Effects of some common additives on the antimicrobial activities of alcohol-based hand sanitizers

Objective: To study the effects of some common additives on the antimicrobial activities of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Methods: The antibacterial activities of varying aqueous concentrations of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol were tested by the agar well diffusion method. The influences of different concentrations of glycerin was similarly tested. Finally, isopropyl alcohol and benzalkonium chloride were combined in different ratios within the sate use concentrations of each, and the effects of these combinations were compared with values obtained for the two agents used alone. Statistical methods, such as student t test and one-way ANOVA were used when appropriate to evaluate the differences in activity. Results: The activities of the alcohols showed marked concentration dependence, and both showed peak activity at 85%-95% concentration range. Over the concentration range of 60%-100%, isopropyl alcohol inhibited more bacterial and fungal organisms than ethanol, though the inhibition zone diameters it produced were not statistically different from those of ethanol for organisms which were sensitive to both of them.Addition of glycerin reduced the antimicrobial activities of the isopropyl alcohol, as shown by reduction in the inhibition zone diameters produced in vitro, which may be due to reduced drug diffusion with increase in viscosity. Addition of benzalkonium to isopropyl alcohol systems improved the activity of the alcohol, but the overall activity of the combination was not superior to that seen in the use of benzalkonium alone. Conclusion: Alcohol-based hand sanitizers should not be used outside the concentration range of 85%-95% and isopropyl alcohol inhibits more bacterial and fungal organisms than ethanol for most concentrations. Inclusion of benzalkonium improves the antimicrobial spectrum and activity of isopropyl alcohol, and the combination may justifiably be used to achieve both immediate and long lasting effect. Glycerin may adversely affect the antimicrobial activities of isopropyl alcohol-based hand sanitizers and should be used with caution.

Cost Efficient Automated Fog Spraying Machine: A Covid-19 Hand Sanitization Solution

As a result of the introduction of new infectious illnesses,key infection prevention measures were implemented.Now,a new coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2)epidemic has expanded swiftly,causing the coronavirus illness 2019(COVID-19).Many microorganisms spread illness via hospital surfaces due to environmental pollution.This virus has been associated to close contact between persons in tight situations such as houses,hospitals,assisted living,and residential institutions.Aside from health care settings,public buildings,faith-based community centers,marketplaces,transportation,and corporate environments are prone to COVID-19 transmission.Physical contact to the sanitizer device may cause for spread Covid virus.That’s why we have pro-posed an automatic fogger mechanism-based hand sanitizer that may able to reduce covid risk.Disinfectant fog will flow when object will pass through the machine.This project will save cost,time and wastage along with Covid spreading risk.This project is about designing a good healthcare system.In recent years,sophisticated automation has influenced the health industry.Health care in poor nations is costly.So,the project is an attempt to tackle this issue.

Evaluation of the Quality and Safety of Hand Sanitizers Marketed in Saudi Arabia

Background: Hand sanitizers are an important preventive measure to halt the spread of pathogens, which has become a huge demand during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Consequently, their safety and quality are top priorities for regulatory organizations. Methods: Saudi Food & Drug Authority laboratories have analyzed numerous samples of hand sanitizers in order to ensure their safety and efficacy. Active ingredients, as well as hazardous impurities, have been checked according to the pharmacopeia. Results: In this study, we report the results of the analysis of 1409 samples, which represent the majority of products available in the Saudi Arabian market. The results showed that 196 samples (13.9%) did not meet international standards. Specifically, out of 196 failed samples, 75, 12, and 4 products contained hazardous substances such as methanol, 1-propanol, and acetaldehyde, respectively. Additionally, some failed samples contained foreign particles, were improperly labeled, or contained an inadequate concentration of alcohol. Conclusion: The substandard hand sanitizers possess a risk to the community, particularly during pandemics, and hence stringent yet dynamic regulations should be implemented.

32份居民日常使用洗手液抑菌效果分析

日常生活中,民众经常会用到洗手液,尤其是具有抑菌功效的洗手液产品,为保障民众的洗手效果,确保洗手液能够真正发挥抑菌功效,文章对从居民家中收集32份正在使用的洗手液产品进行监测,并参照我国现行标准GB 15979-2002溶出性抗(抑)菌产品抑菌性能试验方法,评估不同洗手液产品对大肠杆菌的抑制效果。测试结果表明,在8份冲水洗手液中,有6份对大肠杆菌的抑菌率>99.99%,判定其具有较强抑菌作用;在24份免洗洗手液中,有23份对大肠杆菌的抑菌率>90%,判定为具有较强抑菌作用,而剩余1份样品的抑菌率为81.8%,被判定为具有抑菌作用。因此,可以认为居民日常使用的抑菌洗手液大多都对大肠杆菌具有较好的抑制作用,可达到预期抑菌效果。

含艾草精油的抑菌护肤洗手液的制备

为了避免洗手液中抑菌成分对皮肤造成危害和对环境造成污染,以天然植物提取物艾草精油为抗菌成分制备了一款洗手液。抑菌实验结果表明,艾草洗手液在稀释100倍、1 000倍和10 000倍时,抑菌率均为100%,与75%(体积分数)乙醇的抑菌效果相同,抑菌效果好。清洁力实验表明,用该洗手液清洗后,水分保持在56%以上,油分保持在20%左右,去油保湿效果较好;发泡力实验表明,艾草洗手液的发泡力在100 mm以上,符合国家标准;红细胞溶血性实验表明,在浓度梯度在0.1 g/L~1.0 g/L范围内,艾草精油洗手液对眼部的刺激性为轻度刺激,在更低的质量浓度范围0.001 g/L~0.010 g/L范围内,为微弱刺激性,表明该洗手液的刺激性较小,对皮肤温和。总之,该艾草精油洗手液是一款较理想的抑菌护肤洗手液。

响应面法优化鱼腥草洗手液制备工艺的综合实验设计

在教材原有方案中添加天然抑菌成分鱼腥草提取液,提高洗手液的抑菌性能。利用Design Expert软件优化鱼腥草抑菌洗手液的制备参数,得出最佳制备工艺。抑菌性能测试结果表明,鱼腥草洗手液具有优越的抑菌效果。

蒲公英洗手液的制备与研究

通过从蒲公英中提取黄酮来作为洗手液中的抑菌成分,表面活性剂为脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)和椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱(CAB),通过对不同比例的AES和CAB的比值的分析确定最佳的配比。通过实验变量选取AES+CAB(质量分数为30%,AES:CAB=1:2)、甘油(质量分数为3%)、椴树蜜(质量分数为1%)、香精(质量分数为0.1%)、蒲公英提取液(质量分数为50%)。实验证明该洗手液的PH适合人体、粘度合适、起泡性符合要求、可以抑制S.aureus(金黄色葡萄球菌)和E.coil(大肠杆菌)的生长。

罗勒精油免洗洗手液的研制及其抗菌能力测试

为研制出手感及其抗菌效果最佳的罗勒精油免洗洗手液。通过超声波辅助萃取法提取出罗勒精油;采用单因素考察和正交试验法法,以感官评价为指标,探究出罗勒精油免洗洗手液的最佳配方;采用纸片扩散法与菌落计数法进行抑菌性能测定。结果显示最佳配方为卡波姆940含量3%、吐温80含量2%、食用甘油含量2%、罗勒精油含量10%,罗勒精油免洗洗手液对金黄色葡萄球菌;大肠杆菌和白色念珠菌的抑菌能力都较好。罗勒精油免洗洗手液性能稳定,温和并具有较好的抑菌能力。

含银离子改良配方抑菌洗手液的抑菌性能分析

近年来,银离子洗手液的市场份额逐渐增长,因其出色的杀菌能力和长效性,受到市场的广泛青睐。然而,其生产过程中存在稳定性问题,特别是使用非电解法制备的银离子溶液。为解决这一问题,本研究聚焦于以银氨溶液为基础的改良配方,开发新型银离子洗手液,并通过抑菌实验来验证其稳定性和有效性。期望为银离子洗手液的优化和推广提供科学依据,促进消毒产品行业的发展。

裸花紫珠艾纳香抑菌洗手液的制备和性能检测

制备一种含有裸花紫珠与滇桂艾纳香成分的抑菌洗手液,并通过其起泡性、黏度、抑菌性评价其性能。其处方由18%脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)、9%椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱(CAB)、3%甘油(丙三醇)、7%裸花紫珠艾纳香提取浓缩液、0.26%10%NaOH溶液和62.74%去离子水组成;该洗手液的起泡性能稳定,黏度与市售洗手液相比无显著差异,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径为22 mm,该洗手液性能良好。

微生物教学实验室中不同有效成分洗手/消毒液对手卫生效果的比较分析

目的评估不同手部抑菌消毒产品对微生物实验室操作人员手部清洁的效果。方法微生物实验室工作人员分别使用含有不同主要抑菌成分的洗手液/消毒液对手部进行消毒处理,对消毒前后培养出的菌落样本进行菌落种类计数、革兰染色和生化、药敏鉴定,并对检验结果进行整合、对比和分析。结果在所研究的实验条件下,主要成分为63%-75%(V/V)乙醇和0.45%-0.55%(W/N)醋酸氯己定的品牌8对大多数细菌有着良好的消毒效果;主要抑菌成分为0.18%-0.22%(W/W)对氯间二甲苯酚的品牌6和0.18%-0.22%(W/W)吡罗克酮乙醇胺盐的品牌7的消毒效果相对较差。含0.27%-0.33%(W/W)水杨酸的品牌5和含0.32%-0.38%(W/W)水杨酸的品牌1对特定菌种有较好的消毒效果;含0.000126%-0.000154%(W/W)银离子的品牌2效果较一般,而无抑菌成分的洗手液对大多数菌种皆无明显抑制作用。结论在所研究的微生物实验室条件下,主要成分为63%-75%(V/V)乙醇和0.45%-0.55%(W/N)醋酸氯己定的免洗消毒液抑菌效果最好,不同品牌洗手液的效果均不如免洗消毒液,且洗手/消毒程序不影响免洗消毒液的抑菌效果。

Risk Factors Contributing to Microbiological Contamination of Boreholes and Hand Dug Wells Water in the Vina Division, Adamawa, Cameroon

This study examined the sanitary conditions of public boreholes and hand dug wells water in relation to pathogenic bacteria isolated in water samples. To assess the suitability of drinking water, sanitary inspection of surroundings of the sources was conducted, membrane filtration technic was used to trap the microorganisms in the water sample and other standard microbiological technics were applied to check the heterotrophic plate counts, total coliforms, fecal coliforms and some pathogenic bacteria in the samples. It was observed that there were no delineated protection zones around many boreholes (61.19%) and in almost all hand dug wells;thus, hand dug wells were pruned to more contamination than boreholes. Heterotrophic plate counts of boreholes were significantly different between (p < 0.0001) zones in dry and rainy seasons. Total coliforms per 100 ml varied significantly (p < 0.001) between the two seasons both in boreholes and hand dug wells. Fecal coliforms were significantly absent in some boreholes, but significantly present in all hand dug wells with the presence of E. coli 157H in some. Risk assessment of factors contributing to water contamination showed that: pumps manipulation with feet, other sources of contamination such as wastewater dumps, within 10m were significantly associated to boreholes contamination with Salmonella spp, Staphylococcus aureuse, fecal coliform (p = 0.01);in hand dug wells, presence of latrine or septic tank soak-away within 10 m of the wells, poor depth and lack of internal lining, uncapped wells, presence of trees near the wells, animal and birds feces, were significant and associated to contamination with Salmonela spp., B. cepaceae, S. aureus E. coli 1 (p < 0.05). Generally water collection points are marked with very poor sanitary conditions and this situation may not change unless the contaminating risk factors are fixed and sanitary measures are taken.

可拆卸式拉曼光谱仪光路调节方法的改进及应用

光路调节是拉曼光谱教学实验中的重难点,用激发光绿光作为光路指示较为刺眼,强度不宜太高,而经过多次反射、透射后,光强会变弱,导致光路调节难以进行。经研究发现,在光路调节中以罗丹明B(RhB)水溶液的荧光信号为参照,使光路可见,更容易找到一级衍射光,信号清晰明显,可以帮助学生更快地掌握光路调试技巧。光路调节节省下来的时间可用于进行更多的应用尝试,如进行消毒洗手液检测,用以提高学生的实验兴趣。

五指毛桃(Ficus hirta Vahl)活性成分检测与免洗洗手液制备

为降低免洗洗手液的酒精含量,利用五指毛桃提取液的香气和抑菌能力,开发免洗洗手液产品。实验采用80%的乙醇超声辅助提取五指毛桃活性成分,通过非靶向代谢组学和高效液相色谱法,检测提取物的种类和活性成分含量,并制备五指毛桃免洗洗手液。结果显示,五指毛桃醇提液中共检测到864种物质,主要包括38种黄酮类化合物,35种酚类,76种糖类化合物,12种香豆素类,109种脂肪酰类化合物,51种类固醇和类固醇衍生物,138种苯和苯的衍生物,123种羧酸及其衍生物,39种脂类等。其中,总黄酮、多酚、多糖和补骨脂素的含量分别为0.690%、1.120%、16.968%和0.046%。制备的免洗洗手液最佳配方是五指毛桃提取液与甘油比为3∶1。圆滤纸片法和细菌生长曲线观察法检测免洗洗手液的抑菌效果结果显示,该免洗洗手液抑菌圈最大,能有效抑制大肠杆菌的生长。

柚子皮天然抑菌护手洗手液的制备

柚子皮作为日常生活中的副产物,含有效果较好的天然抑菌成分。为提高柚子皮的利用价值,本研究以柚子皮提取物为抑菌剂,结合月桂醇聚醚硫酸酯钠AES等原料制成洗手液,以感官评分为响应值,基于响应面法对洗手液配方进行优化,并对产品的黏度、起泡性、稳定性、抑菌性能进行测试。结果表明,柚子皮天然抑菌护手洗手液的最佳配方为柚子皮提取物1%、AES 9.2%、甘油0.8%、氯化钠3%、柠檬酸0.5%、椰子油二乙醇酰胺2.5%。所制产品具有良好的抑菌效果,黏度适中,起泡性能佳,洗后舒适,无紧绷感、刺激感。本研究开发了一款去污能力强、抑菌效果好的柚子皮天然抑菌护手洗手液产品,促进了柚子皮的加工利用,有利于减轻农林废弃物的环境污染,市场前景广阔。

高效液相色谱法测定洗手液中的对羟基苯甲酸甲酯钠含量

通过分析对羟基苯甲酸甲酯钠的紫外吸收光谱,确定合适的检测波长,选择适当的流动相,对待测洗手液进行分离,测定洗手液中的对羟基苯甲酸甲酯钠含量。通过测定重复性、精密度、回收率,最终建立并验证了高效液相色谱法测定洗手液中对羟基苯甲酸甲酯钠含量的方法。实验结果表明,标准溶液在0.05~52.8μg/ml线性相关,回收率为100.6%~101.5%。

响应面法优化吹扫捕集结合气相色谱—串联质谱法测定消毒洗手液中10种含氧有效成分

采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱串联质谱(P&T-GC-MS/MS)技术建立了测定消毒洗手液中10种含氧消毒有效成分的方法。样品用蒸馏水稀释处理,稀释液吹扫进样,通过响应面方法优化吹扫条件,目标物通过吹扫富集于捕集阱中,热脱附后进入气相色谱。经DB-624 UI色谱柱(60 m×0.25 mm×1.40μm)分离后,采用多反应监测(MRM)模式分析检测,内标法定量。11种消毒有效成分在浓度4~250 ng/mL范围内与峰面积呈线性关系。方法定量限为0.005~0.0115μg/g,能满足相关标准中对甲醇等物质的限值要求。样品加标回收率在85.1%~116.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤5.3%(n=6)。结果表明本方法快速简单、准确可靠,适用于进出口消毒洗手液中10种含氧有效成分的批量分析测定。

复方乙醇手消毒液中连翘质量标准研究

目的建立复方乙醇手消毒液中连翘的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对制剂中的连翘进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定制剂中连翘酯苷A和连翘苷的含量,色谱柱为中谱红RD-C_(18)柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为0.1%磷酸溶液-乙腈(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0mL/min,检测波长为235nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10μL。结果连翘的TLC图斑点清晰,分离度好,且阴性对照无干扰。连翘酯苷A和连翘苷的质量浓度分别在9.79~195.75μg/mL(r=0.9999)和2.02~40.48μg/mL(r=0.9998)范围内与峰面积线性关系良好;精密度、重复性、稳定性试验结果的RSD均小于1.0%,平均加样回收率分别为100.04%和97.36%,RSD分别为0.93%和1.05%(n=6)。结论所建标准可用于复方乙醇手消毒液中连翘的质量控制。

Study on Bacteriostatic Properties of Piroctone Olamine in Commonly Used Surfactants Systems

Piroctone olamine(OCT) was used as the main bacteriostatic component, the inhibition of OCT in different kinds and mass concentrations of surfactants were studied. Six surfactants commonly used in personal care products, i.e. sodium laureth sulfate(AES), cocamidopropyl betaine(CAB 35), sodium lauroyl sarcosinate(LS-30), sodium lauroyl glutamate(ULS-30S), alkyl glycoside(APG), cocamide methyl MEA(CMMEA),were used. The results showed that the bacteriostatic of OCT decreased with the increase of AES, which was suggested ≤ 5%. OCT has good bacteriostatic performance in the systems of amino acid surfactants and high dosage of amphoteric surfactants, 5% LS 30 and ≥ 10% CAB 35 was recommended. High dosage of nonionic surfactant could interfere the bacteriostatic performance of OCT, the recommended dosage was ≤ 2%.In addition, OCT has good bacteriostatic performance against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans when pH was controlled less than 5.5.

曲酸洗手液研制

研制了一款以曲酸、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)、椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱(CAB-35)和月桂基葡糖苷(APG)为原料的洗手液。以洗手液性能和抑菌效果为指标,通过单因素实验和正交实验优化筛选出曲酸洗手液配方。结果表明:优化后的曲酸洗手液配方为AES 6%,CAB-356%,APG 9%,EDTA-2Na 0.1%,甘油1.0%,曲酸1.25%,氯化钠1.5%,pH 6,该配方经性能测定发泡力为109.55 mm,总活性物含量为12.33%,黏度为4266.7 mPa·s,具有抑菌作用。