Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of Yao Medicine Laggerae Alatae Herba

[Objectives]To study the anti-inflammatory effect of Laggerae Alatae Herba extract and its mechanism.[Methods]Inflammation models of xylene-induced ear edema in mice,acetic acid-induced increased permeability of abdominal capillaries in mice,and carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice were established;xylene-induced ear swelling model in bilateral adrenalectomized mice was established.The levels of MDA,NO and SOD in inflammatory tissues of paw were measured.[Results]Compared with the model group,the high and medium dose groups of Laggerae Alatae Herba extract had significant inhibitory effect on xylene-induced ear edema in mice,except for the low dose group(P>0.05);Laggerae Alatae Herba extract inhibited the increase of celiac capillary permeability induced by acetic acid and paw edema induced by carrageenan in mice.Compared with the model group,in the mice model with bilateral adrenal glands removed,the high and medium dose groups of Laggerae Alatae Herba extract could significantly inhibit the xylene induced ear swelling of the mice.The high and medium dose groups of Laggerae Alatae Herba extract could significantly decrease the levels of MDA and NO,and significantly increase the level of SOD in the paw tissue.[Conclusions]The Laggerae Alatae Herba extracts have anti-inflammatory activity,and the anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts does not depend on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis(HPAA)system.In addition,the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Laggerae Alatae Herba extract is related to the decrease of MDA and NO and the increase of SOD.

山药块茎生长膨大相关基因的筛选与分析

为筛选山药块茎生长膨大相关基因,采用生物信息学方法,对山药块茎发育前期和中期构建的不同发育阶段抑制性消减杂交(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)文库进行分析。结果表明:山药块茎发育前期与中期差异表达基因(differential expression genes,DEGs)序列主要涉及九大类,其中发育调控占比最大(27.1%),其他依次为细胞组织结构(14.0%)、物质代谢(11.2%)、生物合成(4.7%)等。初步筛选出泛素-连接酶体(F-box associated,F-box)、碳酸酐酶(carbonic anhydrase,CAs)、核苷二磷酸激酶(nucleoside diphosphate kinase,NDPK)、氨基酸透性酶(amino acid permease)、糖基转移酶(glycosyl transferase)、α-淀粉酶(α-amylase,AMY)等候选基因,它们可能与细胞增殖、细胞伸长、激素代谢、酸碱环境调节及功能物质代谢物等功能有关,参与调控山药块茎的生长膨大。

山药颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶基因DaGBSS的克隆与分析

颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶(granule-bound starch synthase,GBSS)是一种能够决定直链淀粉生物合成的关键性酶。通过对山药转录组分析、分子克隆获得一个具有完整ORF的DaGBSS基因,cDNA片段长度为1845 bp,编码614个氨基酸。生物信息学分析结果显示DaGBSS蛋白为一酸性稳定蛋白,含有淀粉合酶催化和糖基转移酶2个功能结构域。多序列比对结果显示:糯米山药DaGBSS蛋白与所选的物种具有较高的同源性,且含有典型的功能结构域;生物进化分析结果显示DaGBSS蛋白与圆形薯蓣亚种进化亲缘关系最近。对采收15 d山药块茎进行处理,qRT-PCR、指标分析结果显示DaGBSS基因在山药块茎的表达存在明显的时空差异性,且在距离地表位置最远的部位DaGBSS基因的表达量、GBSS和直链淀粉的含量均为最高。研究通过对山药块茎淀粉合成的早期阶段进行生理、关键调控因子的克隆分析,为探究山药淀粉合成的调控提供参考,同时对糯米山药的分子育种提供了重要的基因资源。

叶喷水杨酸对山药(Dioscorea alata L.)地下块茎蔗糖—淀粉转化影响(英文)

【目的】阐明叶喷水杨酸(SA)对山药地下块茎蔗糖—淀粉转化的影响,为了解山药蔗糖转化机制、提高其淀粉形成提供参考。【方法】设置SA 0.0(对照)、0.5、1.0和5.0 mmol/L 4个处理,在山药(Dioscorea alata L.)"白扁"地下块茎形成的早期和后期分别进行叶面喷施,定期采样测定地下块茎主要碳水化合物含量和蔗糖裂解与淀粉形成的相关酶活性。【结果】除5.0 mmol/L SA处理的后期地下块茎总可溶性糖(TSS)含量急剧增加外,地下块茎的TSS、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、淀粉、直链淀粉(AM)、支链淀粉(AP)和纤维素的含量在其他处理间的变化趋势相同。与对照相比,0.5mmol/L与5.0 mmol/L SA处理对山药地下块茎的影响作用相反,前者不仅显著提高了蔗糖合成酶(SuSase)、酸性转化酶(SAInv)、细胞壁结合酸性转化酶(CWBAInv)、中性转化酶(NInv)等酶的活性,而且显著增加腺苷二磷酸焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、颗粒结合淀粉合成酶(GBSS)、淀粉分支酶(SBE)等酶的活性,1.0 mmol/L仅在块茎发育中期对上述酶有微小的促进作用。所有SA处理中,虽然蔗糖含量与SuSase及淀粉合成相关酶的活性呈不显著正相关,但蔗糖与总可溶性糖含量的比率与这些酶活性及淀粉含量成显著正相关。葡萄糖、果糖含量及它们所占总可溶性糖的比率与上述酶的活性分别呈显著负相关,葡萄糖与果糖的比率与上述酶的活性无显著相关性,蔗糖与葡萄糖、果糖的比率均与AGPase、SSS、GBSS的活性呈显著正相关。【结论】叶面喷施SA在山药地下块茎发育过程中通过作用于蔗糖裂解和淀粉合成相关酶的活性来影响蔗糖的运输和流向,小于1.0 mmol/L的SA通过提高酶活性来促进蔗糖转运入山药地下块茎并转化成淀粉,而其他浓度SA具有相反的作用。

大尺寸仿猪笼草口缘区结构半圆管形微流道设计

针对面向无动力输入的自由流体在半圆形截面微流道中单向流动的问题,设计并制备了具有百微米级大尺寸仿猪笼草口缘区结构的开放式半圆管型微流道。分析液体单向铺展性机理,设计基本的大尺寸仿猪笼草口缘区结构半圆管表面;使用光固化成型方法的数字光处理3D打印设备制备工件,实验分析大尺寸仿猪笼草口缘区结构半圆管型微流道的液体单向铺展性,计算极差表征各结构参数对单向铺展性的影响。结果表明:大尺寸仿猪笼草口缘区结构半圆管型微流道在椭圆半长轴570μm,空腔楔角30°,微流道宽度320μm,结构体长360μm,拉伸长度200μm,曲率2时具有较强的单向铺展性;各因素对铺展系数的影响程度由大到小分别为拉伸长度、结构体长、空腔楔角、椭圆半长轴、微流道宽度和曲率。研究结果为大尺寸仿猪笼草口缘区结构半圆管型微流道的参数设计提供基础指导,也验证了采用常规3D打印技术制备具有单向铺展性的微流道的可行性。

Effect of Purple Yam(Dioscorea alata L.) on Nutritional and Physiological Functions of Growing Rats

[Objective] This study was to explore the effect of purple yam on the nutritional and physiological functions of rats.[Method] Forty SD rats were randomly divided into four groups with ten rats in each group which were reared with artificial semisynthetic feed added with 10% steamed yam powder.The four groups,the casein（CK） group which was used as the control,the purple yam（PY） group,the Tiegun yam（TY） group and common Huai yam（HY） group,were supplied with feed of equal content of energy,protein and fat.The rats were pair-fed for 56 days to observe changes of relevant nutritional and physiological indices.[Result] There were no significant differences of body weight,food conversion rate and organ indices between rats in PY group and CK group.Mean corpuscular hemoglobin in PY group was significantly lower than that in CK group;hemoglobin showed no significant difference with that in CK group;eosnophils was lower than that in CK group.Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,total cholesterol and atherogenic index in PY group were lower than that in the other three groups;anti-atherogenic index was the highest among the four groups,while showing no significant difference;triglyceride content was lower than that in CK group.Among the antioxidant indices,the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase were higher than that in CK group,while malondialdehyde content was lower than that in CK group.[Conclusion] Purple yam showed the trend of reducing the content of blood glucose,total cholesterol,low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,triglyceride,malondialdehyde,and raising the activity of glutathione peroxidase,superoxide dismutase and catalase,thus having certain antioxidative function.

Cretaceous crown male ant reveals the rise of modern lineages

Most described Mesozoic ants belong to stem groups that existed only during the Cretaceous period.Previously,the earliest known crown ants were dated to the Turonian(Late Cretaceous,ca.94-90 million years ago(Ma))deposits found in the USA,Kazakhstan,and Botswana.However,the recent discovery of an alate male ant in Kachin amber from the earliest Cenomanian(ca.99 Ma),representing a new genus and species,Antiquiformica alata,revises the narrative on ant diversification.Antiquiformica can be distinctly differentiated from all known male stem ants by its geniculate antennae with elongated scape,extending far beyond the occipital margin of the head and half the length of the funiculus,as well as its partly reduced forewing venation.Furthermore,the combination of a one-segmented waist with a well-developed node,elongated scape extending beyond the occipital margin,and reduced forewing venation,particularly the completely reduced m-cu and rs-m crossveins and absence of rm and mcu closed cells,firmly places the fossil within the extant subfamily Formicinae.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)confirmed that the amber containing Antiquiformica alata originated from the Kachin mines in Myanmar.This discovery significantly revises our understanding of the early evolution of Formicinae.The presence of Antiquiformica in Cenomanian amber indicates that the subfamily Formicinae emerged at least by the start of the Late Cretaceous,with crown ants likely originating earlier during the earliest Cretaceous or possibly the Late Jurassic,although paleontological evidence is lacking to support the latter hypothesis.

不同外源激素处理对翅柃种子发芽的影响

为了提高翅柃种子的发芽率,以翅柃种子为材料,通过采用不同外源激素浸种,以探索促进翅柃种子萌发的方法。对翅柃种子的表型性状进行测定;用TTC染色法测定种子生活力;选用不同浓度(50、100、150、200 mg/L)的赤霉素(GA 3)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、萘乙酸(NAA)分别浸种1、2 h,对翅柃种子进行激素浸种处理,以清水浸种1、2 h为对照,在25℃恒温条件下观测翅柃种子的萌发情况。结果表明:翅柃种子呈三角形或不规则菱形,长0.8~1.0 mm,宽0.5~1.0 mm;翅柃种子生活力很低,仅为8%;翅柃种子经不同浓度激素处理后发芽率、发芽势、发芽时间有显著差异,NAA 150 mg/L浸种2 h发芽率7%,GA 3100 mg/L浸种时间1 h发芽率2%,IAA 200 mg/L浸种1 h发芽率4%,其余处理组合发芽率较低或均无发芽种粒。

不同肉色脚板薯营养成分和功能成分分析

以紫色、白色2种肉色脚板薯为试材,采用高效液相色谱法、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)和pH示差法对其氨基酸、单糖、尿囊素、薯蓣皂苷、微量元素及总花色苷含量进行检测分析,并测定水分、蛋白质、淀粉等成分含量。结果表明:2种不同肉色脚板薯营养成分和功能成分存在一定差异性。白色肉脚板薯蛋白质含量显著高于紫色肉,而水分和淀粉含量显著低于紫色肉;微量元素Bi、Rb和Se含量为白色>紫色,Mo、Ca、Mg元素为白色<紫色,其他元素差异不明显;必需和非必需氨基酸总含量为白色>紫色;富含精氨酸,含量为白色>紫色,分别为297.96和97.08 mg/kg;富含尿囊素,含量为白色>紫色,分别为30.03和24.53 mg/kg;单糖、薯蓣皂苷、总花色苷含量均为白色<紫色,单糖组成为葡萄糖>半乳糖>甘露糖>半乳糖醛酸>木糖>核糖>阿拉伯糖>葡萄糖醛酸>鼠李糖>岩藻糖。

盐胁迫下SA在大花烟草中以剂量依赖方式调节种子萌发和生长

以改造的大花烟草(Nicotiana alata)即早花烟草为试材,研究在1500 mmol·L^(-1)氯化钠(NaCl)胁迫下,不同浓度梯度外源水杨酸(SA)处理下早花烟草种子的萌发情况和植株的生长状况,分析其过氧化物酶(POD)酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)酶活性和活性氧(ROS)含量,及其作用机制.研究结果表明,适量外源SA可以缓解盐胁迫对早花烟草萌发的毒害.经0.05~1.00 mmol·L^(-1) SA处理,盐胁迫下早花烟草种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数上升,但随着SA浓度继续升高,其缓解效应随之降低.盐胁迫下的早花烟草生长已经受到严重抑制.喷施0.5~1.5 mmol·L^(-1) SA后,叶片大小和鲜重、根系的大小和鲜重都明显升高;且喷施0.5~2.0 mmol·L^(-1) SA叶片中SOD和POD活性均呈现先降低后上升的趋势;ROS含量呈现先降低后上升的趋势;叶绿素含量呈现出先上升后降低的趋势.这些结果表明:SA调节耐盐性可能以剂量依赖的方式发生,在外源施加适量浓度的SA提高抗氧化酶活性,能有效地消除过量的ROS,避免ROS积累,降低叶片中叶绿素含量及对光系统和光合碳同化过程中多种酶的伤害,维持较高的光合速率.

New Eudesmane and Eremophilane Derivatives from Laggera Alata

From the aerial part of Laggera alata, a novel eremophilanoid (1) as well as two new eudesmanoids (2-3) were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by 2D-NMR technique and X-ray diffraction studies. The cytotoxic activities of these sesquiterpenes were also investigated.

Anti-lipogenic effect of Senna alata leaf extract in high-fat diet-induced obese mice

Objective: To examine the effect of Senna alata(S. alata) leaf extracts on the regulation of lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.Methods: The obesity condition was induced in the male ICR mice by feeding them with high-fat diet(45 kcal% fat) for 12 weeks. At the 7th week of diet feeding, the obese mice were treated with the water extract of S. alata leaf at 250 and 500 mg/kg/day, respectively, that continued for six weeks. At the end of the treatment period, the biochemical parameters were determined. The hepatic histology and the gene and protein expressions were also examined.Results: In comparison with the obese control mice, the mice treated with S. alata showed a significant reduction in the elevated blood glucose levels and a decrease in the serum insulin and leptin levels. A reduction in the serum total cholesterol, triglyceride,non-esterified fatty acid, and hepatic triglyceride levels were also observed. The histological examination of the obese mice treated with S. alata showed a reduced lipid accumulation in the liver tissue. Hepatic lipogenic gene expression showed that S. alata decreased the activity of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c, fatty acid synthase,and acetyl-Co A carboxylase. S. alata could suppress hepatic peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor gamma(PPARg) protein. Moreover, the protein expression of PPARa in liver tissue was clearly increased by S. alata treatment.Conclusion: The treatment with S. alata could decrease several parameters of impaired lipid metabolism in the obese mice by downregulating sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c and PPARg and upregulating PPARa. This study is the first report on the role of S. alata leaf extract in alleviating the abnormal lipid metabolism in obese conditions.

Extraction Process and Content Determination of Caffeic Acid in Laggera alata from Different Production Areas of Guangxi

[Objectives] To establish a method for determining the content of Laggera alata( D. Don) Sch. Bip. Ex Oliv. using caffeic acid the target component,and to compare the content of caffeic acid in the medicinal materials of L. alata in different production areas of Guangxi.[Methods]The content was determined by Inertsil~ODS-3 chromatographic column C_(18)( 4. 60 mm × 250 mm,5 μm,mobile phase: acetonitrile-0. 1% phosphoric acid( 22∶ 78),detection wavelength: 320 nm,flow rate: 1. 0 m L/min,column temperature: 30℃,and injection volume: 10 μL. [Results] The caffeic acid showed a good linear relationship in the range of injection volume of 0. 025 92-0. 259 2 μg( R =0. 999 5). The average recovery rate was 98. 33%( RSD = 1. 85%). L. alata in different production areas of Guangxi contained the caffeic acid,and there was a great difference in the caffeic acid. L. alata in Baise had the highest content of caffeic acid,while that in Guilin had the lowest content of caffeic acid. [Conclusions]This method can accurately determine the content of caffeic acid and is expected provide a scientific basis for the development and utilization of herbal medicine L. alata.

Morphological Characterization of Some Water Yam （Dioscorea alata L.） Germplasm in Ghana

The Asiatic Dioscorea alata yam species is an important food crop, especially in Cote d＇lvoire. It has high yield and stores longer than Dioscorea cayenensis/rotundata yam and therefore fills the hunger gap created when other yam types arc not available. However, very little research has been done on it. Several cultivars are susceptible to pests and diseases and lack the aesthetic values of smooth skin and elegant tuber shape ofDioscorea rotundata that appeal to consumers in the market. This study therefore sought to establish the genetic variability and relationships among 35 accessions of Ghanaian Dioscorea alata together with 14 accessions introduced from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in Nigeria. Morphological variation was studied to establish genetic relationship among 49 accessions assembled as Dioscorea alata in Ghana. Principal component analysis （PCA） indicated that the first two principal components accounted for 25.27% of total variation from accessions with PCA1 and PCA2, contributing 13.92% and 11.35%, respectively. Cluster analysis performed clearly separated the 49 accessions into three main groupings using unweighted neighbour-joining method. Morphological descriptors were able to group the accessions into distinct clusters independent of place of collection.

Effect of Synthetic Hormone Substitutes on Rooting of Vine Cuttings in Water Yam (Dioscorea alata L.)

The use of yam vine cuttings as propagules with appropriate synthetic rooting hormones such as IBA (Indole-Butyric Acid) and NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) has previously been reported as successful but expensive. To source for cheaper alternatives, this study compared the effect of some natural and synthetic hormones on rooting of vine cuttings in two varieties of Dioscorea alata. Vine cuttings from three months old water yam varieties were treated separately with 1%, 3% and 5% concentrations of each of the following: neem leaf ash, coconut water, 2,4-D and IBA with water as control. Treated cuttings were planted in triplicates in polythene bags using the completely randomised design and watered once in two days for 49 days. Data collected on rooting percentage, number of roots per plant, mean root length, number and length of new vines were subjected to analysis of variance tests and the means separated using least significant difference tests. A 100% rooting was observed in vines treated with 1% or 3% coconut water and neem ash. These vines also generated significantly greater number of new vines (P < 0.05) compared to those from synthetic hormones. Vines treated with 5% neem produced the highest number of roots (145.33 ± 9.21;P < 0.001) while those treated with 3% neem produced the longest roots (45.3 ± 9.23 cm) followed by those treated with 3% coconut water (24.3 ± 3.48). The study reveals that neem leaf ash and coconut water are better root promoting agents for water yam vines than 2,4-D and IBA and could be tested further for use as natural hormonal substitutes to the synthetic hormones.

Application of Prochloraz-nano-titanium Dioxide Complex Fresh-keeping Agent in Refrigeration of Dioscorea alata Lirm. sp.

Prochloraz diluents( 450 ×,475 ×,500 ×) were added with different concentrations of nano-titanium dioxide( Ti O2)( 0. 8%,1. 0%) respectively to prepare complex fresh-keeping agents,which were applied in the refrigeration of Dioscorea alata Lirm. sp. With rot index,weight loss rate,browning degree( BD),total soluble solids( TSS) content,malondialdehyde( MDA) content,polyphenol oxidase( PPO) activity and peroxidase( POD) activity,DPPH· scavenging rate as evaluation indexes,the preservation effect of the prepared freshkeeping agents on D. alata during the cold storage period was analyzed. The results showed that prochloraz added with nano-titanium dioxide significantly prolonged the storage life,reduced the rot rate and weight loss rate,and slowed the loss of pulp of D. alata. The preservation effect of complex fresh-keeping agent of prochloraz diluent( 475 ×) and nano-titanium dioxide( 1. 0%) was better than that of other treatments.

Ethnobotanical review and pharmacological properties of selected medicinal plants in Brunei Darussalam:Litsea elliptica,Dillenia suffruticosa,Dillenia excelsa,Aidia racemosa,Vitex pinnata and Senna alata

The aim of the current study is to review the medicinal properties of the plants found in Brunei Darussalam namely Litsea elliptica, Dillenia suffruticosa, Dillenia excelsa, Aidia racemosa, Vitex pinnata and Senna alata. The known phytochemical constituents of these plants and their ability to bring about a range of biological activities are included in this review. These plants have been used traditionally for a multitude of diseases and illnesses. There is a lot of untapped potential in these medicinal plants which could cure multiple diseases.

傣药芽拉勐龙(Cassia alata L.)的最佳采收时间探讨

傣药芽拉勐龙(Cassia alata L.)是傣医药史籍中有记载且傣医临床中最常用的药材之一,它在泰国应用同样广泛多见,是已开发应用得较为成熟的药用植物,相关研究也较多。在西双版纳,民间傣医常在夏秋季节采收芽拉勐龙,认为这期间的芽拉勐龙叶才有更好的疗效,但尚未发现相关的理论依据支持这种说法,因此笔者在2008年7月到11月间,采集每个月份的芽拉勐龙叶进行其乙醇提取物的含量测定,以找到它的最佳采集使用期。通过其采收季节中有效成分含量的比较结果显示,有效成分最高的时间是11月份,故在采收芽拉勐龙时,应掌握时机,在11月份采收为佳。

Crude Extracts of <i>Senna alata</i>(L.) Roxb. Mimics Plant Growth Hormones in Promotion of Vegetative and Reproductive Growth in <i>Celosia argentea</i>L.

The efficacy of crude extracts of Senna alata in the improvement of vegetative and reproductive growth in Celosia aregentea was investigated. Fresh leaves of S. alata were blended with a homogenizer in 1 litre of distilled water. The resultant green paste was filtered under suction. Different concentrations (75%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 12%, 10%, and 5%) were prepared from the 100% crude extract. Seeds of C. argentea were presoaked in these different concentrations including a control (0%) and planted out after 24 hours. Results obtained showed that seedling height, leaf area, dry weight and leaf area ratio were promoted and enhanced by presoaking seeds in the extract. At the end of the experimental period (six weeks), seedling height in 75% and 100% treatments were 109 ± 16.12 cm and 117 ± 19.32 cm, leaf area 128 ± 17.91 cm2 and 125 ± 18.12 cm2, dry weight 7.48 kg and 7.0 kg respectively. Seedlings raised from seeds presoaked in water (control) however, flowered earlier (8 weeks) than the treatments (10 weeks in 75% and 100%). Presoaking seeds of C. argentea in crude extracts of S. alata before planting is recommended for optimum production of the leafy vegetable. The procedure is cheap and easily implementable by resource-poor farmers who are the main growers of C. argentea.