Tigris, Euphrates, and Shatt Al-Arab River System: Historic and Modern Attempts to Manage and Restore Iraq’s Lifeline

In Iraq, the principal rivers are the Tigris, Shatt Al-Arab and Euphrates. From their headwater sources in the mountains of eastern Türkiye, these rivers descend through valleys and gorges and flow into the uplands of Syria and northern and central alluvial plain of Iraq. The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers confluence to form the Shatt Al-Arab river at Al-Qurnah which flows into the Persian Gulf. From sources in the Zagros Mountains other tributaries join the Tigris from the east. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers flow in a southeastern direction through the central plain and discharge into the Mesopotamian Marshes, which include permanent marshes, lakes, and riparian habitat. The rivers and their tributaries drain an area of 879,790 km2 which includes almost the entire area of Iraq as well as land in Syria, Türkiye, Kuwait and Iran. The region has historical importance as part of the Fertile Crescent region and where Mesopotamian civilization first emerged. The post war reconstruction efforts in the Yusifiyah township, an important food production region for Baghdad, illustrate the importance of these water resources. In addition, the advent of soil tunnels by Iraqi insurgents within the riverine corridors will make reconstruction of this resource more complex. The primary objectives of this study are to assess lessons learned, manage, and restore the Tigris, Euphrates, and Shatt Al-Arab river system lifeline in Iraq.

Karun and Shatt Al-Arab River System: Historic and Modern Attempts to Manage Iran’s Lifeline

The Islamic Republic of Iran’s principal rivers are the Karun and Shatt al-Arab. The Karun River has a 950 km length. The Karun River starting point is the convergence of the Amand, Kuhrang, and Bazoft rivers. From their headwater sources in the mountains of eastern Iran, these rivers descend through valleys and gorges and flow into the plains of Iran. The Shatt al-Arab River drains an area of 879,790 square kilometers which includes land in Iran, Syria, Türkiye, Kuwait, and Iraq. The Karun joins Shatt al-Arab 110 km downriver from the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers and flows 85 km into the Persian Gulf. The Karun river flows in a southwestern direction through the central plain and provides about 10 per cent of the water balance of Iran’s largest wetland, the Shadegan, which includes permanent marshes, lakes, and riparian habitats. The article summarizes a vast array of publications on the stated topic and this civilizationally important region in order to draw additional attention to its interdependent environmental, economic and political problems the successful resolution of which is only possible with the participation of the entire research community.

Spatiotemporal variability of fish assemblage in the Shatt Al-Arab River,Iraq

Objective:To study spatial and temporal variability of fish assemblage in the Shatt Al-Arab River.Methods:This study was conducted from December 2011 to November 2012.Water temperature,salinity,dissolved oxygen and transparency were measured from three sites in the river.Several fishing methods were adopted to collect fish including gill nets,cast net,electro-fishing and hook and lines.Associations between the distribution of fish species and the environmental variables were quantified by using canonical correspondence analysis.Results:The results showed that the fish assemblage consisted of 58 species representing 46 genera and 27 families belong to Osteichthyes except one(Carcharhinus leucas)relate to Chondrichthyes.Number of species increased in summer and autumn months and sharply decreased in winter.Tenualosa ilisha was the most abundant species comprising 27.4%of the catch,followed by Carassius auratus(23.7%)and Liza klunzingeri(10.6%).The dominance(D_(3))value for the main three abundant species was 61.7%.Nine species were caught for the first times from the river include eight marine.The overall values of diversity index ranged from 0.67 in March to 2.57 in October,richness index from 2.64 in January to 3.71 in September and evenness index from 0.22 in March to 0.73 in August.Conclusions:Spatially,the fish assemblages of Shatt Al-Arab River can be divided into three ecological fish guilds,namely,common species,seasonal species and occasional species.

Water quality assessment of the Shatt al-Arab River,Southern Iraq

Objective:To assess suitability of the water quality of Shatt al-Arab River for protection of aquatic life,potable water supply and irrigation uses.Methods:The Shatt al-Arab River was monitored on a monthly basis from July 2009 to June 2010.A water quality index(WQI)was calculated to assess the suitability of water for protection of aquatic life,potable water supply and irrigation uses during the dry season from July to December 2009 and the wet season from January until June 2010.Results:The results of the WQI showed that the lowest water quality values were scored during the dry season for all three uses of the river.Marginal water quality values were recorded for protection of aquatic life and fair(upstream)to poor(downstream)water quality values were recorded for irrigation uses.Moreover,the river water was not suitable for potable water supply without elaborate treatment.Conclusions:Deterioration of the Shatt al-Arab water quality has been attributed to reduced freshwater discharges from Tigris and Euphrates Rivers,low annual precipitations and an advancing salt wedge from the Arabian Gulf.However,a combination of those factors such as low riverine discharge and advancing salt wedge with a continuous discharge of agriculture,oil industry and urban point effluent has polluted the waters and fostered the decline of the Shatt al-Arab River water quality during the study period.The study indicated that application of WQIs was a useful tool to monitor and assess the overall water quality of the Shatt al-Arab River.

萨提·胡斯里的阿拉伯民族主义思想与伊斯兰教

本文在对萨提·胡斯里的生平与著作进行了简单介绍后分析了他的阿拉伯民族主义思想与伊斯兰教的关系:在民族、民族主义与宗教的关系问题上,萨提·胡斯里把语言和历史作为民族和民族主义的基础与构成要素,反对把宗教作为民族和民族主义的基础。在阿拉伯民族主义与泛伊斯兰主义的关系问题上,胡斯里提出了反对泛伊斯兰主义的“穆斯林统一”,倡导“阿拉伯统一”的政治主张,实际上也就是以泛阿拉伯主义取代泛伊斯兰主义。

Integrating Lithostratigraphic Units and GIS-Analysis Techniques to Modified Surface Water Quality Index

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of using Bicarbonate and Calcium parameters as alternatives to the lithostratigraphic units covered the catchment area, on water quality index (WQI) values that have been implemented with GIS technique at Wadi Al-Arab Dam. The analyzed results (by WQI method) have been used to depict water quality for the two approaches. Based on physico-chemical parameters, the calculated values for WQI over the 3-year for study period were 169, 168, and 157, respectively. While the WQI values were 184, 183 and 172, respectively, as a result of incorporated Bicarbonate and Calcium parameters in WQI calculations that significantly contributed to increasing the WQI. The elevated values may be attributed to the influence of carbonate stone dissolution and mechanical erosion under weathering conditions that are prevalent during winter season in the catchment area. As a consequence of lithostratigraphic unites product and GIS technique integration and normalization processes, most of water quality ranks are good and only autumn season has poor water quality in the 2012 and 2013, while in 2014 it has good water quality in the same season. The WQI values increase in general trend from winter to autumn seasons during the study period that may be referred to outflow by daily consumption, evaporation rising, and seepage water. The analysis shows that the modified water quality values of the Wadi Al-Arab Dam Reservoir (WADR) vary after using Bicarbonate and Calcium parameters by constant value. Generally, the results signify that the WADR is not polluted based on the physical and chemical characteristics of water.

试论凯拉姆学的产生是阿拉伯——伊斯兰思想发展的端起

对外征战结束后,在外部先进文化的影响下,阿拉伯穆斯林的心智得到了首次开发,并开始注重对伊斯兰教义、教法的深度思考,从而促成了凯拉姆学的问世及各教义学派的形成。随着凯拉姆学的命题讨论、问题争辩的日渐深入,倡导“理性”成为席卷全社会的一种思潮,并给阿拉伯—伊斯兰思想的发展带来深远影响,同时加速了阿拉伯—伊斯兰哲学的孕育过程。

阿克萨清真寺宗教和政治功能解读

作为伊斯兰世界的第三大圣寺,阿克萨清真寺有着重要的宗教和政治功能,是伊斯兰宗教建筑和伊斯兰教的象征。对巴勒斯坦来说,它是国家的象征、主权的象征,也是其民族团结的象征;对以色列来说,阿克萨清真寺旁的"西墙"遗址是犹太民族信仰和民族精神的集中体现。正是由于阿克萨具有如此重要的社会功能,导致阿以之间围绕耶路撒冷老城的争夺异常激烈,并使之成为阿以和平进程中的一个"死结"。

Hydrochemical Evaluation of Molybdenum Content of the Groundwater Aquifer System in Northern Jordan

The groundwater quality of Wadi Al Arab aquifer, northwest Jordan, was assessed for its high molybdenum concentrations, which reach 1.62 mg/L. This value of Mo-concentration was far beyond the Jordan Institution for Standards and Metrology (JISM) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Hydro-geochemical studies were carried out in order to assess the chemistry of the groundwater quality focusing on identifying the hydrogeochemical processes and mechanisms that are involved in the high Mo concentration. The water quality data of Wadi Al Arab boreholes (1986-2018) was collected, and the dataset analyzed. Interpretation of hydrochemical data showed that the anions are dominated by? ?with abundance order of?, while the main cation is Ca2+, with abundance order of Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+;water type is . The reason is the passage of groundwater through carbonate rocks. The distribution of the sampling points in the Gibbs diagram showed that the majority of samples are plotted within the field of rock weathering, which indicates that the main factor controlling dissolved hydrochemical components of the water samples is the dissolution of the rock-forming minerals. The scattered plot of the Mo with other critical heavy metals shows two different trend lines suggesting initiation of molybdenum to groundwater which is probably derived from oil shale and phosphate. The effects of pH and redox potential on Mo mobility in water are reviewed using the paurbaix diagram. The Mo species of the sampled wells are confined to the field of : anoxic/non-sulfidic condition (Fe reduction) which is located in the unconfined part of the aquifer, and which is sulfidic condition (low and high) in the confined aquifer.

伊拉克对阿拉伯河河界争端的态度及其政策演变

阿拉伯河对伊拉克来说具有重要的经济和战略意义,对其国家安全至关重要,历届伊拉克政府无论其政治体制和意识形态如何,都主张对整条阿拉伯河拥有主权,基于其自身实力和国际环境的因素,她对阿拉伯河的态度和政策又是不断变化的。从奥斯曼帝国时期的对阿拉伯河的安全主导权,到现代伊拉克只享有一半的主权,这一演变过程不仅反映了伊拉克本身的变化,而且在一定程度上昭示了中东地区复杂的利益格局及其变动趋向。

Hydro-environmental Characteristics of Seawater around Boubyan Island,Kuwait Using Annual Variations of Seawater Temperature,Salinity and Tide Fluctuations

The temporal and spatial variations of seawater temperature,salinity,and tidal fluctuations are important parameters for understanding the hydrodynamic,water quality,and marine biological activity in the seawater.It is also important to study and understand the probability and statistical aspects of these parameters for the planning and implementation of different types of marine projects.These parameters were measured at five different locations around Boubyan Island,Kuwait,for a span of almost one year during 2015-16.Based on the analysis of the measured data,it is found that the seawater salinity has varied from 34.14 to 48.31 ppt.The seawater temperature is also found to vary from 10.83 oC to 35.67 oC.The seawater level has varied from-2.694 m to 2.378 m with respect to the mean sea level.It is found that the peak of the probability density of seawater level is flat valued,whereas the probability density of salinity and seawater temperature is multimodal.A comparison of present and past measured seawater temperatures revealed that in Khor Al-Sabiya,the seawater temperature is increasing at the rate of 0.034 oC/year,which clearly indicates the effect of global warming.A similar study reveals that the annual average increase in salinity at Khor Al-Sabiya is 0.38 ppt,which clearly indicates a significant reduction of freshwater flow from Shatt Al-Arab into the Arabian Gulf.Since Kuwait is investing in many projects around the Boubyan Island,the results of this study will be useful for the integrated and sustainable development of Boubyan and Failaka Islands in Kuwait.

基于CATIA二次开发的帆船酒店造型设计

介绍了CATIA的二次开发的接口、开发语言以及应用程序设计,提出了一种帆船酒店的参数化描述方法。利用CATIA V5 R15中的模块,构造迪拜帆船酒店参数化三维立体模型,并对酒店造型二次开发过程中涉及的关键技术进行分析。应用VBA环境下的CATIA二次开发的自动化技术,实现帆船酒店的造型设计。实例表明:所提出的方法能够快速地生成帆船酒店的造型,证明了CATIA应用到建筑造型设计中的可行性。

中东地区形势突起新因素与地缘格局之变

当前,中东地区继续呈现冲突激化、战乱不断的动荡局面,美国抛出的“世纪协议”诱发地区局势再生新乱,“伊斯兰国”形虽灭、影犹在,继续祸害中东多国,苏丹、阿尔及利亚险些上演“阿拉伯之春”的“续曲”%特别是伴随石油大亨沙特和海湾土豪卡塔尔的激烈纷争,使之前相对平稳的海湾阿拉伯君主国开始滋长稳中有乱苗头%这些新老问题交织互动,结合阿拉伯国家沉沦、土耳其崛起、伊朗以守为攻、以色列战略明朗化等地区格局的重构,共同促使中东地缘力量对比朝新形态发展.

阿拉伯社会文化变迁中的早期戏剧艺术

阿拉伯戏剧是在19世纪下半叶阿拉伯近现代文化复兴运动的总体语境下兴起的,具有与生俱来的文化启蒙和大众教化意识。来自沙姆的早期剧作家在引进戏剧这一全新的文学体裁时,也致力于传播欧洲的先进思想文化。20世纪上半叶,阿拉伯戏剧事业以埃及为中心继续向前发展,剧作家们积极创作反映埃及社会现实状况的作品。其中,陶菲克·哈基姆为使阿拉伯戏剧成为阿拉伯文学的一个正规门类付出了巨大努力。

1919—1934年英国应对伊拉克波斯阿拉伯河划界争端的政策嬗变

1919—1934年,随着国际形势的深刻变化,伊拉克和波斯围绕阿拉伯河划界问题产生了新一轮的边界争端。此轮争端不仅延续了此前的历史纠葛,也开启了后续争端的发展帷幕。此际,英国作为伊拉克的委任统治国和利益攸关方,不可避免地卷入了伊波之间阿拉伯河划界争端之中。为维护本国利益,英国政府从拒绝直接插手解决争议,转变为直接介入,先后提出了阿拉伯河国际化方案、阿拉伯河三方管理委员会方案,并为此在伊波之间进行外交调停。而伊拉克政府1934年将边界问题提交国际联盟仲裁,标志着英国的外交努力以失败告终。究其原因,不仅在于伊拉克和波斯在阿拉伯河划界问题上陷入僵局,还在于英国政府始终着眼于帝国利益的最优化来思考和设计解决方案,结果自然不被伊波双方所接受。

试论伊拉克犹太人阿里亚运动:以1941年法胡德事件为中心

法胡德事件是1941年伊拉克首都巴格达爆发的反犹主义暴力事件,其产生的外部因素主要包括纳粹德国在伊拉克的反犹主义宣传,英国在中东对犹政策的改变,以及巴勒斯坦阿拉伯-犹太民族冲突问题的外溢影响。伊拉克国家政治动荡、国家对犹政策转向,以及极端民族主义思潮泛起是法胡德事件发生的主要内部根源。法胡德事件对伊拉克犹太人历史具有转折性意义,引起了犹太人群体的安全焦虑,引发了规模性的伊拉克犹太人阿里亚运动。该事件改变了伊拉克犹太社群与巴勒斯坦伊舒夫的关系,使后者逐步调整了对东方犹太人问题的态度和政策,伊舒夫进而积极介入和动员中东阿拉伯国家犹太人阿里亚运动。最后,该事件还动摇了犹太社群对伊拉克国家的认同观念。

《伊本·马立克千行诗》对阿拉伯语状态语的描述

本文通过梳理《伊本·马立克千行诗》及其两部注解集对状态语（ ）这一语法项的论述,试图厘清经典阿拉伯语语法对状态语形式特征与语法功能的规定与论述,以此对古代的阿拉伯语语法描写的本貌作一管中窥豹。

《阿拉伯人、外国人、柏柏尔人的历史纲要和殷鉴》历史价值述评

伊本·赫勒敦是阿拉伯伊斯兰历史上最伟大的哲学家和史学家之一,也是社会学和人口统计学的先驱。他的著作《阿拉伯人、外国人、柏柏尔人的历史纲要和殷鉴》对于阿拉伯世界和西方世界的哲学、史学和社会学来说非常重要。《殷鉴书》一书的第三部分论述了北非马格里布地区(多指包括摩洛哥、阿尔及利亚和突尼斯三国在内的北非地区)的柏柏尔人的政治、经济、社会、文化历史,是历史上第一部以柏柏尔人为叙述主体的详细的研究专著,对于后世对北非马格里布柏柏尔研究的开展具有至关重要的作用。

阿拉伯编年史家伊本·艾西尔及其所处的时代

伊本·艾西尔是阿拉伯史学史上的"三大编年史家"之一。他的代表作《历史大全》是学者们研究十字军东侵史和蒙古西征史的最佳阿拉伯文史料之一。它既是伊本·艾西尔一生所学的结晶,也是他所处时代的实录。他的家境殷实,使他在少年时代免遭乱世灾祸,得以接受优良的教育。他成年后,不恋权位,游学摩苏尔、巴格达、耶路撒冷、阿勒颇和大马士革等历史文化名城,广拜学术名师,目睹人间悲剧,闻听他人经历,网罗大量材料。公元1231年,他结束长达数十年的游学之旅,精心选材,奋笔直书,撰成《历史大全》,完成了一位伟大史学家的使命。

瓦基迪所著的《沙姆征服记》:与两种平行叙事在内容和形式方面的比较研究

对伊历1世纪/7世纪阿拉伯穆斯林对中东的征服进行研究的历史学家们长期以来忽视了将瓦基迪(逝于伊历207年/公元822年)所著的《沙姆征服记》作为潜在史料。这很大程度上是因为这本书的性质仍然存在争议。本文将这本书中的四个段落与艾兹迪(主要生活在伊历2世纪/8世纪下半叶)的《沙姆征服记》和伊本·艾阿撒姆·库菲(逝于伊历4世纪/10世纪的前25年)的《征服记》中的平行段落进行对比,以便更好地理解这本书的形式和内容。本次研究表明,在内容方面,瓦基迪所著的《沙姆征服记》的叙事包含更多细节,而且这些细节大多是宗教性或末世论性质的。在形式方面,与另外两本书的平行叙事相比,这本书对于事件的叙述往往中断较少,较为完整、独立。