Studies on the Constituents from the Rhizoma of Alisma orientalis

从泽泻（Alismaorientalis（Sam）.Juzep）块茎中分离得到六个化合物，经理化性质和波谱分析，分别鉴定为：胡萝卜甙（1）,1－二十二醇（2）。尿嘧啶核苷（3），β－谷甾醇（4），胡萝卜甙6＇－O－硬脂酸酯（5），卫矛醇（6）。

A new triterpenoid from Alisma orientalis

A new triterpenoid,named 11,25-aahydro-alisol E was isolated from the rhizomes of Alisma orientalis together with nine known compounds.Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.Some compounds showed weak anti-tumor activities in cytotoxic experiments.

Simultaneous determination of four active components in Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz. by HPLC–DAD using a single reference standard

A rapid, simple and practical high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with diode array detector（HPLC–DAD） was developed to evaluate the quality of Alisma orientale（Sam.） Juz.through a simultaneous determination of four major active triterpenes using a single standard to determine the multi-components（SSDMCs）. Alisol B 23-acetate was selected as the reference compound for calculating the relative response factors. All calibration curves showed good linearity（R240.9998） within test ranges. RSDs for intra- and inter-day of four analytes were less than 3.6% and 2.3%; the overall recovery was 92.1–110.2%（SSDMC）. The proposed method was successfully applied to quantify the four components in 20 samples from different localities in China. Moreover, significant variations were demonstrated in the content of these compounds. In addition, hierarchical clustering analysis（HCA） and principal components analysis（PCA） were performed to differentiate and classify the samples based on the contents of Alisol C 23-acetate, Alisol A, Alisol A 24-acetate and Alisol B 23-acetate. This simple,rapid, low-cost and reliable HPLC–DAD method using SSDMC is suitable for routine quantitative analysis and quality control of A. orientale（Sam.） Juz.

A UFLC/MS/MS method for simultaneous quantitation of alisol A and alisol B 23-acetate from Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz. in rat plasma

A sensitive and reliable ultra fast liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(UFLC-MS/MS)method has been developed and validated for simultaneous quantitation of alisol A and alisol B 23-acetate from Alisma orientale(Sam.)Juz.in rat plasma using diazepam as an internal standard(IS).The plasma samples were extracted by liquideliquid extraction with methyl tert-butyl ether and separated on a Venusil MP C18 column(100 mm×2.1 mm,3.0 mm)(Venusil,China)using gradient elution with the mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.1%acetic acid in water at a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min.The two analytes were monitored with positive electrospray ionization by multiple reaction monitoring mode(MRM).The lower limit of quantitation was 5.00 ng/ml for alisol A and 5.00 ng/ml for alisol B 23-acetate.The calibration curves were linear in the range of 5.00 e2500 ng/ml for alisol A and 5e2500 ng/ml for alisol B 23-acetate.The mean extraction recoveries were above 63.8%for alisol A and 68.0%for alisol B 23-acetate from biological matrixes.Both intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy of analytes were well within acceptance criteria(15%).The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of alisol A and alisol B 23-acetate in rat plasma after oral administration of alcohol extract of Alismatis Rhizoma.

Prediction of active ingredients and potential mechanisms of Alisma decoction against atherosclerosis:A study based on UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS and network pharmacology

Background:Atherosclerosis(AS)has been a potentially life-threatening disease worldwide.Alisma decoction(AD)is a famous Chinese formula in treating AS.However,the active components and potential mechanisms remain unknown.Methods:In this study,the active compositions of AD were analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry(UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS).The putative targets were predicted and interpreted by a series of bio-informative tools such as Venn,STRING,NetworkAnalyzer,ClusterMarker,and DAVID.Finally,the results were validated by molecular docking using AutoDock.Results:The results showed that alisol A,alisol B,23-o-Acetylalisol B,atractylenolideⅢand atractylenolideⅡwere the major compositions in AD.Thirty targets mainly distributed in three gene clusters were obtained after topological and cluster analysis.KEGG and GO analyses showed that genes in cluster 1 mainly participated in adipocytokine signaling pathway and played an important role in lipid metabolism,while genes in cluster 2 had regulatory actions via cAMP signaling pathway and may protect vascular function from AS,and genes in cluster 3 were closely related to inflammation.Furthermore,RXRA,AGT and CXCL8,the central gene of cluster 1,2 and 3,were verified to be strong binding with some major compositions in AD.Conclusion:The possible mechanisms of AD in the treatment of AS may be closely correlated with the regulation of lipid metabolism,vascular physiology and inflammation.Our study provided a new insight into the anti-AS effect of AD,but more pharmacological experiments should be performed for verification in the future.

Preparation of Fluorescent Carbon Dots from Chinese Herbal Medicine Alisma and Its Potential Applications in Photocatalytic Degradation of Malachite Green and Cell Imaging

Natural plants and Chinese herbal medicines are valuable resources.It is one of the new tasks for medical workers to study the new application fields of these resources.In this work,one kind of traditional Chinese herbal plant,Alisma,was chosen as a carbon source to synthesize the carbon dots(CDs).This kind of CDs has an amorphous carbon structure and shows strong stability to time,temperature,and ion strength.The results show that the degradation efficiency of malachite green dye can reach 100%in 4.5 h without illumination,and the degradation efficiency is better than that in dark environment.In addition,the CDs have also been successfully applied to HeLa cell imaging.Simple synthesis method,stable properties,good photodegradation and bioimaging applications make this material of great application value.

中药材泽泻的商品规格等级划分现状调查与分析

目的:综合调研中药材泽泻规格等级现状,为进一步修订其商品规格等级标准奠定扎实基础。方法:综合文献调查、实地走访和通讯问卷法等调查方法,分析泽泻药材商品规格等级划分的历史沿革、标准现状及在产地、市场中的实际应用状况与关键问题。结果:泽泻按基原及产地划分为“川泽泻”与“建泽泻”两大商品规格,但目前市场上的主流商品川泽泻的基原植物却一直未被现有泽泻药材商品规格等级标准正式收载,同时市场上的泽泻趁鲜切制药材商品长期处于“有商品、无标准”的现状;在等级划分方面,缺乏体现泽泻药效的内在质量指标;除建泽泻,其它产地泽泻在实际加工和交易时均未参照现有标准,等级划分标准极不统一。结论:泽泻商品规格等级标准已不符合“基于药典”“基于市场”的基本原则,对生产、市场的规范及指导作用有限,建议应重点针对市场主流商品川泽泻及趁鲜切制药材作标准修订,以真正引导我国泽泻药材“优质优价”体系的形成,以“高标准”促进泽泻高质量产业健康发展。

Novel C-17 spirost protostane-type triterpenoids from Alisma plantago-aquatica with antiinflammatory activity in Caco-2 cells

Twenty-one protostane-type triterpenoids with diverse structures, including nine new compounds(1 e9), were isolated from the of Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn. Structurally, alisolides A-F(1 e6), composed of an oxole group coupled to a five-membered ring, represent unusual C-17 spirost protostane-type triterpenoids. Alisolide H(8) is a novel triterpenoid with an unreported endoperoxide bridge. Alisolide I(9) represents the first example of 23,24-acetal triterpenoid. Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic analysis, wherein the absolute configurations of 4-6, 8 were further confirmed by the Mo2(OAc)4-induced ECD method. Furthermore, all isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in Caco-2 cells, and all the compounds showed remarkable inhibitory activities, with IC50 values in the range of 0.76 e38.20 mmol/L.

密度与肥料对泽泻产量的影响

[目的]探究密度和肥料的不同配比泽泻产量及其互作影响,筛选出科学的密肥水平,为泽泻规范化栽培提供理论依据和实践经验。[方法]以川泽泻为试验材料,采用4因素5水平二次正交旋转组合设计进行大田试验,建立密度、氮肥、磷肥、钾肥与泽泻产量的效应函数。[结果]建立的二次回归方程R^(2)=0.9097,所建立的数学模型拟合程度较为可靠。各因素对泽泻产量的影响为密度>氮肥>钾肥>磷肥,其中密度和肥料的互作效应达显著水平。根据统计频数选优,得到泽泻目标产量大于3300 kg/hm^(2)的最优农艺措施为密度14.69万~15.08万株/hm^(2)、氮肥219.10~234.50 kg/hm^(2)、磷肥124.80~150.00 kg/hm^(2)、钾肥152.55~179.55 kg/hm^(2)。[结论]合理的密度和肥料施用量均能有效提高泽泻产量,以密度增产效果最佳,氮肥次之,钾肥和磷肥的增产效果较小,在保障密度和氮肥的基础上,配合合理的磷钾肥能达到泽泻高产目标。

移栽期和密度对泽泻干物质生产及产量的影响

为研究移栽期和密度对泽泻干物质生产和产量的影响,于2021年在四川宜宾市兴文县僰王山镇开展大田试验。试验采用两因素随机区组设计,因素1为移栽期(X):8月17日(X1)、8月27日(X2)、9月6日(X3);因素2为移栽密度(Y):12.0万株/hm^(2)(Y1)、13.5万株/hm^(2)(Y2)、15.0万株/hm^(2)(Y3),测定泽泻不同生育时期干物质质量及产量。结果表明:移栽期和密度对泽泻不同时期的干物质积累及产量形成均有显著或极显著的调控效应,随移栽期推迟和密度增大,泽泻干物质质量和产量呈先增大后减小的趋势。生育前期,以X1的泽泻干物质积累较好,移栽后35、50 d分别比X2、X3的群体干物质质量高12.18%/28.15%、5.43%/12.61%;在中后期则是X2的各器官干物质积累量较高,产量较X1、X3分别高9.53%、10.70%。不同密度处理下单株干物质质量大小依次为Y1、Y2、Y3,群体干物质质量在全生育期以Y2的最大,主要表现在各器官干物质累积量的协同增大,产量最优,较Y1、Y3分别高13.36%、7.63%;而密度过大、过小均不利于群体物质生产,导致产量不高。综合而言,以8月27日移栽结合13.5万株/hm^(2)移栽密度,泽泻干物质积累最优,产量最大,达2 524.01 kg/hm^(2)。

泽泻醇B对HepG2细胞体外糖吸收的影响初探

目的:探索泽泻醇B对HepG2细胞糖吸收的影响。方法:以不同浓度的泽泻醇B处理HepG2细胞,经CCK-8法(Cell Counting Kit-8细胞计数试剂,CCK-8),评估泽泻醇B对细胞增殖的影响。将不同培养基培养的HepG2细胞分别采用药物处理后,加入2-NBDG(2-[N-7-硝基苯并-2-氧杂-1,3-二唑-4-氨基]-2-脱氧葡萄糖,2-NBDG)为葡萄糖荧光示踪剂,用流式细胞仪测定细胞荧光强度,以此评估泽泻醇B对HepG2细胞糖吸收的影响。结果:CCK-8实验结果表明:在1~10μmol/L范围内,泽泻醇B对HepG2细胞增殖的情况影响较小。糖吸收测定实验结果表明:在模拟的条件下,泽泻醇B表现出对HepG2细胞糖吸收有不同程度的促进作用。结论:初步确定泽泻醇B可促进HepG2细胞的糖吸收,提示了泽泻醇B可能是泽泻降血糖的有效成分之一。

川南“直播稻+泽泻”稻药轮作轻简化种植技术研究与探讨

结合川南的地貌和生态特点,开展了“直播稻+泽泻”稻药轮作研究,从品种选择、轮作茬口问题、栽培轻简化等方面,集成了稻药轮作轻简化种植技术,以供川南地区稻药轮作种植参考。

泽泻(Alisma orientale)对全氟化合物的吸收和传输特征-浓度的影响

为探究泽泻(Alisma orientale)对不同浓度全氟化合物(PFASs)的吸收、积累和传输特征,进行了为期3周的水培实验,全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸的暴露浓度分别为0、5、10、50、100、200、500和1 000μg·L-1.结果表明:随着PFASs浓度的增加,根系电导率、根茎中Cu含量、茎叶中Ca含量均降低,但泽泻生长状况良好;植物对PFASs的去除量不断增加(0. 87~116. 50μg),去除率却不断降低(20. 1%~2. 9%).根、茎和叶中PFASs的浓度随着PFASs浓度的增加呈线性增加,且符合Langmuir吸附等温式和Michaelis-menten方程,表明泽泻通过被动扩散的方式吸收PFASs.计算PFOA和PFOS的根、茎和蒸腾流富集系数(RCF、SCF、TSCF),并用限制分配模型对RCF和SCF值进行拟合,发现RCF、SCF、TSCF和限制分配模型准平衡分配系数αpt均随着PFASs浓度的增加而降低,这是由于随着PFASs浓度的增加,达到平衡所需要的水分量增加,达到平衡的时间也变长.

泽泻醇提物对亚临床性甲状腺功能减退症母鼠甲状腺功能及仔鼠神经功能的作用及其机制

目的 探讨泽泻醇提物对亚临床性甲状腺功能减退症(SCH)母鼠甲状腺功能及仔鼠神经功能的作用及其可能的机制。方法 取85只8周龄SPF级Wistar雌鼠,其中15只行假手术处理作为假手术组,另70只采用甲状腺切除+皮下注射左旋甲状腺素(L-T4)制备SCH模型,造模成功62只,随机分为模型组(n=15,等体积生理盐水)、低剂量泽泻醇提物组(n=15,9 g/kg泽泻醇提物灌胃)、高剂量泽泻醇提物组(n=16,36 g/kg泽泻醇提物灌胃)、L-T4组(n=16,4.5μg/kg L-T4灌胃),1次/d,干预时间为妊娠10 d(E10)至仔鼠出生后21 d(P21)。E17时,采用电化学发光法检测母鼠血清促甲状腺素(TSH)、甲状腺素(T4)水平。P21时,ELISA法检测仔鼠海马组织神经生长因子(NGF)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)水平,Westernblotting检测仔鼠海马组织原肌球蛋白受体激酶A(TrkA)、p-TrkA、环磷腺苷效应元件结合蛋白(CREB)、p-CREB蛋白表达水平。P40时,采用定位巡航实验测定仔鼠的逃避潜伏期;P41时,采用空间探索实验检测仔鼠穿越平台的次数。结果 E17时,5组母鼠的血清T4比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);低、高剂量泽泻醇提物组及L-T4组母鼠血清TSH水平明显低于模型组,高剂量泽泻醇提物组、L-T4组血清TSH水平明显低于低剂量泽泻醇提物组(P<0.05),而高剂量泽泻醇提物组与L-T4组血清TSH水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。P21时,低、高剂量泽泻醇提物组及L-T4组仔鼠海马组织NGF、BDNF、p-TrkA、p-CREB水平明显高于模型组,高剂量泽泻醇提物组、L-T4组海马组织NGF、BDNF、p-TrkA、p-CREB水平明显高于低剂量泽泻醇提物组(P<0.05),而高剂量泽泻醇提物组与L-T4组海马组织NGF、BDNF水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。低、高剂量泽泻醇提物组及L-T4组仔鼠逃避潜伏期短于模型组,穿越平台次数多于模型组(P<0.05);高剂量泽泻醇提物组、L-T4组仔鼠逃避潜伏期短于低剂量泽泻醇提物组,穿越平台次数多于低剂量泽泻醇提物组(P<0.05);高剂量泽泻醇提物组与L-T4组仔鼠逃避潜伏期、穿越平台次数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 泽泻醇提物可改善SCH母鼠甲状腺功能,促进仔鼠神经因子表达,并提高仔鼠的学习与记忆功能,其机制可能与激活TrkA信号通路表达有关。

泽泻叶多糖锌对断奶仔兔腹泻的影响

为探讨泽泻叶多糖锌(RALP-Zn)对断奶仔兔腹泻影响,统计腹泻率、死亡率和生长性能,测定免疫脏器指数,检测血清免疫球蛋白(IgG和IgM)、LPS、氧化水平(MDA)和抗氧化水平(SOD),检测小肠各段分泌性免疫球蛋白(sIgA)和抗氧化剂GSH-Px、T-AOC含量,测定空肠、回肠细胞因子(IL-1β、IL-10)和肠道通透性相关分子(Claudins、ZO-1、JAM3、Occludin)mRNA相对表达量,分析盲肠内容物菌群结构。结果表明,与空白组比较,泽泻叶多糖锌可降低断奶仔兔腹泻率、死亡率,显著降低料重比,显著提高免疫脏器指数和血清IgG、IgM含量,显著提高空肠和回肠的绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值(P<0.05)。极显著降低血清MDA含量和肠道IL-1β表达量(P<0.001),显著增加IL-10、Claudins、JAM3、ZO-1表达量(P<0.05)。与恩诺沙星组比较,泽泻叶多糖锌显著提高空肠中Claudins、IL-10表达量(P<0.05)。多糖锌能增加肠道有益菌,减少有害菌。综上,泽泻叶多糖锌通过提高机体抗氧化和免疫水平,增强肠道屏障功能,改善肠道菌群结构,进而改善断奶仔兔腹泻。

泽泻粉对高能低蛋白日粮诱导的蛋鸡肝脏脂沉积的缓解作用

旨在研究泽泻粉对高能低蛋白日粮诱导的蛋鸡肝脏脂沉积的缓解作用。72羽260 d海兰褐蛋鸡随机分成3组,分别为对照组(CON,10.9 MJ/kg代谢能,16.9%粗蛋白),高能低蛋白日粮组(HF,13.0 MJ/kg代谢能,12.1%粗蛋白),以及高能低蛋白日粮添加泽泻粉组(HFA,13.0 MJ/kg代谢能,12.1%粗蛋白,添加72 mg/kg泽泻粉)。母鸡笼养,每日定量限饲(110 g/羽)。鸡舍室温约24℃,光照16L:8D,试验期12周。结果表明:HF组产蛋率、蛋重、蛋品质指标,以及血浆谷丙转氨酶活性、总胆固醇和甘油三酯浓度与对照组相比均无显著差异(P>0.05),而肝脏中甘油三酯含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);日粮添加泽泻粉显著缓解高能低蛋白日粮诱导的蛋鸡肝脏脂质沉积(P<0.05),同时显著逆转了肝脏脂质合成相关基因脂肪酸合酶、乙酰CoA羧化酶1和硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶-1 mRNA的上调,肝脏糖皮质激素受体(GR)mRNA和蛋白的上调也得到显著缓解(P<0.05)。研究结果提示:泽泻通过抑制脂质从头合成基因的表达来缓解高能低蛋白日粮诱导的蛋鸡肝脏脂质沉积。在泽泻作用的信号通路中可能有GR的参与。

《金匮要略》泽漆汤探微

泽漆汤是张仲景治疗痰饮咳嗽的代表方,其方证病机为痰饮内伏胸胁,积久化热,伤及阳气,故治以逐痰化饮,通阳扶正,兼清热以散结。该方重用泽漆三斤,以消痰化饮。紫参性苦寒,清肺金以泻热,降冲逆而破凝塞,清咳嗽而止疼痛。白前色白性寒,专入肺经,降气祛痰。黄芩善消痰利水,清肺中火气。半夏体滑性燥,有除湿化痰,降逆利水之能。两药合用,既可降逆止咳化痰治其标,又可清水饮郁积之火,开郁利水治其本。人参、甘草培补元气以建中焦,培土以制水,绝其水饮泛溢之根源。桂枝、生姜通阳散饮。全方攻补兼施、寒温并用,再以荡涤秽浊的东流水煎煮泽漆,引诸药直达病所,发挥祛痰止咳,利饮消肿,清泻肺热之效。此药频服,峻药缓攻,为水盛正虚,猛攻恐伤其正,故频服以涤水饮而扶其正。现代用泽漆汤治疗本虚标实、虚实错杂之肺部疾患,疗效显著。

泽泻斜纹夜蛾防治药剂筛选及其对药材产量和品质的影响

目的:筛选防控泽泻斜纹夜蛾的药剂。方法:采用单因素随机区组设计,选用4种杀虫剂开展对泽泻斜纹夜蛾的田间防效试验,并评价施药后对泽泻产量和品质的影响。结果:30%噻虫嗪SC施药1次和2次的防效最好,对泽泻药材的产量和品质提升效果较好,增产率为15.8%,药材中24-乙酰泽泻醇A和23-乙酰泽泻醇B与23-乙酰泽泻醇C两者总含量均最高,分别为0.038%和0.159%。结论:30%噻虫嗪SC能有效防治泽泻斜纹夜蛾,也有利于泽泻药材的优质高产,具有较好的推广应用价值。

理化因素对川泽泻凝集素血细胞凝集活性的影响

[目的]明确温度、pH和金属离子等理化因素对川泽泻凝集素血细胞凝集生物学活性的影响。[方法]川泽泻块茎经研磨、浸取、硫酸铵沉淀、离子交换和亲和层析柱分离纯化得到凝集素(Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn.Lectin,APL),然后用系列温度、pH和金属离子等理化因素处理凝集素样品,应用倍比稀释法检测凝集素凝集人类血细胞活性。[结果]APL对家兔、家鸡、鲤鱼等动物血细胞无凝集作用,能使人ABO_(4)种类型血细胞发生不同程度凝集,对A型血细胞凝集活性明显高于其他3种血型红细胞。用20~100℃以10℃梯度处理后,川泽泻凝集素在20~40℃凝集活性很强,50℃凝集活性开始降低,在70℃仅具42%的凝集活性,80℃加热10 min完全失活;当pH为低于5.4或高于7.6时,凝集活性逐渐降低,当pH≤3.4或pH≥9.0时,川泽泻凝集素失去血细胞凝集活性;用EDTA透析后凝集素凝集活性基本消失,Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、Mn^(2+)、K^(+)等离子能使凝集素凝集活性不同程度恢复。[结论]川泽泻凝集对热稳定性较弱;凝集活性最适pH为6.0~6.8,其凝集活性部分依赖于Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)等金属离子。

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定泽泻中镉的不确定度评定

评定电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定中药材泽泻中镉含量的不确定度。建立泽泻中镉含量数学模型,对整个测定方法流程进行分析,确定不确定度来源,并量化各不确定度分量。实验测得泽泻中镉含量为0.312 mg/kg±0.021 mg/kg(k=2)。结果表明,实验过程中标准溶液的配制和样品重复测量以及数据处理中标准曲线的拟合是不确定度的主要来源。该方法对ICP-MS法测定泽泻中Cd含量结果的不确定度评定具有参考作用。