BIODEGRADABLE ALIPHATIC/AROMATIC COPOLYESTERS BASED ON TEREPHTHALIC ACID AND POLY(L-LACTIC ACID):SYNTHESIS,CHARACTERIZATION AND HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION

Biodegradable aliphatic/aromatic copolyesters, poly（butylene terephthalate-co-lactate） （PBTL） were prepared via direct melt polycondensation of terephthalic acid （TPA）, 1,4-butanediol （BDO） and poly（L-lactic acid） oligomer （OLLA）. The effects of polymerization time and temperature, as well as aliphatic/aromatic moiety ratio on the physical and thermal properties were investigated. The largest molecular weight of the copolyesters was up to 64100 with molecular weight distribution index of 2.09 when the polycondensation was carried out at 230℃ for 6 h. DSC, XRD, DMA and TGA analysis clearly indicated that the degree of crystallinity, glass-transition temperature, melting point, decomposition temperature, tensile strength, elongation and Young＇s modulus were influenced by the ratio between TPA and OLLA in the final copolyesters. Hydrolytic degradation results demonstrated that the incorporation of biodegradable lactate moieties into the aromatic polyester could efficiently improve hydrolytic degradability of the copolymer even though it still had many aromatic units in the main chains.

Highly selective extraction of aromatics from aliphatics by using metal chloride-based ionic liquids

The separation of aromatics from aliphatics is essential for achieving maximum exploitation of oil resources in the petrochemical industry.In this study,a series of metal chloride-based ionic liquids were prepared and their performances in the separation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene(tetralin)/dodecane and tetralin/decalin systems were studied.Among these ionic liquids,1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate([EMIM][FeCl_(4)])with the highest selectivity was used as the extractant.Density functional theory calculations showed that[EMIM][FeCl_(4)]interacted more strongly with tetralin than with dodecane and decalin.Energy decomposition analysis of[EMIM][FeCl_(4)]-tetralin indicated that electrostatics and dispersion played essential roles,and induction cannot be neglected.The van der Waals forces was a main effect in[EMIM][FeCl_(4)]-tetralin by independent gradient model analysis.The tetralin distribution coefficient and selectivity were 0.8 and 110,respectively,with 10%(mol)tetralin in the initial tetralin/dodecane system,and 0.67 and 19.5,respectively,with 10%(mol)tetralin in the initial tetralin/decalin system.The selectivity increased with decreasing alkyl chain length of the extractant.The influence of the extraction temperature,extractant dosage,and initial concentrations of the system components on the separation performance were studied.Recycling experiments showed that the regenerated[EMIM][FeCl_(4)]could be used repeatedly.

Hyperbranched polymer hollow-fiber-composite membranes for pervaporation separation of aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures

The separation of aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures is crucial in the petrochemical industry.Pervaporation is regarded as a promising approach for the separation of aromatic compounds from alkanes. Developing membrane materials with efficient separation performance is still the main task since the membrane should provide chemical stability, high permeation flux, and selectivity. In this study, the hyperbranched polymer(HBP) was deposited on the outer surface of a polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membrane by a facile dip-coating method. The dip-coating rate, HBP concentration, and thermal cross-linking temperature were regulated to optimize the membrane structure.The obtained HBP/PVDF hollow-fiber-composite membrane had a good separation performance for aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures. For the 50%/50%(mass) toluene/n-heptane mixture, the permeation flux of optimized composite membranes could reach 1766 g·m^(-2)·h^(-1), with a separation factor of 4.1 at 60℃. Therefore, the HBP/PVDF hollow-fiber-composite membrane has great application prospects in the pervaporation separation of aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures.

Preparation and characterization of biodegradable aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters/nano-SiO_2 hybrids via in situ melt polycondensation

In situ melt polycondensation was proposed to prepare biodegradable aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters/nano-SiO2 hybrids based on terephthalic acid （TPA）, poly（L-lactic acid） oligomer （OLLA）, 1,4-butanediol （BDO） and nano-SiO2. TEM and FT-IR characterizations confirmed that TPA, OLLA and BDO copolymerized to obtain biodegradable copolyesters, poly（butylene terepbthalate-co-lactate） （PBTL）, and the abundant hydroxyl groups on the surface of nano-SiO2 provided potential sites for in situ grafting with the simultaneous resulted PBTL. The nano-SiO2 particles were chemically wrapped with PBTL to form PBTL/nano- SiO2 hybrids. Due to the good dispersion and interfacial adhesion of nano-SiO2 particles with the copolyester matrix, the tensile strength and the Young＇s modulus increased from 5.4 and 5.6 MPa for neat PBTL to 16 and 390 MPa for PBTL/nano-SiO2 hybrids with 5 wt.% nano-SiO2, respectively. The mechanical properties of PBTL/nano-SiO2 hybrids were substantially improved.

Study on Structure and Crystallinity of A New Biodegradable Aliphatic-Aromatic Copolyester

A series of biodegradable aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters, poly(butylene terephthalate-co-butylene adipate-co- ethylene terephthalate-co-ethylene adipate) (PBATE), were synthesized from terephthalic acid (PTA), adipic acid (AA), 1,4-butanediol (BG) and ethylene glycol (EG) through direct esterification and polycondensation. The sequence structure and crystallinity of the copolyester were investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and the wide-angle X-ray diffractometry (WAXD). The analytical results showed that the PBATE copolyester was a random copolymer and the composition of PBATE copolyester was almost consistent with the feed molar ratios. The crystal structure of PBATE copolyester belonged to the triclinic crystalline system; The variation in melting point of the synthesized PBATE copolyester agreed well with the estimation obtained by the Flory equation and was applicable to the random copolymer.

Membrane materials in the pervaporation separation of aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures—A review

The separation of aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures is a significant process in chemical industry, but challenged in some cases. Compared with conventional separation technologies, pervaporation is quite promising in terms of its economical, energy-saving, and eco-friendly advantages. However, this technique has not been used in industry for separating aromatic/aliphatic mixtures yet. One of the main reasons is that the separation performance of existed pervaporation membranes is unsatisfactory. Membrane material is an important factor that affects the separation performance. This review provides an overview on the advances in studying membrane materials for the pervaporation separation of aromatic/aliphatic mixtures over the past decade. Explored pristine polymers and their hybrid materials(as hybrid membranes) are summarized to highlight their nature and separation performance. We anticipate that this review could provide some guidance in the development of new materials for the aromatic/aliphatic pervaporation separation.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AROMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALLINE COPOLYESTERS WITH REGULAR SEQUENCE STRUCTURE

Several novel aromatic liquid crystalline copolyesters with regular sequence structure were prepared by melt Sehotten-Baumann polycondensation via complex monomer. Polarizing microscope with hot stage, thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction were used to investigate the structure and properties of the copolyesters. The effects of structural units, such as flexible spacer, noncolinear meta-linked phenylene unit, crankshaft unit, kink with flexible bridging unit and various substituted benzene rings on melting temperature of aromatic copolyesters were studied and discussed on the basis of crystalline structure of the polymers.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MAIN CHAIN AROMATIC LIQUID CRYSTAL COPOLYESTERS WITH X-SHAPED AND ROD-SHAPED MESOGENIC UNITS

A series of main chain liquid crystal aromatic copolyesters with X-shaped and rod-shaped mesogenic units were synthesized via solution condensation polymerizations of 4,4'-(alpha,omega-octanedioyloxy)-dibenzoyl dichlorides with 2,5-bis(p-octanoxy benzoyloxy)-hydroquinone and diphenol. All of the copolyesters showed thermotropic liquid crystalline behaviors through observations using DSC, polarized microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The melting point (T-m) and the isotropization temperature (T-i) change regularly with varying the content of diphenol unit in the copolymers.

Effect of the Structure of Cations and Anions of Ionic Liquids on Separation of Aromatics from Hydrocarbon Mixtures

The effects of the structure of typical cations and anions of ionic liquids on the separation of benzene and toluene from aromatic/paraffin mixtures were studied. The .results showed that the corresponding separation factors were considerably larger than those of the traditional solvents （Benzene＋Hexane＋sulfolane）, and that the ionic liquids could be used as novel solvents for the separation of aromatics from hydrocarbon mixtures. The key parameters governing the ability of ionic liquids for separating aromatics from hydrocarbon sources were investigated. It was found that the effectiveness of the ionic liquids, based on the same anion, changed in the cation order of [BIqu]^＋〈 [BPy]^＋〈 [BMIM]^＋. The selectivity of the ionic liquid toward aromatics decreased apparently with the increasing length of the substituted alkyl chain of its cationic head ring. The separation factors, based on the same cation, changed in the anion order of [Tf2N]^-〈[PF6]^-〈[BF4]^-〈[C2H5SO4]^-. The solubilities of the aromatics were greater in the ionic liquids based on the former three anions than that in the ionic liquids involving [C2H5SO4]^-.

Computational Study for the Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction on 1-Dimethylamino-2,4-bis(trifluoroacetyl)-naphthalene with Amines

Our previous research showed that aliphatic amines were put in order of high reactivity as “ethylamine > ammonia > t-butylamine > diethylamine” on the aromatic nucleophilic substitution of 1-dimetylamino-2,4-bis(trifluoroacetyl)-naphthalene 1 in acetonitrile. The DFT calculation study (B3LYP/6-31G* with solvation model) for the reactions of 1 with above four amines rationally explained the difference of each amines reactivity based on the energies of their Meisenheimer complexes 3 which are assumed to formed as the reaction intermediates in the course of the reaction giving the corresponding N-N exchange products 2. Intramolecular hydrogen bond between amino proton in 1-amino group and carbonyl oxygen in 2-trifluoroacetyl group stabilizes Meisenheimer complexes 3 effectively, and accelerates the substitution reaction from 1 to 2. Our calculation results also predicted that the above order of amines is also true if less polar toluene is used as a solvent instead of acetonitrile even though more enhanced conditions are required.

生物基半芳香族共聚酰胺PA5T/56与脂肪族聚酰胺PA56的性能对比

生物基聚酰胺PA56凭借其绿色低碳的原料来源以及与商业化PA66相近的综合性能而受到关注,但受限于脂肪族的柔性主链结构,无法满足高温场景下的使用需求。为解决上述问题,引入对苯二甲酸构筑生物基半芳香族共聚酰胺PA5T/56,对PA5T/56的结构及性能进行系统研究,并与生物基脂肪族聚酰胺PA56进行对比分析。红外光谱与核磁共振氢谱的表征结果验证了PA5T/56与PA56结构上的差异;相比PA56,PA5T/56具有更高的玻璃化转变温度(t_(g)=113℃)、更优的热稳定性(t_(d,5%)=392℃,t_(dmax)=423℃),以及更佳的热机械性能,同时其在高温下具有适宜加工的熔体黏度(<10^(3)Pa·s),这些优势赋予生物基半芳香族PA5T/56广阔的应用前景。

伊敏褐煤腐植酸结构特征及其分子模型构建

从褐煤中提取腐植酸对于实现褐煤的清洁高效利用具有重要的意义,而探究蒙东地区褐煤腐植酸结构并构建相应的分子模型对于该地区褐煤应用具有广泛的指导作用。采用碱溶酸析法提取蒙东伊敏褐煤的腐植酸,通过采用X射线衍射、^(13)C核磁共振以及X射线光电子能谱等方法对腐植酸的结构特征进行全面表征。结果表明:伊敏褐煤腐植酸中的芳香结构是基础,而脂肪结构主要以交联键以及侧链形式存在;褐煤腐植酸中的芳香团簇尺寸较小,芳香层间距相对较大,且呈现无序排列。根据结构表征相关参数,重构了具有代表性的中国蒙东伊敏褐煤腐植酸分子模型。所构建的伊敏褐煤腐植酸分子结构模型计算数据与实验数据大体吻合,能够充分反映伊敏褐煤腐植酸的化学结构特点。模型中芳香碳结构主要以苯、萘环的形式呈现,少量以菲环形式的存在;脂肪碳主要以较短的侧链和脂肪环形式存在,起到连接芳香基本结构单元的作用。氧元素主要以羧基和酯等O—C=O形式存在,同时还包括一定量的酮、醛、醌、酚、醇以及醚氧,其中羰基C O和醚氧具有交联作用。氮元素则主要以吡咯环的形式存在,并伴有少量的吡啶环和季氮。与西南地区云南褐煤腐植酸结构相比,伊敏褐煤中的芳香碳含量更高且吡咯含氮官能团所占比例也更大,并呈现出一定的地区差异性。

Sodium Bisulfite： An Efficient Catalyst for Ether Formation via Dehydration of Aromatic/Aliphatic Alcohol

Straightforward etherification of benzyl alcohols （1） via intermolecular dehydration can be efficiently catalyzed by sodium bisulfite under solvent-free conditions. In the presence of 0.3 mol% or 0.6 mol% amount of sodium bisulfite, symmetric and unsymmetric ethers are prepared from the corresponding alcohols in high yields （up to 95%）. Etherification of benzhydryl alcohols is also discussed.

Organosoluble Aliphatic-Aromatic Poly(ether-amide)s Based on Pyridine Moiety in the Main Chain: Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Studies

A series organosoluble and heterocyclic poly（ether-amide）s （PEA）s were synthesized from a new diamine containing pyridine moiety and four aliphatic-aromatic dicarboxylic acids by direct polycondensation reactions. Dicarboxilic acids 4a-4d containing ether groups were synthesized in two step reactions. At first, dialdehydes 3a-3d were synthesized from four dibromo alkanes la-ld and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde 2, then dicarboxilic acids 4a-4d were synthesized from dialdehydes 3a-3d and malonic acid in a solvent free reaction. On the other hand, the new diamine 8 containing pyridine ring was synthesized in two step reactions. The structures of synthesized monomers and polymers were proven by FTIR, NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Also all of the above polymers were fully characterized by inherent viscosity, solubility tests, gel permeation chromatography （GPC）, differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and thermogravimetric analysis （TGA）. The resulted PEAs have shown good inherent viscosities, solubility and thermal properties.

应用于聚苯乙烯的高分子溴系阻燃剂的制备研究

溴系阻燃剂广泛应用于聚苯乙烯材料中,目前大部分小分子溴系阻燃剂已被禁用。高分子溴系阻燃剂由于分子量大而不易迁移,难以造成环境污染,已成为溴系阻燃剂的发展方向之一。通过丙烯酰氯与三溴乙醇的酯化合成了丙烯酸三溴乙酯(BBT),将BBT与2,4,6-三溴苯丙烯酸酯(TrA)共聚合成了脂肪族溴芳香族溴混合聚合物BCB。结果表明:BCB最佳合成条件是单体共聚比为1∶1,合成温度60℃,引发剂添加量为0.75%,反应时间为18h,此时各项性能到达最佳。研究发现BCB与三氧化二锑复配比例为3∶1,抗氧剂1010与Mg(OH)_(2)添加量都为0.5%的BCB配方体系阻燃效果达到最大。人工加速老化测试中证明BCB不易析出,难以造成生物累积毒性。

低温热转化中煤中镜质体的显微荧光和显微红外特征研究

为了研究低温热转化过程中煤中镜质体的结构变化与热解反应活性的关系,综合利用显微荧光和显微红外分析技术,研究煤中均质镜质体和基质镜质体在低温热转化(≤400℃)过程中的结构变化及演化规律。结果表明:在蓝光激发下,气煤中均质镜质体不发荧光,基质镜质体呈褐黄色荧光;当热解温度为200℃~280℃时,基质镜质体的荧光色逐渐变为褐红色,400℃时荧光消失。随热解温度升高,基质镜质体的相对荧光强度(I546)急剧减小,最大荧光波长(λmax)呈增大趋势。在低温热转化过程中,均质镜质体和基质镜质体的显微红外光谱变化规律相似,从200℃时开始脂族链长(Kal指数)迅速减小,而芳构化程度(IAr指数)逐渐增大,二者的热转化性能存在差异。

气相色谱法测定水中总石油烃(C_(10)-C_(40))脂肪族和芳香族类化合物

总石油烃(C_(10)-C_(40))按结构可分为脂肪族和芳香族化合物,这两种烃类化合物的毒性及在环境中分解、分化的时间差异较大,因此将脂肪族和芳香族化合物分离测定,有利于对环境中总石油烃(C_(10)-C_(40))危害程度进行判断,避免环境污染,确保人类健康。本方法通过液液萃取水质样品,湿法制备氧化铝层析柱,分别用正己烷和二氯甲烷洗脱样品萃取液得到脂肪烃组分和芳香烃组分,用带氢火焰离子检测器的气相色谱仪测定。本方法可用于地表水、地下水和污水中脂肪族和芳香族化合物的测定。

生物可降解脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯的研究进展

综述了以脂肪族酯和芳香族酯为单体制备生物可降解脂肪族-芳香族共聚酯的研究进展。随脂肪族酯链段的长度和共聚酯无规立构度的变化,共聚酯的物理性能(强度、柔韧性)和降解性能发生明显的变化。这类共聚酯通常结合脂肪族聚酯的生物可降解性和芳香族聚酯优异的热和力学性能(其力学性能甚至超过低密度聚乙烯),成为一类新型可替代传统塑料的生物可降解材料,因此可推广应用于生物医学和环境友好的材料领域。

含芳香组分共聚酯的生物降解性研究

采用稀土-钛催化剂,以1,4-丁二醇、己二酸和对苯二甲酸二甲酯为原料制备了聚己二酸丁二醇酯和对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(BT)的一系列共聚酯,对共聚酯的相对分子质量、熔点、断裂拉伸强度和断裂伸长率进行了测试。并采用堆肥埋片法,将BT 摩尔分数为40％和60％的两种共聚酯与纸、聚乙烯、环保餐盒薄膜进行了生物降解性对比实验;以失重率、降解速率和相对分子质量变化作为指标,考察了共聚酯的生物降解性,并简述了生物降解行为的作用方式。实验结果表明,通过在聚己二酸丁二醇酯中引入摩尔分数为40％-60％的BT,所制备的共聚酯既具有一定的力学性能,又具有一定的生物降解性;且随BT含量的增加, 共聚酯的生物降解性变差。

可生物降解脂肪-芳香族共聚酯的结构与性能

采用稀土催化剂,以1,4-丁二醇、己二酸和对苯二甲酸二甲酯为原料制备了聚己二酸丁二酯和对苯二甲酸丁二酯的系列共聚酯,测试了共聚酯的相对分子质量、力学性能、热性能、组成和微观结构。采用堆肥埋片法,考察了共聚酯的生物降解性。随着共聚酯中所含芳香组分的增多,其力学性能增强,热性能提高,熔点先由57℃降到32℃后,再逐渐升至145℃。共聚酯的生物降解性则随芳香组分增多而变差。