Tissue culture seedlings of the hybrid Cymbidium were inoculated with six different fungal strains, isolated from the roots of different wild terrestrial orchids. About three months later, the average increment of fre...Tissue culture seedlings of the hybrid Cymbidium were inoculated with six different fungal strains, isolated from the roots of different wild terrestrial orchids. About three months later, the average increment of fresh weight of seedlings inoculated with strains CF1, CF3 and CF12 were respectively 130.26%, 345.65% and 153.34% while that of the control was only 88.40%. The differences between the three treatments and the control were statistically significant （α = 0.05）, highlighting the treatment with strain CF3 （α = 0.01）. In addition, the three strains were obtained by re-isolating. Pelotons, regarded as typical structures of orchid mycorrhiza, were also found in the inoculating roots under a microscope. It seems that the strains of CF1, CF3, and CF12 are associated with the hybrid Cymbidium and supplied the orchid with nutrition. It can be confirmed that the three strains are beneficial for the seedlings of this hybrid.展开更多
Symbiosis among microorganisms represents an interesting relationship that takes different shapes.Obligatory,facultative,and endosymbiotic relationships have all been reported between different microorganisms.Whether ...Symbiosis among microorganisms represents an interesting relationship that takes different shapes.Obligatory,facultative,and endosymbiotic relationships have all been reported between different microorganisms.Whether it is mutualism,commensalism,amensalism,or parasitism,understanding every association is of great importance to science and humanity.Knowing how these creatures benefit from each other may be useful for biocontrol purposes,or even for discovery of novel metabolites that result from these associations,and which may not be produced by the individual species.In this review,five examples of symbiosis were presented,including among the Laboulbeniales;Septobasidium;Ambrosia Fungi and Beetles;Leaf-cutter ants and their fungus gardens;and finally,termites and Termitomyces.Moreover,the benefits each partner is getting were highlighted,and uniqueness in every form of those symbiosis models was simply described.展开更多
Although mechanism of symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and host plants has been investigated by genetic analysis, very little knowledge has been obtained because genome analysis of AMF is not perfe...Although mechanism of symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and host plants has been investigated by genetic analysis, very little knowledge has been obtained because genome analysis of AMF is not perfect yet. Thus, we tried to develop mass purification of proteins using preparative chromatography in order to accelerate roteomic analysis of proteins related to mycorrhizal symbiosis, such as 24 and 53 kDa proteins. In particular, our data showed that 53 kDa proteins would be restrictively expressed when mycorrhizal fungi and host plants were stressed. However, 24 kDa proteins, which appear to be a usable indicator for the existence of various my-corrhizal fungi, were habitually detected in not only AMF but also other mycorrhizal fungi such as ectomycorrhizal fungi (EF). Moreover, we discovered new preparative chromatographical techniques for isolation and mass purification of those proteins. We are convinced that this chromato-graphical technique will greatly contribute to proteomic approach of mycorrhizal symbiosis.展开更多
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) can colonize and form associations with the roots of Amorpha fruticosa L.(desert false indigo). Various genes are induced during the symbiotic process. In this study, de novo transcri...Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) can colonize and form associations with the roots of Amorpha fruticosa L.(desert false indigo). Various genes are induced during the symbiotic process. In this study, de novo transcriptome sequencing using RNA-seq was conducted for the first time for a comprehensive analysis of AMF-A. fruticosa symbionts at the transcript level. We obtained 12 G of raw data from illumina sequencing and recovered 115,786 unigenes with an average length of547 bp, among them 41,848 of significance. A total of2460 diffexpression genes were identified, including 1579 down-regulated and 881 up-regulated genes. A threshold for false discovery rate of \ 0.001 and fold change of [ 1 determined significant differences in gene expression.Using these criteria, we screened 285 significant differentially expressed genes, of which 82 were up-regulated and203 down-regulated. The 82 up-regulated genes were classified according to their functions and assigned into seven categories: stress and defense, metabolism, signaling transduction, protein folding and degradation, energy,protein synthesis, and transcription. The 203 down-regulated genes were screened according to fold change [ 2,and 50 highly significant down-regulated genes were obtained related to stress and defense. The results of this study will provide a useful foundation for further investigation on the metabolic characteristics and molecular mechanisms of AMF associations with leguminous woody shrubs.展开更多
Most natural soils are heterogeneous and nutrient availability and soil structure change greatly over small distances. It is still unclear whether AMF are advantageous for plants under such heterogeneous soil conditio...Most natural soils are heterogeneous and nutrient availability and soil structure change greatly over small distances. It is still unclear whether AMF are advantageous for plants under such heterogeneous soil conditions. The objective of this study was to determine whether diverse AMF community support host plant community productivity in heterogeneous soil. It was also tested whether soil heterogeneity affects plant productivity. This was carried out in a greenhouse experiment made up of two factors: soil heterogeneity and AMF richness. Soil heterogeneity was simulated by mixing three soil types (sand, field soil and organic soil) together (homogenous soil (HM)), mixing them partly (semi homogenous (SH)) or keeping the three soil types separate in three compartments within one pot (heterogeneous (HT)). AMF richness was simulated by adding no AMF, one of four different AMF species separately, or all four different AMF together. The pots were planted with a mixture of Trifolium pratense and Lolium multiflorum. There was no effect of soil heterogeneity on total plant biomass. However, the biomass of the individual plant species was greatly affected by soil heterogeneity with Lolium being the most abundant in the heterogeneous soil and Trifolium being the most abundant in the homogenous soil. Total plant biomass did not increase with AMF richness. Moreover, opposite to the hypothesis, AMF richness was not beneficial for plant productivity in a heterogenous soil environment. However, there were significant differences in plant biomass with different AMF treatments in the SH and HT treatment indicating that effects of AMF on plant productivity are influenced by soil type. These effects on yield and AMF reflect a combination of local responses to growing conditions. The results show that AMF influence on plant yield may not always be positive but is strongly dependent on ecological elasticity and environmental condition.展开更多
Lichens,as dual organisms comprising a major mycobiont and a major photobiont,exhibit remarkable survival capabilities in extreme conditions,such as those found in Antarctica.Despite their adaptability,the diversity a...Lichens,as dual organisms comprising a major mycobiont and a major photobiont,exhibit remarkable survival capabilities in extreme conditions,such as those found in Antarctica.Despite their adaptability,the diversity and distribution of lichen photobionts in the ice-free areas of maritime Antarctica remain less understood compared to their mycobiont counterparts.In our study,we investigated the diversity of both lichen mycobionts and photobionts in 56 samples collected from the Fildes Region on King George Island,maritime Antarctica.Through sequencing of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions and subsequent phylogenetic analysis,we examined the relationships and association patterns between mycobionts and photobionts.Our findings revealed 19 taxa of lichen mycobionts across 13 families and seven orders,along with nine photobiont species within the class Trebouxiophyceae.These photobionts encompassed six Trebouxia species,one Asterochloris species,one Chloroidium species,and one Stichococcus species.In particular,a new Trebouxia lineage(Trebouxia sp.OTU D08)and a new Chloroidium lineage were found.The analysis indicated that many mycobionts could be associated with multiple photobiont species,a pattern also observed among the photobionts.These results contribute significantly to our understanding of the complex diversity of lichen mycobionts and photobionts in the ice-free areas of maritime Antarctica.展开更多
Endophytes are a kind of fungi that live inside plant. They widely exist in higher plants, particularly in grasses. It is well documented that the interactions between endophytes and plants are mutually symbiotic. Lit...Endophytes are a kind of fungi that live inside plant. They widely exist in higher plants, particularly in grasses. It is well documented that the interactions between endophytes and plants are mutually symbiotic. Literature of Acremonium-grass symbiosis over the last twenty years is reviewed in this paper, in the hope that researchers in our country will pay attention to this topic.展开更多
文摘Tissue culture seedlings of the hybrid Cymbidium were inoculated with six different fungal strains, isolated from the roots of different wild terrestrial orchids. About three months later, the average increment of fresh weight of seedlings inoculated with strains CF1, CF3 and CF12 were respectively 130.26%, 345.65% and 153.34% while that of the control was only 88.40%. The differences between the three treatments and the control were statistically significant （α = 0.05）, highlighting the treatment with strain CF3 （α = 0.01）. In addition, the three strains were obtained by re-isolating. Pelotons, regarded as typical structures of orchid mycorrhiza, were also found in the inoculating roots under a microscope. It seems that the strains of CF1, CF3, and CF12 are associated with the hybrid Cymbidium and supplied the orchid with nutrition. It can be confirmed that the three strains are beneficial for the seedlings of this hybrid.
文摘Symbiosis among microorganisms represents an interesting relationship that takes different shapes.Obligatory,facultative,and endosymbiotic relationships have all been reported between different microorganisms.Whether it is mutualism,commensalism,amensalism,or parasitism,understanding every association is of great importance to science and humanity.Knowing how these creatures benefit from each other may be useful for biocontrol purposes,or even for discovery of novel metabolites that result from these associations,and which may not be produced by the individual species.In this review,five examples of symbiosis were presented,including among the Laboulbeniales;Septobasidium;Ambrosia Fungi and Beetles;Leaf-cutter ants and their fungus gardens;and finally,termites and Termitomyces.Moreover,the benefits each partner is getting were highlighted,and uniqueness in every form of those symbiosis models was simply described.
文摘Although mechanism of symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and host plants has been investigated by genetic analysis, very little knowledge has been obtained because genome analysis of AMF is not perfect yet. Thus, we tried to develop mass purification of proteins using preparative chromatography in order to accelerate roteomic analysis of proteins related to mycorrhizal symbiosis, such as 24 and 53 kDa proteins. In particular, our data showed that 53 kDa proteins would be restrictively expressed when mycorrhizal fungi and host plants were stressed. However, 24 kDa proteins, which appear to be a usable indicator for the existence of various my-corrhizal fungi, were habitually detected in not only AMF but also other mycorrhizal fungi such as ectomycorrhizal fungi (EF). Moreover, we discovered new preparative chromatographical techniques for isolation and mass purification of those proteins. We are convinced that this chromato-graphical technique will greatly contribute to proteomic approach of mycorrhizal symbiosis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31070576 and 31270535)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(No.ZD201206)+1 种基金the Excellent Youth Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(No.JC201306)High-level Talents Support Program of Heilongjiang University(Ecological Restoration Team)
文摘Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) can colonize and form associations with the roots of Amorpha fruticosa L.(desert false indigo). Various genes are induced during the symbiotic process. In this study, de novo transcriptome sequencing using RNA-seq was conducted for the first time for a comprehensive analysis of AMF-A. fruticosa symbionts at the transcript level. We obtained 12 G of raw data from illumina sequencing and recovered 115,786 unigenes with an average length of547 bp, among them 41,848 of significance. A total of2460 diffexpression genes were identified, including 1579 down-regulated and 881 up-regulated genes. A threshold for false discovery rate of \ 0.001 and fold change of [ 1 determined significant differences in gene expression.Using these criteria, we screened 285 significant differentially expressed genes, of which 82 were up-regulated and203 down-regulated. The 82 up-regulated genes were classified according to their functions and assigned into seven categories: stress and defense, metabolism, signaling transduction, protein folding and degradation, energy,protein synthesis, and transcription. The 203 down-regulated genes were screened according to fold change [ 2,and 50 highly significant down-regulated genes were obtained related to stress and defense. The results of this study will provide a useful foundation for further investigation on the metabolic characteristics and molecular mechanisms of AMF associations with leguminous woody shrubs.
文摘Most natural soils are heterogeneous and nutrient availability and soil structure change greatly over small distances. It is still unclear whether AMF are advantageous for plants under such heterogeneous soil conditions. The objective of this study was to determine whether diverse AMF community support host plant community productivity in heterogeneous soil. It was also tested whether soil heterogeneity affects plant productivity. This was carried out in a greenhouse experiment made up of two factors: soil heterogeneity and AMF richness. Soil heterogeneity was simulated by mixing three soil types (sand, field soil and organic soil) together (homogenous soil (HM)), mixing them partly (semi homogenous (SH)) or keeping the three soil types separate in three compartments within one pot (heterogeneous (HT)). AMF richness was simulated by adding no AMF, one of four different AMF species separately, or all four different AMF together. The pots were planted with a mixture of Trifolium pratense and Lolium multiflorum. There was no effect of soil heterogeneity on total plant biomass. However, the biomass of the individual plant species was greatly affected by soil heterogeneity with Lolium being the most abundant in the heterogeneous soil and Trifolium being the most abundant in the homogenous soil. Total plant biomass did not increase with AMF richness. Moreover, opposite to the hypothesis, AMF richness was not beneficial for plant productivity in a heterogenous soil environment. However, there were significant differences in plant biomass with different AMF treatments in the SH and HT treatment indicating that effects of AMF on plant productivity are influenced by soil type. These effects on yield and AMF reflect a combination of local responses to growing conditions. The results show that AMF influence on plant yield may not always be positive but is strongly dependent on ecological elasticity and environmental condition.
基金supported by CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(Grant no.2021-I2M-1-055)National Microbial Resource Center(Grant no.NMRC-2023-3).
文摘Lichens,as dual organisms comprising a major mycobiont and a major photobiont,exhibit remarkable survival capabilities in extreme conditions,such as those found in Antarctica.Despite their adaptability,the diversity and distribution of lichen photobionts in the ice-free areas of maritime Antarctica remain less understood compared to their mycobiont counterparts.In our study,we investigated the diversity of both lichen mycobionts and photobionts in 56 samples collected from the Fildes Region on King George Island,maritime Antarctica.Through sequencing of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions and subsequent phylogenetic analysis,we examined the relationships and association patterns between mycobionts and photobionts.Our findings revealed 19 taxa of lichen mycobionts across 13 families and seven orders,along with nine photobiont species within the class Trebouxiophyceae.These photobionts encompassed six Trebouxia species,one Asterochloris species,one Chloroidium species,and one Stichococcus species.In particular,a new Trebouxia lineage(Trebouxia sp.OTU D08)and a new Chloroidium lineage were found.The analysis indicated that many mycobionts could be associated with multiple photobiont species,a pattern also observed among the photobionts.These results contribute significantly to our understanding of the complex diversity of lichen mycobionts and photobionts in the ice-free areas of maritime Antarctica.
文摘Endophytes are a kind of fungi that live inside plant. They widely exist in higher plants, particularly in grasses. It is well documented that the interactions between endophytes and plants are mutually symbiotic. Literature of Acremonium-grass symbiosis over the last twenty years is reviewed in this paper, in the hope that researchers in our country will pay attention to this topic.
