现有机载武器和传感器的试验方法不适用于机载激光武器。为研究其特殊的试验与评估技术,从国外典型机载激光武器的试验情况着手,分析了主要的试验阶段、试验内容、试验类别、管理特点等,对气动光学特性、出光特性、目标探测识别跟踪、光束控制和杀伤性试验等主要科目的内容、方法进行研究。研究表明,美国为了避免试验技术落后研制技术,采取了多计划安排一体推进、大力构建试验机、建设试验设施和循序渐进开展试验等管理措施促进相关的研究。建议加强试验技术的投入,适时建设体系化试验机,加强测试和靶标等领域的研究,以期为新质武器的成熟和应用提供帮助。

基于GA-BP神经网络的大型客机气流角估计方法

为了解决硬件冗余难以克服的气流角传感器共因故障问题,进一步提高飞机气流角信号的可靠性,研究了基于GABP神经网络的气流角估计方法。通过BP神经网络融合姿态角、加速度、风速等参数来实现不依赖气流角传感器的气流角估计;引入遗传算法对神经网络权值和阈值进行全局优化,提高估计精度;对某大型客机的试飞数据预处理后用于模型的训练和测试。仿真结果表明,训练完成的GA-BP神经网络模型对气流角的估计值贴近实际值,稳定性和精度明显高于BP神经网络。上述方法给飞机增加一个余度的气流角信号,可用于传感器故障时为飞机提供可靠的气流角信号。

拦阻过程中机身主结构动力学分析与试验研究

依据舰载机着舰拦阻过程中拦阻载荷的特点,以典型舰载机无人机机身主传力结构为研究对象,提出了一种适用于着舰过程中主传力结构的刚柔耦合动态力学响应分析方法。研究了拦阻载荷下机身主结构的强度余度和拦阻过程中加速度、应力在机身主传力路径上的传递和分布规律;并开展拦阻载荷下中后机身的冲击试验,对拦阻过程刚柔耦合分析方法的准确性进行了研究,评估机体结构的安全性,为舰载机结构设计和分析方法提供依据。

飞机燃油箱惰化试验飞行环境模拟系统设计

飞机燃油箱惰化试验是飞机燃油系统安全评估的重要内容。为检验飞机惰化系统设计的正确性以及机载测试设备在飞行环境下的工作可靠性,设计了飞机燃油箱惰化试验飞行环境模拟系统,用于地面开展飞机燃油惰化系统飞行模拟试验。应用所搭建的模拟系统,开展了模拟平飞、爬升、下降等过程的飞机燃油惰化系统试验,检验了新研发的机载燃油箱氧浓度测试设备的性能。结果表明:模拟系统能够提供飞行条件高低温、高低压的油箱外部环境模拟以及含油气、惰化气体、飞行晃动的油箱内部环境模拟,从而为飞机燃油箱惰化系统试验提供有力支撑。

基于多应力加速退化的机载电子部件可靠性试验方法

可靠性试验是获取基础安全性数据的重要来源之一。考虑机载设备的实际工作环境,多种应力共同作用导致产品失效且存在复杂的相互作用,本文提出一种基于多应力广义耦合加速退化的可靠性试验方法,可以直接获取用于适航符合性验证的基础安全性数据。首先,建立考虑多应力广义耦合的非线性Wiener加速退化模型,结合相关性分析确定应力耦合形式;其次,提出基于多应力加速退化模型的最大似然估计与参数优化方法,解决多参数估计难题;最后,以某机载LED芯片为对象开展三应力加速退化试验,实现寿命评估。结果表明,相比于传统多应力加速模型,本文所提方法更贴近实际工况,误差控制在1%以内,寿命评估精度较高,可以有效解决基础数据缺失和不准确的现实适航问题。

全机疲劳试验几个问题的探讨

全机疲劳试验是规范要求的保障飞机结构完整性以及满足适航要求的大型、复杂以及持续时间长的地面验证试验。全机疲劳试验的几个重要问题,例如试验目的、载荷谱、持续时间和分散系数等,是飞机设计师/工程师非常关注和充分讨论的问题,其中的分散系数也是研究者研究较多的问题之一。针对近年来完成的多个飞机型号的全机疲劳试验,本文介绍了对上述几个问题的研究和认识,对比了国内外5种型号战斗机的疲劳设计与全机疲劳试验情况,提出了关于全机疲劳试验的工程实用的一些建议。本文的研究可以为其他飞机全机疲劳试验提供有益的参考。

面向智能辅助决策的飞行器安控系统构建研究

新一代人工智能技术能够提高飞行器试验安控系统的辅助决策能力,满足地面安控目标数量增多、故判规则量增大、故判时效性高等新需求,具有广阔的应用前景。在对飞行器试验地面安控需求分析的基础上,设计面向智能辅助决策的地面安控系统总体框架,增加了数据与模型管理模块;接着构建了辅助决策知识库,主要包括故障弹判据、速度判据、位置判据和预示落点判据等规则库;在此基础上提出数据和规则协同驱动的故障预测方法。该系统既利用历史积累试验数据对深度神经网络模型进行训练,又利用规则库提高专家经验对模型预测精度的贡献,能够提高故障智能预测能力,满足飞行器安控智能辅助决策需求。

民用飞机飞行中推力确定研究

确定飞行中发动机安装推力对飞机性能计算、发动机推力管理、经济性评价等具有重要意义。飞行中推力无法直接测量,需要在动力装置内部适当位置安装传感器测量性能参数,计算得出飞行中推力。研究了民用飞机动力装置飞行中推力确定方法,给出发动机安装净推力公式。介绍了推力计算的流程,利用某大涵道比涡扇发动机性能试飞数据,计算了该动力装置的安装净推力,并与参考值进行了对比分析,可为民用飞机型号设计提供参考。