EFFECT OF COMPOSITE MINERAL ADMIXTURES ON RESTRAINING ALKALI-SILICA REACTION

The expansion and micro-cracks of the mortar with composite mineral admixtures （fly ash, zeolite and slag） due to the alkali-silica reaction （ASR） are studied. Results show that composite mineral admixtures cannot absolutely diminish the ASR of mortar bars with the low-alkali cement and a highly reactive aggregate. But the expansion rate and the deleterious expansion of the mortar bar are mostly reduced with increasing composite mineral admixture. The influence of mineral admixtures on the fluidity of the paste and the strength of the mortar is also studied.

Effect of Anti-freezing Admixtures on Alkali-silica Reaction in Mortars

The influence of anti-freezing admixture on the alkali aggregate reaction in mortar was analyzed with accelerated methods. It is confirmed that the addition of sodium salt ingredients of anti-freezing admixture accelerates the alkali silica reaction to some extent, whereas calcium salt ingredient of anti-freezing admixture reduces the expansion of alkali silica reaction caused by high alkali cement. It is found that the addition of the fly ash considerably suppresses the expansion of alkali silica reaction induced by the anti-freezing admixtures.

ASR抑制下高性能混凝土的长期抗卤水腐蚀性

以中国西北地区高浓度盐碱环境为背景,研究了含潜在碱活性细骨料的大掺量矿物掺合料高性能混凝土(HPC)在Na^(+)-Cl^(-)-SO_(4)^(2-)型卤水中的力学性能和损伤演变.结果表明:在卤水浸泡3650 d时,HPC的相对动弹性模量大于90%,抗腐蚀系数大于1,线性膨胀率小于0.12%;较高的当量碱含量在一定程度上加剧HPC的碱硅酸反应(ASR);引气能够提高HPC的抗卤水腐蚀能力,降低ASR引起的膨胀;采用大掺量矿物掺合料和潜在碱活性细骨料制备的强度等级为C50的HPC,在Na^(+)-Cl^(-)-SO_(4)^(2-)型卤水中具有优良的长期耐久性.

Efficacy of Aluminum Hydroxides as Inhibitors of Alkali-Silica Reactions

A comparative study of amorphous and crystalline forms of commercial aluminum hydroxides as inhibitors of alkalisilica reactions in Portland cement mortars has been performed. It was found that at dosages of 1% to 3%, amorphous aluminum hydroxide can efficiently inhibit alkali-silica expansion of Portland cement compositions. High inhibiting activity of amorphous Al(OH)3 additives may be explained by their ability to actively bind Ca(OH)2 formed by the hydration of silicate phases of cement, to form ettringite (with participation of gypsum). Crystalline Al(OH)3 additives that do not possess the ability to interact with Ca(OH)2 even after additional grinding, however, demonstrate week properties to inhibit alkali-silica expansion. This may indicate that the inhibitory effect of Al(OH)3 at least—partly, may be given by its influence on the concentration of Al3+ ions in the pore solution. Some expansion of the samples with admixtures of Al(OH)3 observed during the alkaline expansion accelerated test procedure is not associated with the formation of ettringite and is only due to alkali-silicate reactions.

The Impact of Aluminum- and Iron-Bearing Admixtures on the Resistance of Portland Cement Mortars to Alkali-Silica Reaction and Sulfate Attack

Study of sulfate resistance of mortars with aluminum- and iron-bearing admixtures (Al(OH)3, Al2(SO4)3, FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3) in conditions close to those established in ASTM C 1012, and the study of the mitigation effect of these admixtures on alkali-silica reaction in accordance with accelerated “mortar bar” test ( GOST 8269.0, ASTM C 1260) were performed. Iron (II) and (III) sulfates show ability for mitigation alkali-silica reaction, while also, in contrast with Al-bearing substances, do not induce the drastic reducing of the initial setting time and do not promote the progress of sulfate corrosion. Compared with FeSO4, iron (III) sulfate has moderate deleterious impact on the early strength of cement paste and can be of interest alone as an inhibitor of ASR. Iron (II) sulfate may be used together with aluminum sulfate to offset the accelerating effect of the latter on the setting of cement paste and to reduce a risk of sulfate corrosion. During prolonged water storage, the mortar elongation and secondary ettringite formation do not occur, even when Al2(SO4)3 is available. Therefore, the investigated admixtures cannot act as agents of internal sulfate attack, however, Al2(SO4)3 can enhance the outer sulfate attack.

Effect of the Composite of Natural Zeolite and Fly Ash on Alkali-Silica Reaction

The effect of the composite of natural zeolite and fly ash on alkali-silica reaction (ASR) was studied with natural alkali-reactive aggregate and quartz glass aggregate respectively.The expansive experiment of mortar bar and concrete prism was completed.The results show that ASR can be suppressed effectively by the composite of natural zeolite and fly ash.

Effect of Mineral Admixtures on Alkali-Silica Reaction

The influence of silica fume, slag and fly ash on alkali-silica reaction under the condition of 70 ℃ is studied. The results show that silica, slag and fly ash may inhibit alkali-silica reaction only under suitable content. When the content is less than 10%, silica fume does not markedly influence the expansion of alkali- silica reaction. When the content is 15%-20%, silica fume only may delay the expansion of alkali-silica reaction. When the content is 30%-70%, slag may only delay the expansion of alkali-silica reaction, but cannot inhibit the expansion of alkali-silica reaction. When the content is 10%, fly ash does not markedly influence the expansion of alkali-silica reaction. When the content is 20%-30%, fly ash may only delay the expansion of alkali-silica reaction, but cannot inhibit the expansion of alkali-silica reaction. When the content is over 50%, it is possible that fly ash can inhibit effectively alkali-silica reaction.

Effect of Pozzolanic Reaction Products on Alkali-silica Reaction

The effect of fly ash on controlling alkail-silica rection （ASR） in simudated alkali solution was studied. The expausion of mortar bars and the content of Ca（ OH）2 in cement paste cured at 80 °G for 91 d were measured. Traasmission electron microscopy （TEM） and high-resolution transmission electron microscot9 （HRTEM） were employed to study the microstructure of C-S-H. TEM/ energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） leas then used to determine the composition of C-S-H. The pore structure of the paste was analyzed by mercury intntsion porosimetry （MIP）. The results show that the contents of fly ash of 30% and 45% can well inhibit ASR. And the content of Ca（OH） 2 decreases with the increase of fly ash. That fly ash reacted with Ca（OH）2 to produce C-S-H with a low Ca/Si molar ratio could bind more Na^＋ and K^＋ ious, and produce a reduction in the amount of soluble alkali available for ASR. At the same time, the C- S- H produced by pozzolanic reaction converted large pores to snudler ones （ gel pores smaller than 10 nm ） to deusify the pore structure. Perhaps that could inhibit alkali trausport to aggregate for ASR.

The Mechanism of the Eeffect of Mineral Admixtures on the Expansion of Aalkali-silica Reaction

On the base of the influence rule of silica fume, slag and fly ash on alkali-silica reaction under the condition of 70 ℃, the mechanism of the effect of mineral admixtures on alkali-silica reaction is studied further in the paper. The results show that the effects of mineral admixtures on alkali-silica reaction are mainly chemistry effect and surface physichemistry effect. Under suitable condition, the chemistry effect may make alkali-silica reaction to be inhibited effectively, but the physichemistry effect only make alkali-silica reaction to be delayed. The chemistry effect and the physichemistry effect of minerals admixture are relative to the content of Ca（OH）2 in system. Under the condition that there is a large quantity of Ca（OH）2, mineral admixture cannot inhibit alkali-silica reaction effectively. Only when Ca（OH）2 in the system is very less, it is possible that mineral admixture inhibits alkali-silica reaction effectively.

Calcined Clay Pozzolan as an Admixture to Mitigate the Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete

Calcined clay pozzolan has been used to replace varying portions of high alkali Portland limestone cement in order to study its effect on the alkali-silica reaction (ASR). Portland limestone cement used for the study had a total Na2Oeq of 4.32. Mortar-bar expansion decreased as pozzolan content in the cement increased. The highest expansion was recorded for reference bars with no pozzolan, reaching a maximum of 0.35% at 42 days whilst the expansion was reduced by between 42.5% and 107.8% at 14 days and between 9.4% and 16.4% at 84 days with increasing calcined clay pozzolan content. Mortar bars with 25% pozzolan were the least expansive recording expansion less than 0.1% at all test ages. X-ray diffractometry of the hydrated blended cement paste powders showed the formation of stable calcium silicates in increasing quantities whilst the presence of expansive alkali-silica gel, responsible for ASR expansion, decreased as pozzolan content increased. The study confirms that calcined clay pozzolan has an influence on ASR in mortar bars and causes a significant reduction in expansion at a replacement level of 25%.

Reaction between Alkaline Metal Ions and ASR Reactive Aggregate and Behavior of Na＊ and K＊ in Cement Paste Replaced by Li＊

This paper studies the reaction between alkaline metal ions Li＋, Na＋ and K＋ and ASR （alkali-silica reaction） reactive aggregates to determine whether Li＋ can substitute Na＋ and K＋ that are unified in cement paste. Reactive aggregates use meta-sandstone from eastern Taiwan and Pyrex glass. Non-reactive aggregates use siliceous sand. The results show that the dissolved amount of SiO2 is lower when the reactive aggregates are immersed in an 80 ℃1 N LiOH＇H20 solution than in NaOH and KOH solutions. The reduced amounts of OH and Li＋ in the solution are also higher than those in the NaOH and KOH solutions. These results reveal that reactive SiO2 can react with LiOH to form a reactant with low water solubility. When the powder of the cement paste is immersed in an 80 ℃ 1 N LiOH-H2O solution, the amounts of free Na＋ and K＋ in the solution are higher than those in water. The increased amount increases with the duration of immersion. The amount of Li＋ in the solution also decreases with the duration of immersion. These results reveal that Li＋ can substitute Na＋ and K＋ that are unified in cement paste, which indicates that ASR can be prevented with the existence of Li＋.

Ultrafine Silica Additives Behavior during Alkali-Silica Reaction Long-Term Expansion Test

A silica fume, precipitated silica, metakaolin and siliceous fly ash behavior as constituents of mortars was studied, while mortar samples have been tested for long-term alkali-silica reaction expansion in accordance to the GOST 8269.0 specification. Solid-state 29Si-MAS NMR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis were used to describe Portland cement hydration, supplementary cementitious material pozzolanic reaction and to establish a structure of products of those processes. It was found that long-term test conditions, in contrast to the accelerated test, do not affect the composition of products formed too much, compared to normal conditions. This allows results obtained with long-term test to be expected as more relevant in terms of predicting of supplementary cementitious materials inhibiting properties.

The Mitigation of Alkali-Silica Reactions by Aluminum-Bearing Substances

An ability of aluminum-bearing substances-amorphous aluminum hydroxide, aluminum sulphate and basic aluminum sulphate to mitigate alkali-silica reactions in Portland cement mortars has been studied. At equivalent dosages in terms of Al2O3, these substances are ranged in the following order in respect of inhibiting effect: Al(OH)1.78(SO4)0.61 ≥ Al2(SO4)3 > Al(OH)3. It is found that the plasticizing agents of the main types used in cement compositions have no influence on the inhibiting effect of aluminum-bearing admixtures. To control the setting time of cement paste, iron(II) sulphate may be used for partial substitution of Al2SO4·18H2O, and this operation is not influence on the results of ASR expansion test.

粉煤灰对ASR的抑制及有效性评估

以中国快速砂浆棒法为基础 ,分别研究了在 40 ,60 ,80℃养护条件下低钙粉煤灰对硅质砾石、沸石化珍珠岩和石英玻璃碱硅酸反应 (alkalisilicareaction ,ASR)膨胀的抑制作用。讨论了集料碱活性、养护温度对粉煤灰抑制ASR效果的影响和建立粉煤灰及其它矿物外加剂抑制ASR有效性评估方法的技术路线和问题。结果表明 :粉煤灰抑制ASR的效果与集料碱活性和养护温度密切相关。一定养护温度下 ,集料活性越大 ,抑制效果越差 ;对特定活性集料 ,养护温度越高 ,抑制效果越差。粉煤灰对不同集料和同种集料不同养护温度下ASR膨胀抑制效果差异 ,主要与ASR历程有关 ,即与集料ASR本身特性有关。特定集料和养护条件下粉煤灰对ASR膨胀的抑制效果不能简单推广至其它种类不同的集料和养护条件。粉煤灰抑制ASR有效性应根据工程评价目的和要求分别确定。

温度和集料对混凝土ASR有效碱的影响规律

从碱硅酸反应(ASR)的化学本质出发,将有效碱进一步定义为扩散进入活性集料内并与活性SiO2发生化学反应的液相碱.在此基础上,以熔融石英玻璃为活性集料,研究养护温度、活性集料粒径和活性集料掺量(质量分数)对单颗活性集料内有效碱含量(质量分数)的影响;结合Fick第一定律和第二定律,建立了有效碱浓度的计算模型.结果表明:养护温度对单颗活性集料内有效碱含量影响显著;活性集料粒径对单颗活性集料内有效碱含量无显著影响;随着活性集料掺量的增加,单颗活性集料内有效碱含量呈现出一定的下降趋势;所建立的有效碱浓度计算模型可以有效反映养护温度、活性集料粒径和活性集料掺量对其的影响,对后续建模工作有一定的参考价值.

粉煤灰抑制ASR的机制

本文研究粉煤灰对ASR的抑制作用。测定了不同粉煤灰掺量砂浆棒膨胀率、水泥石中Ca(OH)2含量以及主要水化产物C-S-H凝胶的微观结构和化学组成,并对粉煤灰抑制ASR的机制进行探讨。结果表明:随粉煤灰掺量增加,其对ASR具有显著的抑制效果。水泥石中Ca(OH)2含量不断减少,二次反应生成大量低n(Ca)/n(Si)的C-S-H凝胶。随n(Ca)/n(Si)降低,C-S-H凝胶中固溶了大量的Al,凝胶的固碱能力增强,从而使混凝土孔溶液中的有效碱大大减少,减轻了ASR程度。凝胶的固碱能力增强除了因n(Ca)/n(Si)降低,使C-S-H凝胶的固碱能力增强之外。还可能因为Al3+代替Si4+形成[AlO4]5-四面体,由于Al3+比Si4+少一价,引起电价不平衡,系统带负电,因此碱离子更容易进入C-S-H凝胶中,减少了碱与活性集料反应的机会。

粉煤灰品质与抑制ASR膨胀的能力

对比研究了2类、4种粉煤的化学和矿物组成、颗粒形貌和级配及抑制碱硅酸反应(ASR)膨胀的效果,讨论了粉煤灰品质与抑制ASR膨胀的关系。结果表明:相同掺量时,低钙粉煤灰抑制ASR能力优于高钙粉煤灰;粉煤灰同一品质指标对不同类型粉煤灰抑制ASR能力的影响不同,不同粉煤灰抑制ASR膨胀能力的差异不能简单归结为某一特定品质指标的差别,特别是品质指标绝对值及差别不大时。

矿物掺合料和外加剂复合使用抑制ASR的效果研究

为研究矿物掺合料和外加剂复合使用抑制ASR的效果,应用CECS 48∶93标准,研究了粉煤灰和硅灰复合使用,粉煤灰、硅灰和高效减水剂复合使用,粉煤灰、硅灰和引气剂复合使用抑制ASR的效果.试验结果表明:当基准砂浆水胶比一定,且对比砂浆与基准砂浆具有相同流动度时:(1)粉煤灰和硅灰复合使用在一定程度上可以抑制ASR,粉煤灰掺量越高其抑制效果越明显.(2)粉煤灰、硅灰和高效减水剂复合使用时能够抑制ASR,其抑制效果优于粉煤灰、硅灰单独复合使用时的效果.(3)粉煤灰、硅灰和引起剂复合使用时能够抑制ASR,其抑制效果也优于粉煤灰、硅灰单独复合使用时的效果.

集料粒径与ASR膨胀关系及膨胀预测研究进展

综述了集料粒径与碱硅酸反应(ASR)膨胀关系的研究现状,指出了ASR膨胀研究存在的局限性,阐述了大粒径、多级配集料ASR膨胀规律研究的必要性。介绍了几种ASR膨胀机理及ASR膨胀预测模型,并指出基于碱硅酸反应活化能的测定预测ASR膨胀将可能成为今后研究的一个热点。

集料ASR碱活性检测方法评述

概述了ＡＳＴＭ标准和压蒸法中集料ＡＳＲ活性的检测方法，并对检测方法研究的进展进行了评述；讨论了应进一步研究的问题。