The Jiangchuan Biota from the Jiucheng Member(Mb.)of the Dengying Formation(Fm.),discovered in Jiangchuan,eastern Yunnan,China,is marked by copious macrofossils at the apex of the Ediacaran strata.This fauna features ...The Jiangchuan Biota from the Jiucheng Member(Mb.)of the Dengying Formation(Fm.),discovered in Jiangchuan,eastern Yunnan,China,is marked by copious macrofossils at the apex of the Ediacaran strata.This fauna features benthic algae with varied holdfasts and other fossils of indeterminate taxonomic affinity and is compositionally unique compared to the Shibantan and Gaojiashan biotas of the Dengying Fm.and the Miaohe and Wenghui biotas of the Doushantuo Fm.,elsewhere in China.One novel benthic saccular macroalgal fossil,named here Houjiashania yuxiensis gen.and sp.nov.,from the Jiangchuan Biota is based on fossils that are sausage-shaped,elongate,tubular,ranging from 0.3 to 4 cm in length,and up to 0.8 cm in diameter.One terminus is blunt and rounded to an obtuse angle,the other is bent with a spread-out surface resembling a holdfast,suggesting a three-dimensional thallus.Thin,stipe-shaped outgrowths,likely vestiges of sessile saccular life forms,are prevalent in macroalgal fossils of analogous size and shape,as well as present brown algae Scytosiphonaceae,such as Colpomenia and Dactylosiphon.The new findings augment the diversity of benthic algae,such as those known from the Early Neoproterozoic Longfengshan Biota in North China.The benthic algal macrofossils in the Jiucheng Mb.add to knowledge of Late Ediacaran metaphyte diversification and offer more clues about the evolutionary positioning of primitive macroalgae.The co-occurrence of numerous planktonic and benthic multicellular algae and planktonic microbes might have facilitated ecologically the more extensive later Cambrian explosion evidenced by the Chengjiang Biota in Yunnan.展开更多
Since 2007,the large-scale green tide caused by Ulva prolifera(U.prolifera)have occurred as a recurrent phenomenon in the southern Yellow Sea of China.Field surveys and satellite remote sensing showed that the small s...Since 2007,the large-scale green tide caused by Ulva prolifera(U.prolifera)have occurred as a recurrent phenomenon in the southern Yellow Sea of China.Field surveys and satellite remote sensing showed that the small scattered patches of green tide algae were first observed along the Porphyra agriculture area of the Subei Shoal in late April.In this study,we attempted to identify the role of eutrophication in the origin of the green tide in the Subei Shoal and its adjacent area.Subei Shoal and its adjacent area are characterized by rich nutrients,especially NO_(3)^(-)-N,NH_(4)^(+)-N,PO_(4)^(3-)-P,and other bioavailable components(such as urea-N and amino acids).In the spring of 2017,the average concentrations of NO_(3)^(-)-N were 19.01±11.01μmolL^(-1),accounting for 86.68%of the dis-solved inorganic nitrogen(DIN).In addition,the average concentration of NH4^(+)-N was 2.51±1.60μmolL^(-1).PO_(4)^(3-)-P had an average concentration of 0.14±0.13μmolL-1.The average concentrations of urea-N and total hydrolyzed amino acids(THAA)were 1.73±1.36μmolL^(-1)and 1.33±0.80μmolL^(-1),respectively.Rich nutritive substances play a key role in the rapid production of U.prolifera and make the Jiangsu coastal water an incubator for green tide.展开更多
Marine heatwaves(MHWs)caused by anthropogenic climate change are becoming a key driver of change at the ecosystem level.Thermal conditions experienced by marine organisms across their distribution,particularly towards...Marine heatwaves(MHWs)caused by anthropogenic climate change are becoming a key driver of change at the ecosystem level.Thermal conditions experienced by marine organisms across their distribution,particularly towards the equator,are likely to approach their physiological limits,resulting in extensive mortality and subsequent changes at the population level.Populations at the margins of their species’distribution are thought to be more sensitive to climate-induced environmental pressures than central populations,but our understanding of variability in fitness-related physiological traits in trailing versus leading-edge populations is limited.In a laboratory simulation study,we tested whether two leading(Iceland)and two trailing(Spain)peripheral populations of the intertidal macroalga Corallina officinalis display different levels of maximum potential quantum efficiency(Fv/Fm)resilience to current and future winter MHWs scenarios.Our study revealed that ongoing and future local winter MHWs will not negatively affect leading-edge populations of C.officinalis,which exhibited stable photosynthetic efficiency throughout the study.Trailing edge populations showed a positive though non-significant trend in photosynthetic efficiency throughout winter MHWs exposure.Poleward and equatorward populations did not produce significantly different results,with winter MHWs having no negative affect on Fv/Fm of either population.Additionally,we found no long-term regional or population-level influence of a winter MHWs on this species’photosynthetic efficiency.Thus,we found no statistically significant difference in thermal stress responses between leading and trailing populations.Nonetheless,C.officinalis showed a trend towards higher stress responses in southern than northern populations.Because responses rest on a variety of local population traits,they are difficult to predict based solely on thermal pressures.展开更多
This study delves into biodiesel synthesis from non-edible oils and algae oil sources using Response Surface Methodology(RSM)and an Artificial Neural Network(ANN)model to optimize biodiesel yield.Blend of C.vulgaris a...This study delves into biodiesel synthesis from non-edible oils and algae oil sources using Response Surface Methodology(RSM)and an Artificial Neural Network(ANN)model to optimize biodiesel yield.Blend of C.vulgaris and Karanja oils is utilized,aiming to reduce free fatty acid content to 1%through single-step transesterification.Optimization reveals peak biodiesel yield conditions:1%catalyst quantity,91.47 min reaction time,56.86℃reaction temperature,and 8.46:1 methanol to oil molar ratio.The ANN model outperforms RSM in yield prediction accuracy.Environmental impact assessment yields an E-factor of 0.0251 at maximum yield,indicating responsible production with minimal waste.Economic analysis reveals significant cost savings:30%-50%reduction in raw material costs by using non-edible oils,10%-15%increase in production efficiency,20%reduction in catalyst costs,and 15%-20%savings in energy consumption.The optimized process reduces waste disposal costs by 10%-15%,enhancing overall economic viability.Overall,the widespread adoption of biodiesel offers economic,environmental,and social benefits to a diverse range of stakeholders,including farmers,producers,consumers,governments,environmental organizations,and the transportation industry.Collaboration among these stakeholders is essential for realizing the full potential of biodiesel as a sustainable energy solution.展开更多
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is now experiencing ecological degradation risks as a result of climate change and human activities.The alpine grassland ecology in permafrost zones is fragile and susceptible to deterioratio...The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is now experiencing ecological degradation risks as a result of climate change and human activities.The alpine grassland ecology in permafrost zones is fragile and susceptible to deterioration due to its high altitude,low temperature,and limited oxygen,which complicates the repair of damaged land.Biological soil crusts(BSCs)are crucial for land restoration in plateau regions because they can thrive in harsh conditions and have environmentally beneficial traits.Inoculated biological soil crust(IBSC)has shown success in low-altitude desert regions,but may not be easily duplicated to the plateau environment.Therefore,it is essential to do a comprehensive and multifaceted analysis of the basic theoretical comprehension and practical application of BSCs on the Tibetan Plateau.This review article aims to provide a brief summary of the ecological significance and the mechanisms related to the creation,growth,and progression of BSCs.It discusses the techniques used for cultivating BSCs in laboratories and using them in the field,focusing on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau circumstance.We thoroughly discussed the potential and the required paths for further studies.This study may be used as a basis for selecting suitable microbial strains and accompanying supplemental actions for implementing IBSCs in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.展开更多
Antarctic continental lakes and ponds are among the most impoverished aquatic environments on earth but many of them support flourishing populations of cyanobacteria,eukaryotic algae,protozoans,and some multicellular ...Antarctic continental lakes and ponds are among the most impoverished aquatic environments on earth but many of them support flourishing populations of cyanobacteria,eukaryotic algae,protozoans,and some multicellular animals.In this study,we present results of a microscopic analysis of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae from nine diverse types of Antarctic continental water bodies during one austral summer.The results supplement and enlarge our previous studies on the limnological characteristics of the epiglacial and supraglacial lakes and ponds in Dronning Maud Land,an area that has received little attention from limnologists.The taxon with highest frequency among the samples(n=79)was Mesotaenium cf.berggrenii,a eukaryotic Zygnematophyceae,which occurred in 82%of the samples with a maximum cell density of 68 cells·mL^(-1).The taxa with second and third highest frequency were the prokaryotes Gloeocapsopsis(60%)and Leptolyngbya(41%),followed by Chlamydomonas(34%)and Cyanothece(29%).The number of taxa varied between 7-21 among the lakes and ponds,being highest in a supraglacial lake,and lowest in an epiglacial lake.The results did not reveal any obvious correlation between the abundance of any taxa and the water chemistry,but water bodies with inorganic sediments had higher cell densities and biomasses than those without sediment.This suggests the importance of sediment in supporting biological diversity in these ultraoligotrophic lakes and ponds.展开更多
Phycoerythrin extracted from Antarctic red seaweeds shows promising characteristics to be applied as an anode sensitizer in water-splitting photoelectrochemical cells.Under light irradiation and using an LED lamp,the ...Phycoerythrin extracted from Antarctic red seaweeds shows promising characteristics to be applied as an anode sensitizer in water-splitting photoelectrochemical cells.Under light irradiation and using an LED lamp,the red-colored protein shows an interesting ability to profit the incident light,as confirmed by the presence of oxygen bubbles next to the electrode surface without applying any external potential.Our results showed that the addition of iodide is helpful to allow the regeneration of the dye;nevertheless,oxygen evolution is not favored.Thermodynamics analysis of the involved semi-reactions is also helpful to understand the observed results.The exploration of Antarctic resources offers then an alternative for the development of green energies,with a particular focus on their use as sensitizers to profit from the sunlight in water-splitting as well as in photovoltaic devices.展开更多
An in-vitro experiment was conducted to assess the interaction between biochar and algae on a problem soil. Experiments were performed with and without algae to observe the effectiveness of algae for overcoming the ch...An in-vitro experiment was conducted to assess the interaction between biochar and algae on a problem soil. Experiments were performed with and without algae to observe the effectiveness of algae for overcoming the challenges posed by problem soils. At the end of incubation periods, the adsorption and desorption of phosphorus (P) on a problem soil vis-á-vis algal inoculation were determined. Our results showed that different types of biochars adsorbed different amounts of P suggesting that the source of biochar played a crucial role in determining its behavior towards P. Tannery waste biochar significantly adsorbed 147% and 35% more P compared to that of the chicken litter and orange peel biochars respectively. Significant reductions in adsorption were observed when the biochar was used in combination with the algae which could be due to the beneficial effects of algae leading to the amelioration of the problem soil. Adsorption was reduced to 34%, 24% and 20% for the orange peel biochar + algae, chicken litter biochar + algae and tannery waste biochar + algae, respectively compared to the corresponding biochars present as a single solid. Phosphorus (P) desorption was also reduced significantly in presence of algal inoculation. Overall our findings suggest that the application of algae along with biochar in the problem soil could reduce the adsorption of P which would influence the availability of P.展开更多
In the paper, under the framework of exploring the interaction between algae and bacteria, an algae-bacteria ecological model was established to analyze the interaction mechanism and growth coexistence mode between al...In the paper, under the framework of exploring the interaction between algae and bacteria, an algae-bacteria ecological model was established to analyze the interaction mechanism and growth coexistence mode between algicidal bacteria and algae. Firstly, mathematical work mainly provided some threshold conditions to ensure the occurrence of transcritical bifurcation and saddle-node bifurcation, which could provide certain theoretical support for selecting key ecological environmental factors and numerical simulations. Secondly, the numerical simulation work dynamically displayed the evolution process of the bifurcation dynamic behavior of the model (2.1) and the growth coexistence mode of algae and algicidal bacteria. Finally, it was worth summarizing that intrinsic growth rate and combined capture effort of algae population had a strong influence on the dynamic behavior of the model (2.1). Furthermore, it must also be noted that transcritical bifurcation and saddle-node bifurcation were the inherent driving forces behind the formation of steady-state growth coexistence mode between algicidal bacteria and algae. In summary, it was hoped that the results of this study would contribute to accelerating the study of the interaction mechanism between algicidal bacteria and algae.展开更多
Marine algae are valuable sources of health-promoting molecules that have been consumed by Asians for decades.Among aquatic flora,marine algae stand out in terms of high content of marine algae polysaccharides(MAP)suc...Marine algae are valuable sources of health-promoting molecules that have been consumed by Asians for decades.Among aquatic flora,marine algae stand out in terms of high content of marine algae polysaccharides(MAP)such as carrageenan,alginate,fucoidan,laminaran,agarose,rhamnan,and ulvan.When hydrolyzed,MAP generate marine algae oligosaccharides(MAO),which have attracted interest in recent years due to their superior solubility compared with MAP.Besides,MAO have been demonstrated numerous biological activities including antioxidant,antidiabetic,anti-inflammatory,antimicrobial,and prebiotic activities.Thus,this review summarizes the main chemical classes of MAO,their sources,and the main processes used for their production(i.e.,physical,chemical,and biological methods),coupled with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.Highlights of the biological activities of MAO and their potential applications in food,nutraceutical,and pharmaceuticals would also be discussed and summarized.展开更多
Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)regulate a variety of biological processes,including sexual reproduction and differentiation.Saccharina japonica,a commercially important brown alga in China,shows remarkable sexual dimorp...Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)regulate a variety of biological processes,including sexual reproduction and differentiation.Saccharina japonica,a commercially important brown alga in China,shows remarkable sexual dimorphism in haploid gametophytes.The sex of Saccharina japonica gametophytes is determined by UV sexual system.However,no results have been reported on the lncRNAs involved in the sex-related gene regulation of S.japonica.This study identified a number of lncRNAs and assessed their expression levels in male and female gametophytes.Among them,a total of 405 lncRNAs and 211 mRNAs showed differential expressions.Furthermore,the functions of target genes of differentially expressed lncRNAs(DELs)differed from those of differentially expressed genes(DEGs),suggesting that lncRNA may interact with other functional proteins,in addition to DEGs,to involve sex regulation in S.japonica.There were 32 and 90 potential cis-regulatory and trans-regulatory interactions between DELsDEGs,respectively.Five of these lncRNAs(LNC_002974,LNC_021059,LNC_038466,LNC_051584,and LNC_027400)interacted with putative male sex determination region(SDR)genes,suggesting that they act as regulators in gametophytes'sex regulation potentially.Findings from this study contribute to our understanding of the roles of lncRNAs in sex differentiation and lay the foundation for functional studies of candidate lncRNAs in the future.展开更多
The Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata in the Junggar basin developed two sets of shallow to semi-deep lacustrine shale, namely, the Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation (K_(1q)) and the Paleogene Anjihaihe Formation (E_(2-3a))....The Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata in the Junggar basin developed two sets of shallow to semi-deep lacustrine shale, namely, the Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation (K_(1q)) and the Paleogene Anjihaihe Formation (E_(2-3a)). Through organic petrology and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, it is found that the primary hydrocarbon-generating organic matter (OM) in the two sets of strata is different. The biological precursor of the E_(2-3a) OM is mainly green algae (Pediastrum), while the precursor of K_(1q) kerogen is mainly cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria). Then, the E_(2-3a) green algae-rich shale and K_(1q) cyanobacteria-rich shale were subjected to hydrous pyrolysis and kinetic analysis, respectively. The results show that the evolution modes of hydrocarbon generation of the typical shales are very different. Green algae have the characteristics of a low oil generation threshold, heavy oil quality, and no prominent oil peak, while cyanobacteria have the characteristics of late oil generation, concentrated hydrocarbon generation, and relatively light oil quality. The characteristics of oil generation can also be well reflected in the composition evolution of the crude oil components. The carbon isotope of gas, kerogen, and extracts of the E_(2-3a) green algae-rich shale are significantly heavier than the K_(1q) cyanobacteria-rich shale, which may be related to the living habits of their biological precursors, carbon source usage, photosynthesis efficiency, and carbon fixation efficiency.展开更多
The plastid is widely present in algae and plants with important functions in the process of photosynthesis,carbon fixation,and stress response(Shi et al.,2022).Despite the consistency between plastid genomes in plant...The plastid is widely present in algae and plants with important functions in the process of photosynthesis,carbon fixation,and stress response(Shi et al.,2022).Despite the consistency between plastid genomes in plants,size variation of the plastid genome,gene loss,structure changes,and pseudogenes have been frequently observed(Ivanova et al.,2017).Plastid genome has currently shown a wide application in research of phylogeny,populations and biogeography in combination with nucleus genome(Wang et al.,2021).展开更多
Makinoella Okada is a genus of coccoid green algae belonging to the family Oocystaceae with typical morphological characteristics.Reports to date included only one type species.Since the genus is rarely reported,there...Makinoella Okada is a genus of coccoid green algae belonging to the family Oocystaceae with typical morphological characteristics.Reports to date included only one type species.Since the genus is rarely reported,there is a lack of taxonomic research.In this study,17 strains of this genus were collected from several different places in China,and their taxonomic studies were conducted based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis.The phylogenetic results based on the analysis of ITS,chloroplast genes rbc L and tuf A showed that the genus was divided into two branches.One of the branches comprised newly collected algae.Compensatory base changes(CBCs)and hemi-compensatory base changes(hemi-CBCs)within the secondary structure of the ITS-2 confirmed the branches as two species.Compared with the type species of Makinoella tosaensis,the cell size of this new branch was only about 50%,and included 2-4 colonial cells.Therefore,based on the smaller cell size,simpler colony composition,independent phylogenetic position and CBCs and hemi-CBCs,we suggest that the new clade should be designated as a new taxon of Makinoella,namely Makinoella parva.Among the four molecular markers using in this study,the rbc L and newly introduced ITS are recommended for species separation,which can help further studies to revise the species and generic concepts of the family.展开更多
Hildenbrandia is an early diverged lineage in Florideophyceae,Rhodophyta.The species diversity of this genus is still unresolved due to the simple morphology and limited molecular information.The mitochondrial genome ...Hildenbrandia is an early diverged lineage in Florideophyceae,Rhodophyta.The species diversity of this genus is still unresolved due to the simple morphology and limited molecular information.The mitochondrial genome of freshwater H.jigongshanensis was determined in this study.The freshwater H.jigongshanensis had a larger mitochondrial genome than the marine H.rubra and GC content was higher.Collinear alignment structure was observed between the mitochondrial genomes of H.jigongshanensis and H.rubra,except for one block that was encoded on the complement strand.More introns were found in mitochondrial genome of H.jigongshanensis than in H.rubra,and H.jigongshanensis shares the common feature with Bangiophyceae that two introns were distributed in cox1.Comparison of mitochondrial genome organization suggests that H.jigongshanensis preserves characters that could be hypothetically more similar to the ancestor of Bangiophyceae and Florideophyceae,which differ with previous studies based on chloroplast,and nuclear markers.More mitochondrial genomes and phylogenetic analyses combing nuclear,chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes are needed to clarify this discrepancy.Mitochondrion-based phylogeny in this study resulted in better solution at both the deep and recent derived nodes than single-gene phylogenies.Most protein-coding genes between H.jigongshanensis and H.rubra were identical except atp8,which was present in H.jigongshanensis while absent from H.rubra.This finding follows the trend that high Ka/Ks ratio genes are more frequently lost than low Ka/Ks ratio ones in red algae.展开更多
Marine equipments such as marine risers and oil pipelines operate in complex underwater environments and are usually attached by animals,plants and microorganisms.The attachment of marine fouling organisms will accele...Marine equipments such as marine risers and oil pipelines operate in complex underwater environments and are usually attached by animals,plants and microorganisms.The attachment of marine fouling organisms will accelerate the corrosion damage of offshore structure and greatly reduce the service life.Studies have shown that non-smooth bionic surfaces with specific microstructures can inhibit fouling formation.Based on the idea of bionics,this paper proposes a new type of underwater flexible fretting texture,which is a composite material prepared by mixing graphene and silicone rubber,and modified by pulsed laser to construct a hexagonal bionic surface texture.Under the impact of specific water flow,the flexible texture can produce an angular displacement around 8°and a linear displacement in the amplitude range of 165μm,and the inhibition rate of fouling biological diatoms up to 97.5%,which can effectively avoid the occurrence of marine biological fouling.The results provide a new idea for the surface protection of marine structures,which is of great significance for the development of marine industry.展开更多
The quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)is a powerful and sensitive method to measure expression of targeted gene but it highly relies on the use of suitable reference genes for data normalization....The quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)is a powerful and sensitive method to measure expression of targeted gene but it highly relies on the use of suitable reference genes for data normalization.We evaluated the expressions of 8 housekeeping genes:18S ribosomal rDNA(18S rDNA),28S ribosomal r DNA(28S rDNA),rubisco large subunit(rbc-L),β-actin(ACT),glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH),elongation factor 1(EF1),β-tubulin(Tub B),and P-phycoerythrin B(PEB),to select the suitable reference genes for different life-history stages(tetrasporophyte,carposporophyte,and male/female gametophyte)of Gracilaria vermiculophylla by absolute quantitative method.Softwares geNorm and BestKeeper were used to verify the results acquired from copy number analysis.Results show that the expression of identified reference genes varied in comparing groups composed of different type of life stages.It is suggested that 18S rDNA and TubB could be used for highly complex samples composed of mixed ploidy and phases.18S rDNA and 28S rDNA were also preferred for using among the matured isomorphic samples.But for samples with different maturities,TubB and ACT were recommended for tetrasporophytes and gametophytes respectively.展开更多
Phyllosphere algae are common in tropical rainforests,forming visible biofilms or spots on plant leaf surfaces.However,knowledge of phyllosphere algal diversity and the environmental factors that drive that diversity ...Phyllosphere algae are common in tropical rainforests,forming visible biofilms or spots on plant leaf surfaces.However,knowledge of phyllosphere algal diversity and the environmental factors that drive that diversity is limited.The aim of this study is to identify the environmental factors that drive phyllosphere algal community composition and diversity in rainforests.For this purpose,we used single molecule real-time sequencing of full-length 18S rDNA to characterize the composition of phyllosphere microalgal communities growing on four host tree species(Ficus tikoua,Caryota mitis,Arenga pinnata,and Musa acuminata) common to three types of forest over four months at the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,Yunnan Province,China.Environmental 18S rDNA sequences revealed that the green algae orders Watanabeales and Trentepohliales were dominant in almost all algal communities and that phyllosphere algal species richness and biomass were lower in planted forest than in primeval and reserve rainforest.In addition,algal community composition differed significantly between planted forest and primeval rainforest.We also found that algal communities were affected by soluble reactive phosphorous,total nitrogen,and ammonium contents.Our findings indicate that algal community structure is significantly related to forest type and host tree species.Furthermore,this study is the first to identify environmental factors that affect phyllosphere algal communities,significantly contributing to future taxonomic research,especially for the green algae orders Watanabeales and Trentepohliales.This research also serves as an important reference for molecular diversity analysis of algae in other specific habitats,such as epiphytic algae and soil algae.展开更多
Natural biomaterials are now frequently used to build biocarrier systems,which can carry medications and biomolecules to a target region and achieve a desired therapeutic effect.Biomaterials and polymers are of great ...Natural biomaterials are now frequently used to build biocarrier systems,which can carry medications and biomolecules to a target region and achieve a desired therapeutic effect.Biomaterials and polymers are of great importance in the synthesis of nanomaterials.The recent studies have tended to use these materials because they are easily obtained from natural sources such as fungi,algae,bacteria,and medicinal plants.They are also biodegradable,compatible with neighborhoods,and non-toxic.Natural biomaterials and polymers are chemically changed when they are linked by cross linking agents with other polymers to create scaffolds,matrices,composites,and interpenetrating polymer networks employing microtechnology and nanotechnology.This review highlights how microengineered and nanoengineered biomaterials are utilized to produce efficient drug-delivery systems and biomedical and biological therapies and how innovative sources of biomaterials have been identified.展开更多
Green tidal algal Enteromorpha species complete their life cycles by the isomorphic alternation of generations.The provenance of green tide caused by them in the western Yellow Sea has been disputed. The cell reproduc...Green tidal algal Enteromorpha species complete their life cycles by the isomorphic alternation of generations.The provenance of green tide caused by them in the western Yellow Sea has been disputed. The cell reproduction derived from adult thallus was observed on E. clathrata collected from Shantou City, Guangdong Province in this study. Subsequently, it further found that E. proliferia collected from Qingdao City, Shandong Province and Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province, produced reproductive cells by somatic cells of its early infantile thallus or branch. The latter is functionally similar to that the seedlings of red alga Porphyra yezoensis produce the monospores, and could exquisitely explain the ephemeral or opportunistic trait and environmental adaptation ability of Enteromorpha species. Changes in growth conditions may induce the two types of cell reproduction.They contribute to the bloom, and can effectively reveal the seasonally occurring large-scale and on-year and offyear phenomenon. The latter may have played a decisive role in its formation. This paper analyses the legal status of the species name, the type of generation during bloom, ephemeral traits, the role of microscopic propagule, the area of origin, on-year and off-year phenomenon, early warning and prevention and control of the species, and so on. On this basis, further study on the influence of environmental factors on cell reproduction of early infantile thalli or branches will achieve a positive effect for early warning and prevention and control of the green tidal algal bloom.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42172035,42062005 and 41572024)the China Geological Survey(Grant No.DD20221648)+1 种基金Yunnan Province Science and Technology Department(Grant No.202305AD160031,202401AT070012)the project entitled 1:50000 Regional Geological Survey of Dazhuang,Fabiao,Ditu,and Dianzhong Sheets in Yunnan Province(Grant No.D202207).
文摘The Jiangchuan Biota from the Jiucheng Member(Mb.)of the Dengying Formation(Fm.),discovered in Jiangchuan,eastern Yunnan,China,is marked by copious macrofossils at the apex of the Ediacaran strata.This fauna features benthic algae with varied holdfasts and other fossils of indeterminate taxonomic affinity and is compositionally unique compared to the Shibantan and Gaojiashan biotas of the Dengying Fm.and the Miaohe and Wenghui biotas of the Doushantuo Fm.,elsewhere in China.One novel benthic saccular macroalgal fossil,named here Houjiashania yuxiensis gen.and sp.nov.,from the Jiangchuan Biota is based on fossils that are sausage-shaped,elongate,tubular,ranging from 0.3 to 4 cm in length,and up to 0.8 cm in diameter.One terminus is blunt and rounded to an obtuse angle,the other is bent with a spread-out surface resembling a holdfast,suggesting a three-dimensional thallus.Thin,stipe-shaped outgrowths,likely vestiges of sessile saccular life forms,are prevalent in macroalgal fossils of analogous size and shape,as well as present brown algae Scytosiphonaceae,such as Colpomenia and Dactylosiphon.The new findings augment the diversity of benthic algae,such as those known from the Early Neoproterozoic Longfengshan Biota in North China.The benthic algal macrofossils in the Jiucheng Mb.add to knowledge of Late Ediacaran metaphyte diversification and offer more clues about the evolutionary positioning of primitive macroalgae.The co-occurrence of numerous planktonic and benthic multicellular algae and planktonic microbes might have facilitated ecologically the more extensive later Cambrian explosion evidenced by the Chengjiang Biota in Yunnan.
基金supported by the Joint Fund between NSFC and Shandong Province(No.U1906210)the China National Key Research and Development Program(No.2016YFC1402101).
文摘Since 2007,the large-scale green tide caused by Ulva prolifera(U.prolifera)have occurred as a recurrent phenomenon in the southern Yellow Sea of China.Field surveys and satellite remote sensing showed that the small scattered patches of green tide algae were first observed along the Porphyra agriculture area of the Subei Shoal in late April.In this study,we attempted to identify the role of eutrophication in the origin of the green tide in the Subei Shoal and its adjacent area.Subei Shoal and its adjacent area are characterized by rich nutrients,especially NO_(3)^(-)-N,NH_(4)^(+)-N,PO_(4)^(3-)-P,and other bioavailable components(such as urea-N and amino acids).In the spring of 2017,the average concentrations of NO_(3)^(-)-N were 19.01±11.01μmolL^(-1),accounting for 86.68%of the dis-solved inorganic nitrogen(DIN).In addition,the average concentration of NH4^(+)-N was 2.51±1.60μmolL^(-1).PO_(4)^(3-)-P had an average concentration of 0.14±0.13μmolL-1.The average concentrations of urea-N and total hydrolyzed amino acids(THAA)were 1.73±1.36μmolL^(-1)and 1.33±0.80μmolL^(-1),respectively.Rich nutritive substances play a key role in the rapid production of U.prolifera and make the Jiangsu coastal water an incubator for green tide.
基金The Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia(FCT-MEC,Portugal)under contract No.UIDB/04326/2020 awarded to Gerardo Zardithe South African Research Chairs Initiative(SARChI)of the Department of Science and Technology and the National Research Foundation of South Africa under contract No.64801 awarded to Christopher McQuaid+1 种基金the Fund of European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie contract No.101034329the WINNINGNormandy Program supported by the Normandy Region for Gerardo Zardi.
文摘Marine heatwaves(MHWs)caused by anthropogenic climate change are becoming a key driver of change at the ecosystem level.Thermal conditions experienced by marine organisms across their distribution,particularly towards the equator,are likely to approach their physiological limits,resulting in extensive mortality and subsequent changes at the population level.Populations at the margins of their species’distribution are thought to be more sensitive to climate-induced environmental pressures than central populations,but our understanding of variability in fitness-related physiological traits in trailing versus leading-edge populations is limited.In a laboratory simulation study,we tested whether two leading(Iceland)and two trailing(Spain)peripheral populations of the intertidal macroalga Corallina officinalis display different levels of maximum potential quantum efficiency(Fv/Fm)resilience to current and future winter MHWs scenarios.Our study revealed that ongoing and future local winter MHWs will not negatively affect leading-edge populations of C.officinalis,which exhibited stable photosynthetic efficiency throughout the study.Trailing edge populations showed a positive though non-significant trend in photosynthetic efficiency throughout winter MHWs exposure.Poleward and equatorward populations did not produce significantly different results,with winter MHWs having no negative affect on Fv/Fm of either population.Additionally,we found no long-term regional or population-level influence of a winter MHWs on this species’photosynthetic efficiency.Thus,we found no statistically significant difference in thermal stress responses between leading and trailing populations.Nonetheless,C.officinalis showed a trend towards higher stress responses in southern than northern populations.Because responses rest on a variety of local population traits,they are difficult to predict based solely on thermal pressures.
基金the financial support provided for this research project entitled“Enhancement of Cold Flow Properties of Waste Cooking Biodiesel and Diesel”under the File Number A/RD/RP-2/345 for the above publication.
文摘This study delves into biodiesel synthesis from non-edible oils and algae oil sources using Response Surface Methodology(RSM)and an Artificial Neural Network(ANN)model to optimize biodiesel yield.Blend of C.vulgaris and Karanja oils is utilized,aiming to reduce free fatty acid content to 1%through single-step transesterification.Optimization reveals peak biodiesel yield conditions:1%catalyst quantity,91.47 min reaction time,56.86℃reaction temperature,and 8.46:1 methanol to oil molar ratio.The ANN model outperforms RSM in yield prediction accuracy.Environmental impact assessment yields an E-factor of 0.0251 at maximum yield,indicating responsible production with minimal waste.Economic analysis reveals significant cost savings:30%-50%reduction in raw material costs by using non-edible oils,10%-15%increase in production efficiency,20%reduction in catalyst costs,and 15%-20%savings in energy consumption.The optimized process reduces waste disposal costs by 10%-15%,enhancing overall economic viability.Overall,the widespread adoption of biodiesel offers economic,environmental,and social benefits to a diverse range of stakeholders,including farmers,producers,consumers,governments,environmental organizations,and the transportation industry.Collaboration among these stakeholders is essential for realizing the full potential of biodiesel as a sustainable energy solution.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFB4202102)the Key R&D Program of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (2022BEG02003)the Excellent Member of Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (No.Y202085)。
文摘The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is now experiencing ecological degradation risks as a result of climate change and human activities.The alpine grassland ecology in permafrost zones is fragile and susceptible to deterioration due to its high altitude,low temperature,and limited oxygen,which complicates the repair of damaged land.Biological soil crusts(BSCs)are crucial for land restoration in plateau regions because they can thrive in harsh conditions and have environmentally beneficial traits.Inoculated biological soil crust(IBSC)has shown success in low-altitude desert regions,but may not be easily duplicated to the plateau environment.Therefore,it is essential to do a comprehensive and multifaceted analysis of the basic theoretical comprehension and practical application of BSCs on the Tibetan Plateau.This review article aims to provide a brief summary of the ecological significance and the mechanisms related to the creation,growth,and progression of BSCs.It discusses the techniques used for cultivating BSCs in laboratories and using them in the field,focusing on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau circumstance.We thoroughly discussed the potential and the required paths for further studies.This study may be used as a basis for selecting suitable microbial strains and accompanying supplemental actions for implementing IBSCs in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
基金supported by AF-NSFC mobility program from the Academy of Finland(Grant no.333170)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant no.52211530038).
文摘Antarctic continental lakes and ponds are among the most impoverished aquatic environments on earth but many of them support flourishing populations of cyanobacteria,eukaryotic algae,protozoans,and some multicellular animals.In this study,we present results of a microscopic analysis of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae from nine diverse types of Antarctic continental water bodies during one austral summer.The results supplement and enlarge our previous studies on the limnological characteristics of the epiglacial and supraglacial lakes and ponds in Dronning Maud Land,an area that has received little attention from limnologists.The taxon with highest frequency among the samples(n=79)was Mesotaenium cf.berggrenii,a eukaryotic Zygnematophyceae,which occurred in 82%of the samples with a maximum cell density of 68 cells·mL^(-1).The taxa with second and third highest frequency were the prokaryotes Gloeocapsopsis(60%)and Leptolyngbya(41%),followed by Chlamydomonas(34%)and Cyanothece(29%).The number of taxa varied between 7-21 among the lakes and ponds,being highest in a supraglacial lake,and lowest in an epiglacial lake.The results did not reveal any obvious correlation between the abundance of any taxa and the water chemistry,but water bodies with inorganic sediments had higher cell densities and biomasses than those without sediment.This suggests the importance of sediment in supporting biological diversity in these ultraoligotrophic lakes and ponds.
文摘Phycoerythrin extracted from Antarctic red seaweeds shows promising characteristics to be applied as an anode sensitizer in water-splitting photoelectrochemical cells.Under light irradiation and using an LED lamp,the red-colored protein shows an interesting ability to profit the incident light,as confirmed by the presence of oxygen bubbles next to the electrode surface without applying any external potential.Our results showed that the addition of iodide is helpful to allow the regeneration of the dye;nevertheless,oxygen evolution is not favored.Thermodynamics analysis of the involved semi-reactions is also helpful to understand the observed results.The exploration of Antarctic resources offers then an alternative for the development of green energies,with a particular focus on their use as sensitizers to profit from the sunlight in water-splitting as well as in photovoltaic devices.
文摘An in-vitro experiment was conducted to assess the interaction between biochar and algae on a problem soil. Experiments were performed with and without algae to observe the effectiveness of algae for overcoming the challenges posed by problem soils. At the end of incubation periods, the adsorption and desorption of phosphorus (P) on a problem soil vis-á-vis algal inoculation were determined. Our results showed that different types of biochars adsorbed different amounts of P suggesting that the source of biochar played a crucial role in determining its behavior towards P. Tannery waste biochar significantly adsorbed 147% and 35% more P compared to that of the chicken litter and orange peel biochars respectively. Significant reductions in adsorption were observed when the biochar was used in combination with the algae which could be due to the beneficial effects of algae leading to the amelioration of the problem soil. Adsorption was reduced to 34%, 24% and 20% for the orange peel biochar + algae, chicken litter biochar + algae and tannery waste biochar + algae, respectively compared to the corresponding biochars present as a single solid. Phosphorus (P) desorption was also reduced significantly in presence of algal inoculation. Overall our findings suggest that the application of algae along with biochar in the problem soil could reduce the adsorption of P which would influence the availability of P.
文摘In the paper, under the framework of exploring the interaction between algae and bacteria, an algae-bacteria ecological model was established to analyze the interaction mechanism and growth coexistence mode between algicidal bacteria and algae. Firstly, mathematical work mainly provided some threshold conditions to ensure the occurrence of transcritical bifurcation and saddle-node bifurcation, which could provide certain theoretical support for selecting key ecological environmental factors and numerical simulations. Secondly, the numerical simulation work dynamically displayed the evolution process of the bifurcation dynamic behavior of the model (2.1) and the growth coexistence mode of algae and algicidal bacteria. Finally, it was worth summarizing that intrinsic growth rate and combined capture effort of algae population had a strong influence on the dynamic behavior of the model (2.1). Furthermore, it must also be noted that transcritical bifurcation and saddle-node bifurcation were the inherent driving forces behind the formation of steady-state growth coexistence mode between algicidal bacteria and algae. In summary, it was hoped that the results of this study would contribute to accelerating the study of the interaction mechanism between algicidal bacteria and algae.
基金financially supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901692)2020 Li Ka Shing Foundation Cross-Disciplinary Research Grant(2020LKSFG02E)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(2021A1515011495)。
文摘Marine algae are valuable sources of health-promoting molecules that have been consumed by Asians for decades.Among aquatic flora,marine algae stand out in terms of high content of marine algae polysaccharides(MAP)such as carrageenan,alginate,fucoidan,laminaran,agarose,rhamnan,and ulvan.When hydrolyzed,MAP generate marine algae oligosaccharides(MAO),which have attracted interest in recent years due to their superior solubility compared with MAP.Besides,MAO have been demonstrated numerous biological activities including antioxidant,antidiabetic,anti-inflammatory,antimicrobial,and prebiotic activities.Thus,this review summarizes the main chemical classes of MAO,their sources,and the main processes used for their production(i.e.,physical,chemical,and biological methods),coupled with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.Highlights of the biological activities of MAO and their potential applications in food,nutraceutical,and pharmaceuticals would also be discussed and summarized.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.132072962)the Agricultural Industrial Technology System in Shandong Province(No.SDAIT-26)+3 种基金the‘First Class Fishery Discipline’Programme[(2020)3]in Shandong Provincethe Special Talent Programme‘Yishi Yiyi’in Shandong Province,Chinathe National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFD0901500)the Shandong Province Agriculture Seed Project(No.2021LZ GC004)。
文摘Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)regulate a variety of biological processes,including sexual reproduction and differentiation.Saccharina japonica,a commercially important brown alga in China,shows remarkable sexual dimorphism in haploid gametophytes.The sex of Saccharina japonica gametophytes is determined by UV sexual system.However,no results have been reported on the lncRNAs involved in the sex-related gene regulation of S.japonica.This study identified a number of lncRNAs and assessed their expression levels in male and female gametophytes.Among them,a total of 405 lncRNAs and 211 mRNAs showed differential expressions.Furthermore,the functions of target genes of differentially expressed lncRNAs(DELs)differed from those of differentially expressed genes(DEGs),suggesting that lncRNA may interact with other functional proteins,in addition to DEGs,to involve sex regulation in S.japonica.There were 32 and 90 potential cis-regulatory and trans-regulatory interactions between DELsDEGs,respectively.Five of these lncRNAs(LNC_002974,LNC_021059,LNC_038466,LNC_051584,and LNC_027400)interacted with putative male sex determination region(SDR)genes,suggesting that they act as regulators in gametophytes'sex regulation potentially.Findings from this study contribute to our understanding of the roles of lncRNAs in sex differentiation and lay the foundation for functional studies of candidate lncRNAs in the future.
基金supported by Xinjiang Oilfield Company of China(No.2020-C4006).
文摘The Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata in the Junggar basin developed two sets of shallow to semi-deep lacustrine shale, namely, the Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation (K_(1q)) and the Paleogene Anjihaihe Formation (E_(2-3a)). Through organic petrology and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, it is found that the primary hydrocarbon-generating organic matter (OM) in the two sets of strata is different. The biological precursor of the E_(2-3a) OM is mainly green algae (Pediastrum), while the precursor of K_(1q) kerogen is mainly cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria). Then, the E_(2-3a) green algae-rich shale and K_(1q) cyanobacteria-rich shale were subjected to hydrous pyrolysis and kinetic analysis, respectively. The results show that the evolution modes of hydrocarbon generation of the typical shales are very different. Green algae have the characteristics of a low oil generation threshold, heavy oil quality, and no prominent oil peak, while cyanobacteria have the characteristics of late oil generation, concentrated hydrocarbon generation, and relatively light oil quality. The characteristics of oil generation can also be well reflected in the composition evolution of the crude oil components. The carbon isotope of gas, kerogen, and extracts of the E_(2-3a) green algae-rich shale are significantly heavier than the K_(1q) cyanobacteria-rich shale, which may be related to the living habits of their biological precursors, carbon source usage, photosynthesis efficiency, and carbon fixation efficiency.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270218 and 31970231).
文摘The plastid is widely present in algae and plants with important functions in the process of photosynthesis,carbon fixation,and stress response(Shi et al.,2022).Despite the consistency between plastid genomes in plants,size variation of the plastid genome,gene loss,structure changes,and pseudogenes have been frequently observed(Ivanova et al.,2017).Plastid genome has currently shown a wide application in research of phylogeny,populations and biogeography in combination with nucleus genome(Wang et al.,2021).
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32370219,31900187,32000167)the Shanxi Province Science Foundation for Youths(Nos.201901D211132,201901D211421)+4 种基金the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi(Nos.2019L0073,2020L0524)the Key Laboratory of Algal BiologyInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences(No.2018-002)the Shanxi“1331 Project”。
文摘Makinoella Okada is a genus of coccoid green algae belonging to the family Oocystaceae with typical morphological characteristics.Reports to date included only one type species.Since the genus is rarely reported,there is a lack of taxonomic research.In this study,17 strains of this genus were collected from several different places in China,and their taxonomic studies were conducted based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis.The phylogenetic results based on the analysis of ITS,chloroplast genes rbc L and tuf A showed that the genus was divided into two branches.One of the branches comprised newly collected algae.Compensatory base changes(CBCs)and hemi-compensatory base changes(hemi-CBCs)within the secondary structure of the ITS-2 confirmed the branches as two species.Compared with the type species of Makinoella tosaensis,the cell size of this new branch was only about 50%,and included 2-4 colonial cells.Therefore,based on the smaller cell size,simpler colony composition,independent phylogenetic position and CBCs and hemi-CBCs,we suggest that the new clade should be designated as a new taxon of Makinoella,namely Makinoella parva.Among the four molecular markers using in this study,the rbc L and newly introduced ITS are recommended for species separation,which can help further studies to revise the species and generic concepts of the family.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31800172 to F.R.NAN,No.32170204 to S.L.XIE)。
文摘Hildenbrandia is an early diverged lineage in Florideophyceae,Rhodophyta.The species diversity of this genus is still unresolved due to the simple morphology and limited molecular information.The mitochondrial genome of freshwater H.jigongshanensis was determined in this study.The freshwater H.jigongshanensis had a larger mitochondrial genome than the marine H.rubra and GC content was higher.Collinear alignment structure was observed between the mitochondrial genomes of H.jigongshanensis and H.rubra,except for one block that was encoded on the complement strand.More introns were found in mitochondrial genome of H.jigongshanensis than in H.rubra,and H.jigongshanensis shares the common feature with Bangiophyceae that two introns were distributed in cox1.Comparison of mitochondrial genome organization suggests that H.jigongshanensis preserves characters that could be hypothetically more similar to the ancestor of Bangiophyceae and Florideophyceae,which differ with previous studies based on chloroplast,and nuclear markers.More mitochondrial genomes and phylogenetic analyses combing nuclear,chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes are needed to clarify this discrepancy.Mitochondrion-based phylogeny in this study resulted in better solution at both the deep and recent derived nodes than single-gene phylogenies.Most protein-coding genes between H.jigongshanensis and H.rubra were identical except atp8,which was present in H.jigongshanensis while absent from H.rubra.This finding follows the trend that high Ka/Ks ratio genes are more frequently lost than low Ka/Ks ratio ones in red algae.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51975586)。
文摘Marine equipments such as marine risers and oil pipelines operate in complex underwater environments and are usually attached by animals,plants and microorganisms.The attachment of marine fouling organisms will accelerate the corrosion damage of offshore structure and greatly reduce the service life.Studies have shown that non-smooth bionic surfaces with specific microstructures can inhibit fouling formation.Based on the idea of bionics,this paper proposes a new type of underwater flexible fretting texture,which is a composite material prepared by mixing graphene and silicone rubber,and modified by pulsed laser to construct a hexagonal bionic surface texture.Under the impact of specific water flow,the flexible texture can produce an angular displacement around 8°and a linear displacement in the amplitude range of 165μm,and the inhibition rate of fouling biological diatoms up to 97.5%,which can effectively avoid the occurrence of marine biological fouling.The results provide a new idea for the surface protection of marine structures,which is of great significance for the development of marine industry.
基金Supported by the Key Program of Science and Technology Innovation in Ningbo (No.2019B10009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41476111)。
文摘The quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)is a powerful and sensitive method to measure expression of targeted gene but it highly relies on the use of suitable reference genes for data normalization.We evaluated the expressions of 8 housekeeping genes:18S ribosomal rDNA(18S rDNA),28S ribosomal r DNA(28S rDNA),rubisco large subunit(rbc-L),β-actin(ACT),glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH),elongation factor 1(EF1),β-tubulin(Tub B),and P-phycoerythrin B(PEB),to select the suitable reference genes for different life-history stages(tetrasporophyte,carposporophyte,and male/female gametophyte)of Gracilaria vermiculophylla by absolute quantitative method.Softwares geNorm and BestKeeper were used to verify the results acquired from copy number analysis.Results show that the expression of identified reference genes varied in comparing groups composed of different type of life stages.It is suggested that 18S rDNA and TubB could be used for highly complex samples composed of mixed ploidy and phases.18S rDNA and 28S rDNA were also preferred for using among the matured isomorphic samples.But for samples with different maturities,TubB and ACT were recommended for tetrasporophytes and gametophytes respectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no.31870189 and 32000168)。
文摘Phyllosphere algae are common in tropical rainforests,forming visible biofilms or spots on plant leaf surfaces.However,knowledge of phyllosphere algal diversity and the environmental factors that drive that diversity is limited.The aim of this study is to identify the environmental factors that drive phyllosphere algal community composition and diversity in rainforests.For this purpose,we used single molecule real-time sequencing of full-length 18S rDNA to characterize the composition of phyllosphere microalgal communities growing on four host tree species(Ficus tikoua,Caryota mitis,Arenga pinnata,and Musa acuminata) common to three types of forest over four months at the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,Yunnan Province,China.Environmental 18S rDNA sequences revealed that the green algae orders Watanabeales and Trentepohliales were dominant in almost all algal communities and that phyllosphere algal species richness and biomass were lower in planted forest than in primeval and reserve rainforest.In addition,algal community composition differed significantly between planted forest and primeval rainforest.We also found that algal communities were affected by soluble reactive phosphorous,total nitrogen,and ammonium contents.Our findings indicate that algal community structure is significantly related to forest type and host tree species.Furthermore,this study is the first to identify environmental factors that affect phyllosphere algal communities,significantly contributing to future taxonomic research,especially for the green algae orders Watanabeales and Trentepohliales.This research also serves as an important reference for molecular diversity analysis of algae in other specific habitats,such as epiphytic algae and soil algae.
文摘Natural biomaterials are now frequently used to build biocarrier systems,which can carry medications and biomolecules to a target region and achieve a desired therapeutic effect.Biomaterials and polymers are of great importance in the synthesis of nanomaterials.The recent studies have tended to use these materials because they are easily obtained from natural sources such as fungi,algae,bacteria,and medicinal plants.They are also biodegradable,compatible with neighborhoods,and non-toxic.Natural biomaterials and polymers are chemically changed when they are linked by cross linking agents with other polymers to create scaffolds,matrices,composites,and interpenetrating polymer networks employing microtechnology and nanotechnology.This review highlights how microengineered and nanoengineered biomaterials are utilized to produce efficient drug-delivery systems and biomedical and biological therapies and how innovative sources of biomaterials have been identified.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 31970216 and 31670199。
文摘Green tidal algal Enteromorpha species complete their life cycles by the isomorphic alternation of generations.The provenance of green tide caused by them in the western Yellow Sea has been disputed. The cell reproduction derived from adult thallus was observed on E. clathrata collected from Shantou City, Guangdong Province in this study. Subsequently, it further found that E. proliferia collected from Qingdao City, Shandong Province and Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province, produced reproductive cells by somatic cells of its early infantile thallus or branch. The latter is functionally similar to that the seedlings of red alga Porphyra yezoensis produce the monospores, and could exquisitely explain the ephemeral or opportunistic trait and environmental adaptation ability of Enteromorpha species. Changes in growth conditions may induce the two types of cell reproduction.They contribute to the bloom, and can effectively reveal the seasonally occurring large-scale and on-year and offyear phenomenon. The latter may have played a decisive role in its formation. This paper analyses the legal status of the species name, the type of generation during bloom, ephemeral traits, the role of microscopic propagule, the area of origin, on-year and off-year phenomenon, early warning and prevention and control of the species, and so on. On this basis, further study on the influence of environmental factors on cell reproduction of early infantile thalli or branches will achieve a positive effect for early warning and prevention and control of the green tidal algal bloom.