Design strategies and recent advancements of solid-state supercapacitor operating in wide temperature range

Solid-state supercapacitors(SSCs)are emerging as one of the promising energy storage devices due to their high safety,superior power density,and excellent cycling life.However,performance degradation and safety issues under extreme conditions are the main challenges for the practical application.With the expansion of human activities,such as space missions,polar exploration,and so on,the investigation of SSC with wide temperature tolerance,high energy density,power density,and sustainability is highly desired.In this review,the effects of temperature on SSC are systematically illustrated and clarified,including the properties of the electrolyte,ion diffusion,and reaction dynamics of the supercapacitor.Subsequently,we summarize the recent advances in wide-temperature-range SSCs from the aspect of electrolyte modification,electrode design,and interface adjustment between electrode and electrolyte,especially with critical concerns on ionic conductivity and cycling stability.In the end,a perspective is presented,expecting to promote the practical application of the SSC in harsh conditions.

A Review on Engineering Design for Enhancing Interfacial Contact in Solid-State Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

The utilization of solid-state electrolytes(SSEs)presents a promising solution to the issues of safety concern and shuttle effect in Li–S batteries,which has garnered significant interest recently.However,the high interfacial impedances existing between the SSEs and the electrodes(both lithium anodes and sulfur cathodes)hinder the charge transfer and intensify the uneven deposition of lithium,which ultimately result in insufficient capacity utilization and poor cycling stability.Hence,the reduction of interfacial resistance between SSEs and electrodes is of paramount importance in the pursuit of efficacious solid-state batteries.In this review,we focus on the experimental strategies employed to enhance the interfacial contact between SSEs and electrodes,and summarize recent progresses of their applications in solidstate Li–S batteries.Moreover,the challenges and perspectives of rational interfacial design in practical solid-state Li–S batteries are outlined as well.We expect that this review will provide new insights into the further technique development and practical applications of solid-state lithium batteries.

12.6μm-Thick Asymmetric Composite Electrolyte with Superior Interfacial Stability for Solid-State Lithium-Metal Batteries

Solid-state lithium metal batteries(SSLMBs)show great promise in terms of high-energy-density and high-safety performance.However,there is an urgent need to address the compatibility of electrolytes with high-voltage cathodes/Li anodes,and to minimize the electrolyte thickness to achieve highenergy-density of SSLMBs.Herein,we develop an ultrathin(12.6μm)asymmetric composite solid-state electrolyte with ultralight areal density(1.69 mg cm^(−2))for SSLMBs.The electrolyte combining a garnet(LLZO)layer and a metal organic framework(MOF)layer,which are fabricated on both sides of the polyethylene(PE)separator separately by tape casting.The PE separator endows the electrolyte with flexibility and excellent mechanical properties.The LLZO layer on the cathode side ensures high chemical stability at high voltage.The MOF layer on the anode side achieves a stable electric field and uniform Li flux,thus promoting uniform Li^(+)deposition.Thanks to the well-designed structure,the Li symmetric battery exhibits an ultralong cycle life(5000 h),and high-voltage SSLMBs achieve stable cycle performance.The assembled pouch cells provided a gravimetric/volume energy density of 344.0 Wh kg^(−1)/773.1 Wh L^(−1).This simple operation allows for large-scale preparation,and the design concept of ultrathin asymmetric structure also reveals the future development direction of SSLMBs.

Correction: Surface Patterning of Metal ZincElectrode with an In-Region Zincophilic Interfacefor High-Rate and Long-Cycle-Life Zinc MetalAnode

Correction to:Nano-Micro Letters(2024)16:112 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01327-2 In the supplementary information the following corrections have been carried out:1.Institute of Energy and Climate Research,Materials Synthesis and Processing,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,52425 Jülich,Germany.Corrected:Institute of Energy and Climate Research:Materials Synthesis and Processing(IEK-1),Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,52425 Jülich,Germany.

Spinal intradural electrodes: opportunities, challenges and translation to the clinic

Damage to the spinal cord disrupts the electrically active nerve cells which normally transmit afferent and efferent signals,resulting in loss of motor,sensory,and autonomic functions.Potential treatments for spinal cord injury utilizing implanted spinal electrodes can be broadly classified into three different categories.The first of these approaches is“spinal stimulation”where electrodes,usually positioned above the level of injury,provide electrical stimulation to target and disrupt pain signals before they reach the brain.The second approach uses“activity-dependent neuro-technologies”,in which electrodes positioned below the level of injury initiate a complex spatiotemporal pattern of stimulation at the lumbar spinal cord to generate a walking gait in the limbs(Minev et al.,2015;Wagner et al.,2018).

The effects of inner electrode shape on the performance of dielectric barrier discharge reactor for oxidative removal of NO and SO_(2)

Seagoing vessels are responsible for more than 90%of global freight traffic,but meanwhile,emission pollutants(NO_(x)and SO_(x))of seagoing vessels also cause serious air pollution.Nonthermal plasma(NTP)combined with wet scrubbing technology is considered to be a promising technology.In order to improve the oxidation efficiency and energy efficiency of the NTP reactor,the screw and rod inner electrodes of dielectric barrier discharge(DBD)reactor were investigated.To analyze the mechanism,the optical emission spectra(OES)of NTP were measured and numerical calculation was applied.The experiment results show that the NO oxidation removal efficiency of screw electrode is lower than that of rod electrode.However,the SO_(2)removal efficiency of screw electrode is higher.According to the OES experiment and numerical calculation,the electric field intensity of the screw electrode surface is much higher than that of the rod electrode surface,and it is easier to generate N radicals to form NO.For the same energy density condition,the OH radical generation efficiency of the screw electrode reactor is similar to that of the rod electrode,but the gas temperature in the discharge gap is higher.Therefore,the SO2 oxidation efficiency of the thread electrode is higher.This study provides guidance for the optimization of oxidation efficiency and energy consumption of DBD reactor.

Lithiophilic Li-Si alloy-solid electrolyte interface enabled by high-concentration dual salt-reinforced quasi-solid-state electrolyte

Solid polymer electrolytes(SPEs)are urgently required to achieve practical solid-state lithium metal batteries(LMBs)and lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),Herein,we proposed a mechanism for modulating interfacial conduction and anode interfaces in high-concentration SPEs by LiDFBOP.Optimized electrolyte exhibits superior ionic conductivity and remarkable interface compatibility with salt-rich clusters:(1)polymer-plastic crystal electrolyte(P-PCE,TPU-SN matrix)dissociates ion pairs to facilitate Li+transport in the electrolyte and regulates Li^(+)diffusion in the SEI.The crosslinking structure of the matrix compensates for the loss of mechanical strength at high-salt concentrations;(2)dual-anion TFSI^(-)_(n)-DFBOP^(-)_(m)in the Li^(+)solvation sheath facilitates facile Li^(+)desolvation and formation of salt-rich clusters and is conducive to the formation of Li conductive segments of TPU-SN matrix;(3)theoretical calculations indicate that the decomposition products of LiDFBOP form SEI with lower binding energy with LiF in the SN system,thereby enhancing the interfacial electrochemical redox kinetics of SPE and creating a solid interface SEI layer rich in LiF.As a result,the optimized electrolyte exhibits an excellent ionic conductivity of9.31×10^(-4)S cm^(-1)at 30℃and a broadened electrochemical stability up to 4.73 V.The designed electrolyte effectively prevents the formation of Li dendrites in Li symmetric cells for over 6500 h at0.1 mA cm^(-2).The specific Li-Si alloy-solid state half-cell capacity shows 711.6 mAh g^(-1)after 60 cycles at 0.3 A g^(-1).Excellent rate performance and cycling stability are achieved for these solid-state batteries with Li-Si alloy anodes and NCM 811 cathodes.NCM 811‖Prelithiated silicon-based anode solid-state cell delivers a discharge capacity of 195.55 mAh g^(-1)and a capacity retention of 97.8%after 120 cycles.NCM 811‖Li solid-state cell also delivers capacity retention of 84.2%after 450 cycles.

Atom substitution of the solid-state electrolyte Li_(10)GeP_(2)S_(12)for stabilized all-solid-state lithium metal batteries

Solid-state electrolyte Li_(10)GeP_(2)S_(12)(LGPS)has a high lithium ion conductivity of 12 mS cm^(-1)at room temperature,but its inferior chemical stability against lithium metal anode impedes its practical application.Among all solutions,Ge atom substitution of the solid-state electrolyte LGPS stands out as the most promising solution to this interface problem.A systematic screening framework for Ge atom substitution including ionic conductivity,thermodynamic stability,electronic and mechanical properties is utilized to solve it.For fast screening,an enhanced model Dop Net FC using chemical formulas for the dataset is adopted to predict ionic conductivity.Finally,Li_(10)SrP_(2)S_(12)(LSrPS)is screened out,which has high lithium ion conductivity(12.58 mS cm^(-1)).In addition,an enhanced migration of lithium ion across the LSr PS/Li interface is found.Meanwhile,compared to the LGPS/Li interface,LSrPS/Li interface exhibits a larger Schottky barrier(0.134 eV),smaller electron transfer region(3.103?),and enhanced ability to block additional electrons,all of which contribute to the stabilized interface.The applied theoretical atom substitution screening framework with the aid of machine learning can be extended to rapid determination of modified specific material schemes.

Advances in All-Solid-State Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Commercialization

Solid-state batteries are commonly acknowledged as the forthcoming evolution in energy storage technologies.Recent development progress for these rechargeable batteries has notably accelerated their trajectory toward achieving commercial feasibility.In particular,all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries(ASSLSBs)that rely on lithium-sulfur reversible redox processes exhibit immense potential as an energy storage system,surpassing conventional lithium-ion batteries.This can be attributed predominantly to their exceptional energy density,extended operational lifespan,and heightened safety attributes.Despite these advantages,the adoption of ASSLSBs in the commercial sector has been sluggish.To expedite research and development in this particular area,this article provides a thorough review of the current state of ASSLSBs.We delve into an in-depth analysis of the rationale behind transitioning to ASSLSBs,explore the fundamental scientific principles involved,and provide a comprehensive evaluation of the main challenges faced by ASSLSBs.We suggest that future research in this field should prioritize plummeting the presence of inactive substances,adopting electrodes with optimum performance,minimizing interfacial resistance,and designing a scalable fabrication approach to facilitate the commercialization of ASSLSBs.

A gel polymer electrolyte based on IL@NH_(2)-MIL-53(Al)for high-performance all-solid-state lithium metal batteries

Solid polymer composite electrolytes possess the benefits of superior compatibility with electrodes and good thermal characteristics for more secure energy storage equipment.Herein,a new gel polymer electrolyte(GPE)containing NH_(2)-MIL-53(Al),[PP_(13)][TFSI],LiTFSI,and PVDF-HFP was prepared using a simple method of solution casting.The effects of encapsulating different ratios of ionic liquid([PP_(13)][TFSI])into the micropores of functionalized metal-organic frameworks(NH_(2)-MIL-53(Al))on the electrochemical properties were compared.XRD,SEM,nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms,and electrochemical measurements were conducted.This GPE demonstrates a superior ionic conductivity of 8.08×10^(-4)S·cm^(-1)at 60℃and can sustain a discharge specific capacity of 156.6 mA·h·g^(-1)at 0.2 C for over 100 cycles.This work might offer a potential approach to alleviate the solid-solid contact with the solid-state electrolyte and electrodes and broaden a new window for the creation of all-solid-state batteries.

Enhanced High-Temperature Cycling Stability of Garnet-Based All Solid-State Lithium Battery Using a Multi-Functional Catholyte Buffer Layer

The pursuit of safer and high-performance lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has triggered extensive research activities on solid-state batteries,while challenges related to the unstable electrode-electrolyte interface hinder their practical implementation.Polymer has been used extensively to improve the cathode-electrolyte interface in garnet-based all-solid-state LIBs(ASSLBs),while it introduces new concerns about thermal stability.In this study,we propose the incorporation of a multi-functional flame-retardant triphenyl phos-phate additive into poly(ethylene oxide),acting as a thin buffer layer between LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)(NCM811)cathode and garnet electro-lyte.Through electrochemical stability tests,cycling performance evaluations,interfacial thermal stability analysis and flammability tests,improved thermal stability(capacity retention of 98.5%after 100 cycles at 60℃,and 89.6%after 50 cycles at 80℃)and safety characteristics(safe and stable cycling up to 100℃)are demonstrated.Based on various materials characterizations,the mechanism for the improved thermal stability of the interface is proposed.The results highlight the potential of multi-functional flame-retardant additives to address the challenges associated with the electrode-electrolyte interface in ASSLBs at high temperature.Efficient thermal modification in ASSLBs operating at elevated temperatures is also essential for enabling large-scale energy storage with safety being the primary concern.

Recent advances in solving Li_(2)CO_(3) problems in garnet-based solid-state battery: A systematic review(2020-2023)

Garnet solid electrolytes are one of the most promising electrolytes for solid-state batteries.However,Li_(2)CO_(3) is a critical issue that hinders the practical application of garnet-based solid-state lithium-ion batteries.There are two sources of Li_(2)CO_(3) contamination.The main one is the aging of garnet electrolytes in the atmosphere.Garnet electrolytes can react with H_(2)O and CO_(2) in the air to form Li_(2)CO_(3),which reduces ion conductivity,increases electrode/garnet electrolyte interface resistance,and deteriorates the electrochemical performance of the battery.Various strategies,such as elemental doping,grain boundary manipulation,and interface engineering,have been suggested to address these issues.The other is the passivation layer(Li_(2)CO_(3),Li_3N,LiOH,Li_(2)O) formed on the surface of the lithium foil after long-term storage,which is ignored by most researchers.To better understand the current strategies and future trends to address the Li_(2)CO_(3) problem,this perspective provides a systematic review of journals published in this field from 2020-2023.

An in-situ self-etching enabled high-power electrode for aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Sluggish storage kinetics is considered as the main bottleneck of cathode materials for fast-charging aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs).In this report,we propose a novel in-situ self-etching strategy to unlock the Palm tree-like vanadium oxide/carbon nanofiber membrane(P-VO/C)as a robust freestanding electrode.Comprehensive investigations including the finite element simulation,in-situ X-ray diffraction,and in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy disclosed it an electrochemically induced phase transformation mechanism from VO to layered Zn_(x)V_(2)O_5·nH_(2)O,as well as superior storage kinetics with ultrahigh pseudocapacitive contribution.As demonstrated,such electrode can remain a specific capacity of 285 mA h g^(-1)after 100 cycles at 1 A g^(-1),144.4 mA h g^(-1)after 1500 cycles at 30 A g^(-1),and even 97 mA h g^(-1)after 3000 cycles at 60 A g^(-1),respectively.Unexpectedly,an impressive power density of 78.9 kW kg^(-1)at the super-high current density of 100 A g^(-1)also can be achieved.Such design concept of in-situ self-etching free-standing electrode can provide a brand-new insight into extending the pseudocapacitive storage limit,so as to promote the development of high-power energy storage devices including but not limited to AZIBs.

Textured Asymmetric Membrane Electrode Assemblies of Piezoelectric Phosphorene and Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene Heterostructures for Enhanced Electrochemical Stability and Kinetics in LIBs

Black phosphorus with a superior theoretical capacity(2596 mAh g^(-1))and high conductivity is regarded as one of the powerful candidates for lithium-ion battery(LIB)anode materials,whereas the severe volume expansion and sluggish kinetics still impede its applications in LIBs.By contrast,the exfoliated two-dimensional phosphorene owns negligible volume variation,and its intrinsic piezoelectricity is considered to be beneficial to the Li-ion transfer kinetics,while its positive influence has not been discussed yet.Herein,a phosphorene/MXene heterostructure-textured nanopiezocomposite is proposed with even phosphorene distribution and enhanced piezo-electrochemical coupling as an applicable free-standing asymmetric membrane electrode beyond the skin effect for enhanced Li-ion storage.The experimental and simulation analysis reveals that the embedded phosphorene nanosheets not only provide abundant active sites for Li-ions,but also endow the nanocomposite with favorable piezoelectricity,thus promoting the Li-ion transfer kinetics by generating the piezoelectric field serving as an extra accelerator.By waltzing with the MXene framework,the optimized electrode exhibits enhanced kinetics and stability,achieving stable cycling performances for 1,000 cycles at 2 A g^(-1),and delivering a high reversible capacity of 524 m Ah g^(-1)at-20℃,indicating the positive influence of the structural merits of self-assembled nanopiezocomposites on promoting stability and kinetics.

Dimethylamine oxalate manipulating CsPbI_(3) perovskite film crystallization process for high efficiency carbon electrode based perovskite solar cells

Crystallization process determines the quality of perovskite films and the performances of resultant perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Dimethylamine oxalate has been proven as a multifunctional modulator,and is explored as an efficient additive in manipulating the crystallization process of CsPbI_(3) perovskite films.On one hand,oxalate serves as the precipitator that facilitates the nucleation process of intermediate.The larger size of intermediate is conductive to the larger size and smaller grain boundaries of resultant perovskite.On the other hand,in subsequent annealing process,the phase conversion and growth process of transient perovskite can be decelerated due to the strong interactions of oxalate with both dimethylamine cation(DMA^(+))and Pb^(2+).Due to the optimized crystallization kinetics,the morphology and quality of CsPbI_(3) perovskite films are comprehensively improved with lower defect concentrations,and charge recombination loss is effectively suppressed.Benefiting from the optimized crystal quality of perovskite films,the carbon electrode-based CsPbI_(3) PSCs exhibit a champion efficiency of 18.48%.This represents one of the highest levels among all hole transport layer-free inorganic perovskite solar cells.

Flexible capacitive pressure sensor based on interdigital electrodes with porous microneedle arrays for physiological signal monitoring

Flexible pressure sensors have many potential applications in the monitoring of physiological signals because of their good biocompatibil-ity and wearability.However,their relatively low sensitivity,linearity,and stability have hindered their large-scale commercial application.Herein,aflexible capacitive pressure sensor based on an interdigital electrode structure with two porous microneedle arrays(MNAs)is pro-posed.The porous substrate that constitutes the MNA is a mixed product of polydimethylsiloxane and NaHCO3.Due to its porous and interdigital structure,the maximum sensitivity(0.07 kPa-1)of a porous MNA-based pressure sensor was found to be seven times higher than that of an imporous MNA pressure sensor,and it was much greater than that of aflat pressure sensor without a porous MNA structure.Finite-element analysis showed that the interdigital MNA structure can greatly increase the strain and improve the sensitivity of the sen-sor.In addition,the porous MNA-based pressure sensor was found to have good stability over 1500 loading cycles as a result of its bilayer parylene-enhanced conductive electrode structure.Most importantly,it was found that the sensor could accurately monitor the motion of afinger,wrist joint,arm,face,abdomen,eye,and Adam’s apple.Furthermore,preliminary semantic recognition was achieved by monitoring the movement of the Adam’s apple.Finally,multiple pressure sensors were integrated into a 33 array to detect a spatial pressure distribu-×tion.Compared to the sensors reported in previous works,the interdigital electrode structure presented in this work improves sensitivity and stability by modifying the electrode layer rather than the dielectric layer.

Ionic Liquid-Enhanced Assembly of Nanomaterials for Highly Stable Flexible Transparent Electrodes

The controlled assembly of nanomaterials has demon-strated significant potential in advancing technological devices.However,achieving highly efficient and low-loss assembly technique for nanomate-rials,enabling the creation of hierarchical structures with distinctive func-tionalities,remains a formidable challenge.Here,we present a method for nanomaterial assembly enhanced by ionic liquids,which enables the fabrication of highly stable,flexible,and transparent electrodes featuring an organized layered structure.The utilization of hydrophobic and non-volatile ionic liquids facilitates the production of stable interfaces with water,effectively preventing the sedimentation of 1D/2D nanomaterials assembled at the interface.Furthermore,the interfacially assembled nanomaterial monolayer exhibits an alternate self-climbing behavior,enabling layer-by-layer transfer and the formation of a well-ordered MXene-wrapped silver nanowire network film.The resulting composite film not only demonstrates exceptional photoelectric performance with a sheet resistance of 9.4Ωsq^(-1) and 93%transmittance,but also showcases remarkable environmental stability and mechanical flexibility.Particularly noteworthy is its application in transparent electromagnetic interference shielding materials and triboelectric nanogenerator devices.This research introduces an innovative approach to manufacture and tailor functional devices based on ordered nanomaterials.

In-situ interfacial passivation and self-adaptability synergistically stabilizing all-solid-state lithium metal batteries

The function of solid electrolytes and the composition of solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)are highly significant for inhibiting the growth of Li dendrites.Herein,we report an in-situ interfacial passivation combined with self-adaptability strategy to reinforce Li_(0.33)La_(0.557)TiO_(3)(LLTO)-based solid-state batteries.Specifically,a functional SEI enriched with LiF/Li_(3)PO_(4) is formed by in-situ electrochemical conversion,which is greatly beneficial to improving interface compatibility and enhancing ion transport.While the polarized dielectric BaTiO_(3)-polyamic acid(BTO-PAA,BP)film greatly improves the Li-ion transport kinetics and homogenizes the Li deposition.As expected,the resulting electrolyte offers considerable ionic conductivity at room temperature(4.3 x 10~(-4)S cm^(-1))and appreciable electrochemical decomposition voltage(5.23 V)after electrochemical passivation.For Li-LiFePO_(4) batteries,it shows a high specific capacity of 153 mA h g^(-1)at 0.2C after 100 cycles and a long-term durability of 115 mA h g^(-1)at 1.0 C after 800 cycles.Additionally,a stable Li plating/stripping can be achieved for more than 900 h at 0.5 mA cm^(-2).The stabilization mechanisms are elucidated by ex-situ XRD,ex-situ XPS,and ex-situ FTIR techniques,and the corresponding results reveal that the interfacial passivation combined with polarization effect is an effective strategy for improving the electrochemical performance.The present study provides a deeper insight into the dynamic adjustment of electrode-electrolyte interfacial for solid-state lithium batteries.

Influence of acceleration stage electrode voltage on the performance of double-stage Hall effect thruster with adjustable zero magnetic point

The configuration of electrode voltage and zero magnetic point position has a significant impact on the performance of the double-stage Hall effect thruster. A 2D-3V model is established based on the two-magnetic peak type double-stage Hall thruster configuration, and a particle-in-cell simulation is carried out to investigate the influences of both acceleration electrode voltage value and zero magnetic point position on the thruster discharge characteristics and performances.The results indicate that increasing the acceleration voltage leads to a larger potential drop in the acceleration stage, allowing ions to gain higher energy, while electrons are easily absorbed by the intermediate electrode, resulting in a decrease in the anode current and ionization rate. When the acceleration voltage reaches 500 V, the thrust and efficiency are maximized, resulting in a 15%increase in efficiency. After the acceleration voltage exceeds 500 V, a potential barrier forms within the channel, leading to a decrease in thruster efficiency. Further study shows that as the second zero magnetic point moves towards the outlet of the channel, more electrons easily traverse the zero magnetic field region, participating in the ionization. The increase in the ionization rate leads to a gradual enhancement in both thrust and efficiency.

Revealing the specific role of sulfide and nano-alumina in composite solid-state electrolytes for performance-reinforced ether-nitrile copolymers

Composite solid-state electrolytes represent a critical pathway that balances the interface compatibility and lithium-ion conductivity in all-solid-state batteries.The quest for stable and highly ion-conductive combinations between polymers and fillers is vital,but blind attempts are often made due to a lack of understanding of the mechanisms involved in the interaction between polymers and fillers.Herein,we employ in-situ polymerization to prepare a polymer based on an ether-nitrile copolymer with high cathode stability as the foundation and discuss the performance enhancement mechanisms of argyrodite and nano-alumina.With 1%content of sulfide interacting with the polymer at the two-phase interface,the local enhancement of lithium-ion migration capability can be achieved,avoiding the reduction in capacity due to the low ion conductivity of the passivation layer during cycling.The capacity retention after 50cycles at 0.5 C increases from 83.5%to 94.4%.Nano-alumina,through anchoring the anions and interface inhibition functions,eventually poses an initial discharge capacity of 136.8 m A h g^(-1)at 0.5 C and extends the cycling time to 1000 h without short-circuiting in lithium metal batteries.Through the combined action of dual fillers on the composite solid-state electrolyte,promising insights are provided for future material design.