Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of Yao Medicine Laggerae Alatae Herba

[Objectives]To study the anti-inflammatory effect of Laggerae Alatae Herba extract and its mechanism.[Methods]Inflammation models of xylene-induced ear edema in mice,acetic acid-induced increased permeability of abdominal capillaries in mice,and carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice were established;xylene-induced ear swelling model in bilateral adrenalectomized mice was established.The levels of MDA,NO and SOD in inflammatory tissues of paw were measured.[Results]Compared with the model group,the high and medium dose groups of Laggerae Alatae Herba extract had significant inhibitory effect on xylene-induced ear edema in mice,except for the low dose group(P>0.05);Laggerae Alatae Herba extract inhibited the increase of celiac capillary permeability induced by acetic acid and paw edema induced by carrageenan in mice.Compared with the model group,in the mice model with bilateral adrenal glands removed,the high and medium dose groups of Laggerae Alatae Herba extract could significantly inhibit the xylene induced ear swelling of the mice.The high and medium dose groups of Laggerae Alatae Herba extract could significantly decrease the levels of MDA and NO,and significantly increase the level of SOD in the paw tissue.[Conclusions]The Laggerae Alatae Herba extracts have anti-inflammatory activity,and the anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts does not depend on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis(HPAA)system.In addition,the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Laggerae Alatae Herba extract is related to the decrease of MDA and NO and the increase of SOD.

TLC Identification of Laggerae Alatae Herba and Extraction Process of Chlorogenic Acid

[Objectives]Taking chlorogenic acid as index component,TLC and content determination method of Laggerae Alatae Herba were established.[Methods]TLC identification used silica gel G thin-layer plate,and butyl acetate∶formic acid∶water(7∶2.5∶2.5)was taken as developing agent,and it was inspected under ultraviolet lamp(365 nm).The content was determined by chromatographic column Inertsil ODS-3 C_(18)(4.60 mm×250 mm,5μm).Mobile phase:methanol-0.1%phosphoric acid(28∶72);detection wavelength:329 nm;flow speed:1.0 mL/min;column temperature:25℃;injection volume:10μL.[Results]Chlorogenic acid can be detected by TLC,with clear spots and good specificity.When injection volume of chlorogenic acid was between 0.099 and 0.990μg(R^(2)=0.9999),there was good linear relationship.In low,medium and high sample adding groups of Laggerae Alatae Herba,average recovery rates of chlorogenic acids were 98.80%(RSD=2.09%),98.24%(RSD=1.96%)and 99.65%(RSD=2.15%).[Conclusions]The method could effectively identify medicinal material Laggerae Alatae Herba,and accurately measure the content of chlorogenic acid in Laggerae Alatae Herba,thereby providing a scientific basis for developing and using medicinal resources of Laggerae Alatae Herba.

Cretaceous crown male ant reveals the rise of modern lineages

Most described Mesozoic ants belong to stem groups that existed only during the Cretaceous period.Previously,the earliest known crown ants were dated to the Turonian(Late Cretaceous,ca.94-90 million years ago(Ma))deposits found in the USA,Kazakhstan,and Botswana.However,the recent discovery of an alate male ant in Kachin amber from the earliest Cenomanian(ca.99 Ma),representing a new genus and species,Antiquiformica alata,revises the narrative on ant diversification.Antiquiformica can be distinctly differentiated from all known male stem ants by its geniculate antennae with elongated scape,extending far beyond the occipital margin of the head and half the length of the funiculus,as well as its partly reduced forewing venation.Furthermore,the combination of a one-segmented waist with a well-developed node,elongated scape extending beyond the occipital margin,and reduced forewing venation,particularly the completely reduced m-cu and rs-m crossveins and absence of rm and mcu closed cells,firmly places the fossil within the extant subfamily Formicinae.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)confirmed that the amber containing Antiquiformica alata originated from the Kachin mines in Myanmar.This discovery significantly revises our understanding of the early evolution of Formicinae.The presence of Antiquiformica in Cenomanian amber indicates that the subfamily Formicinae emerged at least by the start of the Late Cretaceous,with crown ants likely originating earlier during the earliest Cretaceous or possibly the Late Jurassic,although paleontological evidence is lacking to support the latter hypothesis.

山药SuSy基因全长cDNA序列的结构、进化和表达

【目的】阐明山药蔗糖合成酶(SuSy,EC 2.4.1.13)基因家族的成员及其功能。【方法】利用RT-PCR和RACE技术从大薯(Dioscorea alata)地下块茎中分离到1个SuSy基因(DaSuSy1)全长cDNA序列,并用DANSTAR和Clastal W等软件分析该序列的结构特征和分子进化,采用RT-PCR和Northern杂交对该基因的时空表达进行分析。【结果】DaSuSy1全长cDNA序列大小为2673bp,其中最大开放阅读框(ORF)、5'端和3'端的非翻译区分别含有2445bp、7bp和221bp,而且3'端的非翻译区含1个24nt的Poly(A+)尾;最大ORF可编码814个氨基酸,分子量为92.76kD,等电点为6.42,含有蔗糖合成酶和葡糖基转移酶两个保守功能域及两个磷酸化位点,即N端的Ser10和C端的SNLDRRET781 RR(Ser774～Thr781)。该基因在全长cDNA序列、编码区cDNA序列及其编码氨基酸序列的水平上与GenBank中所选已知物种SuSy基因相应序列的同源性分别达45.3%～71.3%、45.8%～74.8%和50%～84.7%,与禾本科植物SuSy基因家族中一些成员亲缘关系最近。DaSuSy1在非光合器官中表达,其中地下块茎表达最为强烈,而且从块茎形成初前期开始表达一直增强至盛中期,此后逐渐减弱。【结论】DaSuSy1是山药SuSy基因家族成员,归为单子叶植物SuSy基因的组别,仅在非光合器官中表达编码负责蔗糖-淀粉转化功能的SuSy同工型。

叶喷水杨酸对山药(Dioscorea alata L.)地下块茎蔗糖—淀粉转化影响(英文)

【目的】阐明叶喷水杨酸(SA)对山药地下块茎蔗糖—淀粉转化的影响,为了解山药蔗糖转化机制、提高其淀粉形成提供参考。【方法】设置SA 0.0(对照)、0.5、1.0和5.0 mmol/L 4个处理,在山药(Dioscorea alata L.)"白扁"地下块茎形成的早期和后期分别进行叶面喷施,定期采样测定地下块茎主要碳水化合物含量和蔗糖裂解与淀粉形成的相关酶活性。【结果】除5.0 mmol/L SA处理的后期地下块茎总可溶性糖(TSS)含量急剧增加外,地下块茎的TSS、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、淀粉、直链淀粉(AM)、支链淀粉(AP)和纤维素的含量在其他处理间的变化趋势相同。与对照相比,0.5mmol/L与5.0 mmol/L SA处理对山药地下块茎的影响作用相反,前者不仅显著提高了蔗糖合成酶(SuSase)、酸性转化酶(SAInv)、细胞壁结合酸性转化酶(CWBAInv)、中性转化酶(NInv)等酶的活性,而且显著增加腺苷二磷酸焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、颗粒结合淀粉合成酶(GBSS)、淀粉分支酶(SBE)等酶的活性,1.0 mmol/L仅在块茎发育中期对上述酶有微小的促进作用。所有SA处理中,虽然蔗糖含量与SuSase及淀粉合成相关酶的活性呈不显著正相关,但蔗糖与总可溶性糖含量的比率与这些酶活性及淀粉含量成显著正相关。葡萄糖、果糖含量及它们所占总可溶性糖的比率与上述酶的活性分别呈显著负相关,葡萄糖与果糖的比率与上述酶的活性无显著相关性,蔗糖与葡萄糖、果糖的比率均与AGPase、SSS、GBSS的活性呈显著正相关。【结论】叶面喷施SA在山药地下块茎发育过程中通过作用于蔗糖裂解和淀粉合成相关酶的活性来影响蔗糖的运输和流向,小于1.0 mmol/L的SA通过提高酶活性来促进蔗糖转运入山药地下块茎并转化成淀粉,而其他浓度SA具有相反的作用。

NAA和6-BA对野生参薯愈伤组织诱导和不定芽分化、生根的影响

考察了NAA和6-BA对野生参薯（Dioscorea alata Linn.）愈伤组织诱导和不定芽分化、生根的影响.结果表明,愈伤组织诱导的最适培养基为MS＋ 1.0 mg/L 6-BA＋ 0.2 mg/L NAA＋ 30 g/L蔗糖＋6.0g/L琼脂;愈伤组织分化不定芽的最适培养基为MS＋ 0.5 mg/L 6-BA＋ 0.1 mg/L NAA＋ 30 g/L蔗糖＋6.0 g/L琼脂;不定芽生根的最适培养基为MS＋ 0.01 mg/L6-BA＋ 0.3 mg/L NAA＋ 30 g/L蔗糖＋6.0 g/L琼脂.生根试管苗在室温下炼苗7～10d后,开瓶炼苗2～3 d,移栽成活率在95％以上.

Effect of Purple Yam(Dioscorea alata L.) on Nutritional and Physiological Functions of Growing Rats

[Objective] This study was to explore the effect of purple yam on the nutritional and physiological functions of rats.[Method] Forty SD rats were randomly divided into four groups with ten rats in each group which were reared with artificial semisynthetic feed added with 10% steamed yam powder.The four groups,the casein（CK） group which was used as the control,the purple yam（PY） group,the Tiegun yam（TY） group and common Huai yam（HY） group,were supplied with feed of equal content of energy,protein and fat.The rats were pair-fed for 56 days to observe changes of relevant nutritional and physiological indices.[Result] There were no significant differences of body weight,food conversion rate and organ indices between rats in PY group and CK group.Mean corpuscular hemoglobin in PY group was significantly lower than that in CK group;hemoglobin showed no significant difference with that in CK group;eosnophils was lower than that in CK group.Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,total cholesterol and atherogenic index in PY group were lower than that in the other three groups;anti-atherogenic index was the highest among the four groups,while showing no significant difference;triglyceride content was lower than that in CK group.Among the antioxidant indices,the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase were higher than that in CK group,while malondialdehyde content was lower than that in CK group.[Conclusion] Purple yam showed the trend of reducing the content of blood glucose,total cholesterol,low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,triglyceride,malondialdehyde,and raising the activity of glutathione peroxidase,superoxide dismutase and catalase,thus having certain antioxidative function.

超声辅助提取参薯叶黄酮的工艺研究

[目的]研究参薯叶黄酮的超声辅助提取工艺条件。[方法]以参薯叶为原料,选取提取温度、提取时间、超声波功率和料液比4个因素进行单因素试验,并在单因素试验基础上进行L9(34)正交试验,确定参薯叶黄酮的最佳超声提取工艺条件。[结果]优选的最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇浓度60%,超声提取时间50 min,提取温度65℃,料液比为1∶30(g/ml);在此条件下,薯叶黄酮的提取率为5.17%。[结论]该方法优选出了薯叶黄酮的最佳超声提取工艺条件,为参薯叶资源的加工利用开辟新的途径。

六棱菊的薄层鉴别和橙皮苷含量测定研究

以橙皮苷为指标性成分,建立六棱菊(Laggera alata)薄层鉴别和含量测定方法,比较广西不同产地的六棱菊中橙皮苷含量。薄层色谱中可以检出橙皮苷,斑点清晰,专属性好。橙皮苷进样量在0.30～2.25μg范围(R2=0.999 6)呈良好的线性关系。六棱菊低、中、高加样组橙皮苷的平均回收率分别为99.60%(RSD=2.78%)、99.97%(RSD=2.08%)和99.01%(RSD=1.36%)。广西境内10批不同产地的六棱菊中橙皮苷的含量差别较大,这可能与气候、温度、土壤、水分、光照等生长条件有关。该方法能有效鉴别六棱菊,准确测定橙皮苷含量,为开发利用六棱菊资源提供了科学依据。

Phytoplankton Assemblage of Yangtze River Estuary and the Adjacent East China Sea in Summer, 2004

A cruise was conducted from late August to early September 2004 with the intention of obtaining an interdisciplinary understanding of the Yangtze River Estuary including the biological, chemical and physical subjects. Water sample analysis indicated that total phytoplankton species richness was 137. Of them 81 were found in Bacillariophyta and 48 in Pyrrophyta, accounting for 59.1% and 35.0% respectively. The average cell abundance of surface water samples was 8.8 ×104 cells L^-1, with the maximum, 102.9×104 cells L^-1, encountered in the area （31.75°N, 122.33°E） and the minimum, 0.2×10^4 cells L^-1, in （30.75°N, 122.17°E）. The dominant species at most stations were Skeletonema costatum and Proboscia alata f. gracillima with the dominance of 0.35 and 0.27. Vertical distribution analysis indicated that obvious stratification of cell abundance and dominant species was found in the representative stations of 5, 18 and 33. Shannon-Wiener index and evenness of phytoplankton assemblage presented negative correlation with the cell abundance, with the optimum appearing in （30.75°N, 122.67°E）. According to the PCA analysis of the environmental variables, elevated nutrients of nitrate, silicate and phosphate through river discharge were mainly responsible for the phytoplankton bloom in this area.

New Eudesmane and Eremophilane Derivatives from Laggera Alata

From the aerial part of Laggera alata, a novel eremophilanoid (1) as well as two new eudesmanoids (2-3) were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by 2D-NMR technique and X-ray diffraction studies. The cytotoxic activities of these sesquiterpenes were also investigated.

脚板薯的研究进展

综述近年来脚板薯在生物学特性、化学成份、药理及临床研究和产品开发等方面的研究进展,并进行较为全面的介绍与分析,为脚板薯植物资源的研究和开发利用提供一定的参考。

Anti-lipogenic effect of Senna alata leaf extract in high-fat diet-induced obese mice

Objective: To examine the effect of Senna alata(S. alata) leaf extracts on the regulation of lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.Methods: The obesity condition was induced in the male ICR mice by feeding them with high-fat diet(45 kcal% fat) for 12 weeks. At the 7th week of diet feeding, the obese mice were treated with the water extract of S. alata leaf at 250 and 500 mg/kg/day, respectively, that continued for six weeks. At the end of the treatment period, the biochemical parameters were determined. The hepatic histology and the gene and protein expressions were also examined.Results: In comparison with the obese control mice, the mice treated with S. alata showed a significant reduction in the elevated blood glucose levels and a decrease in the serum insulin and leptin levels. A reduction in the serum total cholesterol, triglyceride,non-esterified fatty acid, and hepatic triglyceride levels were also observed. The histological examination of the obese mice treated with S. alata showed a reduced lipid accumulation in the liver tissue. Hepatic lipogenic gene expression showed that S. alata decreased the activity of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c, fatty acid synthase,and acetyl-Co A carboxylase. S. alata could suppress hepatic peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor gamma(PPARg) protein. Moreover, the protein expression of PPARa in liver tissue was clearly increased by S. alata treatment.Conclusion: The treatment with S. alata could decrease several parameters of impaired lipid metabolism in the obese mice by downregulating sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c and PPARg and upregulating PPARa. This study is the first report on the role of S. alata leaf extract in alleviating the abnormal lipid metabolism in obese conditions.

Morphological Characterization of Some Water Yam （Dioscorea alata L.） Germplasm in Ghana

The Asiatic Dioscorea alata yam species is an important food crop, especially in Cote d＇lvoire. It has high yield and stores longer than Dioscorea cayenensis/rotundata yam and therefore fills the hunger gap created when other yam types arc not available. However, very little research has been done on it. Several cultivars are susceptible to pests and diseases and lack the aesthetic values of smooth skin and elegant tuber shape ofDioscorea rotundata that appeal to consumers in the market. This study therefore sought to establish the genetic variability and relationships among 35 accessions of Ghanaian Dioscorea alata together with 14 accessions introduced from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in Nigeria. Morphological variation was studied to establish genetic relationship among 49 accessions assembled as Dioscorea alata in Ghana. Principal component analysis （PCA） indicated that the first two principal components accounted for 25.27% of total variation from accessions with PCA1 and PCA2, contributing 13.92% and 11.35%, respectively. Cluster analysis performed clearly separated the 49 accessions into three main groupings using unweighted neighbour-joining method. Morphological descriptors were able to group the accessions into distinct clusters independent of place of collection.

Extraction Process and Content Determination of Caffeic Acid in Laggera alata from Different Production Areas of Guangxi

[Objectives] To establish a method for determining the content of Laggera alata( D. Don) Sch. Bip. Ex Oliv. using caffeic acid the target component,and to compare the content of caffeic acid in the medicinal materials of L. alata in different production areas of Guangxi.[Methods]The content was determined by Inertsil~ODS-3 chromatographic column C_(18)( 4. 60 mm × 250 mm,5 μm,mobile phase: acetonitrile-0. 1% phosphoric acid( 22∶ 78),detection wavelength: 320 nm,flow rate: 1. 0 m L/min,column temperature: 30℃,and injection volume: 10 μL. [Results] The caffeic acid showed a good linear relationship in the range of injection volume of 0. 025 92-0. 259 2 μg( R =0. 999 5). The average recovery rate was 98. 33%( RSD = 1. 85%). L. alata in different production areas of Guangxi contained the caffeic acid,and there was a great difference in the caffeic acid. L. alata in Baise had the highest content of caffeic acid,while that in Guilin had the lowest content of caffeic acid. [Conclusions]This method can accurately determine the content of caffeic acid and is expected provide a scientific basis for the development and utilization of herbal medicine L. alata.

Baru almonds from different regions of the Brazilian Savanna: Implications on physical and nutritional characteristics

While some reports show that physical characteristics of the baru fruits (Dipteryx alata Vog.) differ within and among the Brazilian Savanna regions, a study shows that there are differences in the nutritional composition of baru almonds from different trees from the same Savanna area. It is unknown, however, whether the Savanna’s region influences the nutritional quality of this native almond. Thus, we evaluated the influence of East, Southeast and West regions of the Brazilian Savanna on physical characteristics, nutrient composition and protein quality of the baru almond. Chemical composition and amino acid profile were analyzed, and Amino Acid Score (AAS), Net Protein Ratio (NPR), and Protein Digestibility–Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) were estimated. The physical characteristics significantly differed within but not among regions. The protein (310 g kg-1), lipid (410 g·kg-1), fiber (120 g·kg-1) and calcium (1,300 mg·kg-1) contents of baru almonds were high, with significant differences among regions for insoluble fiber content (94.3 - 128.3 g·kg-1) and amino acid profile (AAS = 77% - 89%). The relative NPR (RNPR) values were similar among regions (mean value of RNPR = 71%), and the PDCAAS values ranged from 65 to 73%. The region of the Brazilian Savanna influences the fiber and amino acid profiles, but not the total content of nutrients, the protein quality and the physical characteristics of the native baru almonds. The baru almond is a potential food as source of complementary protein for healthy diets and as a nutritious raw material for various food systems.

Effect of Synthetic Hormone Substitutes on Rooting of Vine Cuttings in Water Yam (Dioscorea alata L.)

The use of yam vine cuttings as propagules with appropriate synthetic rooting hormones such as IBA (Indole-Butyric Acid) and NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) has previously been reported as successful but expensive. To source for cheaper alternatives, this study compared the effect of some natural and synthetic hormones on rooting of vine cuttings in two varieties of Dioscorea alata. Vine cuttings from three months old water yam varieties were treated separately with 1%, 3% and 5% concentrations of each of the following: neem leaf ash, coconut water, 2,4-D and IBA with water as control. Treated cuttings were planted in triplicates in polythene bags using the completely randomised design and watered once in two days for 49 days. Data collected on rooting percentage, number of roots per plant, mean root length, number and length of new vines were subjected to analysis of variance tests and the means separated using least significant difference tests. A 100% rooting was observed in vines treated with 1% or 3% coconut water and neem ash. These vines also generated significantly greater number of new vines (P < 0.05) compared to those from synthetic hormones. Vines treated with 5% neem produced the highest number of roots (145.33 ± 9.21;P < 0.001) while those treated with 3% neem produced the longest roots (45.3 ± 9.23 cm) followed by those treated with 3% coconut water (24.3 ± 3.48). The study reveals that neem leaf ash and coconut water are better root promoting agents for water yam vines than 2,4-D and IBA and could be tested further for use as natural hormonal substitutes to the synthetic hormones.

基于SRAP标记的大别山薯蓣群体结构分析

为确定大别山薯蓣(Dioscorea alata)资源的群体结构和亲缘关系,利用SRAP分子标记,对大别山地区搜集到的48份薯蓣资源材料进行标记检测,标记数据输入Structure 2.3.4软件并采用混合模型进行群体结构分析。试验筛选出22对具有多态性的SRAP引物组合,对48份薯蓣资源材料进行标记检测。结果表明,22对SRAP引物组合共检测出175条多态性条带,每对引物组合检测到的多态性条带为4~11条,平均每对引物组合检测到7.95条多态性条带。群体结构分析表明,当K=3时,△K最大,即这48份薯蓣资源材料可以分为3个亚群,分别包含15、13和20份薯蓣资源材料,且亚群间存在基因交流,属混合亚群。通过基于SRAP标记的48份薯蓣资源材料的群体结构研究,揭示大别山地区薯蓣资源遗传多样性较为丰富、遗传关系较为复杂。分为3个亚群,亚群间存在基因交流。