An <i>in Vitro</i>Study of Microleakage Comparing Total-Etch with Bonding Resin and Self-Etch Adhesive Luting Cements for All-Ceramic Crowns

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the dye leakage present following cementation of all-ceramic crowns with 7 currently used cements to compare total-etch (TE) with dentine bonding agent (DBA) and self-etch (SE) systems. Methods: Forty-two Authentic? crowns were fabricated and cemented onto extracted human teeth using 7 currently available cements (2 two-stage adhesives (TE + DBA): Panavia 21 Kuraray;Paracore, Coltene Whaledent and 5 all-in-one adhesives (SE): MaxCem Kerr;Panavia F2.0 Kuraray;RelyX Unicem 3MEspe;seT SDI). Following storage in water and thermal cycling, the teeth were exposed to dye, sectioned and examined under confocal microscopy. Leakage was determined by two blinded examiners and scoring was carried out on a scale of 0 - 8 per tooth (0 = no leakage, 8 complete leakage across the section). One overall reading was obtained per tooth with 6 teeth per material. Results: The results showed a wide range of scores between the different cements. Only a few specimens which used TE + DBA showed slight marginal leakage: Paracore (mean score 0 ± 0) and Panavia 21 (0.3 ± 0.5). The majority of specimens using SE showed leakage: RelyX Unicem (0.8 ± 0.8), SmartCem (1.7 ± 2.1), MaxCem (3.2 ± 1.7), Panavia F2.0 (4.5 ± 2.4) then seT (5.2 ± 2.5). Statistical analysis was carried out showing that Paracore and Panavia 21 were significantly less prone to leakage than MaxCem, (P = 0.002) and seT (P < 0.001). Conclusion: In conclusion, the choice of luting cement is important in reducing dye leakage. This study strongly favours the use of a TE with separate adhesive system placed prior to the composite luting resin.

Influence of Abutment Material on the Stress of Implant-supported All-ceramic Single Crown

In order to investigate the influence of abutment material on the stress of implant-supported all-ceramic single crown, a 3D finite element model of implant-supported mandibular first premolar was computed by COSMOS/M 2.85 software. Alumina, zirconia, and titanium were used as abutment materials respectively. Vertical 600 N and horizontal 225 N load was applied on the occlusal surface. The results show that the stress distribution of implant-supported single crown was similar for different abutment materials. Maximum stresses within the crown were higher when titanium abutment was used. Maximum stress of titanium abutment was lower than that of ceramic abutment. Within the screw and fixture, maximum stresses had no difference under vertical loading but higher as titanium abutment was used under horizontal loading. There was no difference of maximum stress within the bone when different abutment materials were used. The present findings indicate that the abutment material had no influence on the stress distribution of implant-supported all- ceramic single crown but maximum stress when the titanium abutment was lower than that of ceramic abutment.

Influence of Different Luting Agents on the Stress Distributions of Implant-supported All-ceramic Single Crown

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of different luting agents on the stress distribution within the crown, abutment and peri-implant bone of implant-supported all-ceramic single crown. A three-dimensional finite element model of an implant-supported single crown for the first premolar of mandible was created by COSMOS 2.85. Resin-modified glass ionomer and two different resin adhesives were used to cement the crown and abutment. Vertical 600 N and horizontal 225 N loads were applied to stimulate the condition of chewing. The stress distributions within the all-ceramic crown, abutment and peri-implant bone were analyzed. The experimental results show that the stress distributions of all-ceramic crown, abutment, implant and peri-implant bone were similar when different luting agents were used. The result of present study indicated that luting agents had no influence on the stress distributions of implant-supported all-ceramic single crown.

The Effect of Alumina Content on Fracture Property of All-ceramics Zirconia

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect ofA1203 content on the fracture property of all-ceramics ZrO2. To improve the all-ceramics ZrO2 restoration mechanics properity ,96 samples containing 0,5,10 and 15 wt% of A1203 particles were prepared by cold isostatic pressing （200 MPa） and 1 550 ℃ sintered .The phase was analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis and the bulk densities of the samples were made using Archimedes principle. Samples were randomly divided into four groups. In each group, 24 specimens were prepared so that the angle between notch and specimen＇s long axis is 90° and 60°. Notch depths were 1 mm for all samples. Samples were loaded with three-point bending method. 90° cut samples were used to measure fracture toughness while 60°cut samples were used to observe fracture curve by taking points on the fracture extension path under microscope, plotting points on coordinates, generating fitting curve by software ＂Origin＂, and analyzing the microstructure of the specimen fracture surfaces by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）.The results show that the increment ofA1203 has insignificant effect on the densification of all-ceramic ZrO2.XRD analysis shows that the specimen is comprised of t-ZrO2 and a- A1203 before fracture while fracture surface is m-ZrO2, t-ZrO2 and a-A1203. ZrO2 containing 10% A1203 has the optimum mechanical properties and unconspicuous crack propagation and distribution. The observations may provide a reference for the materials selection, shaoe design, and production orocess of all-ceramic crown and bridge.

Interfacial engineering through lead binding using crown ethers in perovskite solar cells

In the domain of perovskite solar cells(PSCs),the imperative to reconcile impressive photovoltaic performance with lead-related issue and environmental stability has driven innovative solutions.This study pioneers an approach that not only rectifies lead leakage but also places paramount importance on the attainment of rigorous interfacial passivation.Crown ethers,notably benzo-18-crown-6-ether(B18C6),were strategically integrated at the perovskite-hole transport material interface.Crown ethers exhibit a dual role:efficiently sequestering and immobilizing Pb^(2+)ions through host-guest complexation and simultaneously establishing a robust interfacial passivation layer.Selected crown ether candidates,guided by density functional theory(DFT)calculations,demonstrated proficiency in binding Pb2+ions and optimizing interfacial energetics.Photovoltaic devices incorporating these materials achieved exceptional power conversion efficiency(PCE),notably 21.7%for B18C6,underscoring their efficacy in lead binding and interfacial passivation.Analytical techniques,including time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(ToF-SIMS),ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy(UPS),time-resolved photoluminescence(TRPL),and transient absorption spectroscopy(TAS),unequivocally affirmed Pb^(2+)ion capture and suppression of non-radiative recombination.Notably,these PSCs maintained efficiency even after enduring 300 h of exposure to 85%relative humidity.This research underscores the transformative potential of crown ethers,simultaneously addressing lead binding and stringent interfacial passivation for sustainable PSCs poised to commercialize and advance renewable energy applications.

Insightful Understanding of the Role of the Mechanical Properties in Defining the Reliability of All-Ceramic Dental Restorations: A Review

Since the last two decades, restorative dentistry has been witnessing an increased acceptance of the use of the well-known all-ceramic materials for the fabrication of single dental restorations, such as inlays, onlays, crowns, anterior and posterior fixed partial dentures (PFPDs). These restorations certainly offer the potential for better biocompatibility coupled with superior aesthetic qualities, especially when compared with the conventional prostheses made from porcelain that is fused with metal ceramic restorations. However, brittleness and extreme sensitivity of all-ceramic materials to micro-like defects or cracks that are inherently present, or may grow, in their microstructure during different laboratory fabrication steps, during necessary clinical adjustments, or from post-placement chewing activity, remain major shortcomings of these dental restorations. In fact, many researchers are of the opinion that the improved mechanical properties can significantly improve the lifetime of all-ceramic restorations and result in enhanced reliability. Therefore, efforts of researchers, as well as manufacturers, have been directed towards the improvement of the mechanical properties in order to overcome such limitations. This article reviews the characterization of the most important mechanical properties that can delineate the behavior of all-ceramic dental materials upon loading. These include fracture mechanics, the brittle nature of ceramics, the relationship between microstructural features and fracture behavior, sources of cracks and flaws that may initiate a fracture and the effect of different fabrication procedures and/or clinical adjustments on the mechanical behavior of dental ceramics are also reviewed and discussed.

A new method of calculating crown projection area and its comparative accuracy with conventional calculations for asymmetric tree crowns

This paper introduces a new method of calculating crown projection area(CPA),the area of level ground covered by a vertical projection of a tree crown from measured crown radii through numerical interpolation and integration.This novel method and other four existing methods of calculating CPA were compared using detailed crown radius measurements from 30 tall trees of Eucalyptus pilularis variable in crown size,shape,and asymmetry.The four existing methods included the polygonal approach and three ways of calculating CPA as the area of a circle using the arithmetic,geometric and quadratic mean radius.Comparisons were made across a sequence of eight non-consecutive numbers(from 2 to 16)of measured crown radii for each tree over the range of crown asymmetry of the 30 trees through generalized linear models and multiple comparisons of means.The sequence covered the range of the number of crown radii measured for calculating the CPA of a tree in the literature.A crown asymmetry index within the unit interval was calculated for each tree to serve as a normative measure.With a slight overestimation of 2.2%on average and an overall mean error size of 7.9%across the numbers of crown radii that were compared,our new method was the least biased and most accurate.Calculating CPA as a circle using the quadratic mean crown radius was the second best,which had an average overestimation of 4.5%and overall mean error size of 8.8%.These two methods remained by and large unbiased as crown asymmetry increased,while the other three methods showed larger bias of underestimation.For the conventional method of using the arithmetic mean crown radius to calculate CPA as a circle,bias correction factors were developed as a function of crown asymmetry index to delineate the increasing magnitude of bias associated with greater degrees of crown asymmetry.This study reveals and demonstrates such relationships between the accuracy of CPA calculations and crown asymmetry and will help increase awareness among researchers and practitioners on the existence of bias in their CPA calculations and for the need to use an unbiased method in the future.Our new method is recommended for calculating CPA where at least four crown radius measurements per tree are available because that is the minimum number required for its use.

Differential modulation of crown allometry and stem growth at gap edges in five European tree species by drought conditions

Background In Central Europe,forests are increasingly affected by various disturbances,resulting in an increasing gap formation in the canopy.In order to support goal-oriented management,more knowledge is required about the acclimation of the crown and its effects on the basal area growth of trees at the edge of a gap.Methods This work compared trees'growth and crown structure at the edge of a transient gap,with a gap size of more than 80m^(2),with trees in the stand that were at least 30m away from the gap.A total of 249 European beeches(Fagus sylvatica L.),Norway spruces(Picea abies L.Karst),Scots pines(Pinus sylvestris L.),oaks(Quercus spp.;Quercus petraea(Matt.)Liebl.,Quercus robur L.),and silver firs(Abies alba Mill.)were examined on long-term experimental plots in southern Germany.Various crown measures were developed and calculated using high-resolution terrestrial laser scanning(TLiDAR)to capture the three-dimensional crown structures.Growth responses to edge conditions were measured based on tree rings.Using linear mixed models,we predict the basal area increment of edge trees relative to trees in the stand under wet and dry soil moisture conditions after the gap formation.Results We identified i)species-specific acclimation of the crown of edge trees after the gap formation,ii)under wet soil moisture conditions a growth increase of 25%–45%for beech,pine,and oak edge trees and growth losses of 5%–60%for spruce and fir and iii)coniferous tree species benefited from the edge position regarding their basal area increment under dry soil moisture conditions and deciduous tree species grew regardless of the soil moisture conditions at the edge of a gap.Conclusion Gaps have a species-specific effect on the habitus and growth of edge trees and can have both positive and negative impacts on silviculture.

番茄颈腐根腐病抗性基因Frl的定位研究

番茄颈腐根腐病是近年来极具破坏性的番茄土传病害之一,严重影响番茄的品质和产量。为挖掘番茄颈腐根腐病抗性相关基因,本研究利用全基因关联分析(GWAS)和遗传定位对番茄颈腐根腐病抗性基因进行研究。首先对来自国内外的200份番茄材料进行全基因组关联分析,在番茄9号染色体定位到抗颈腐根腐病的位点,再利用抗病材料KP13及感病材料T15196的双亲群体进行连锁作图,综合GWAS和连锁作图结果,将Frl定位于标记SSR105和FrlSNP20之间,遗传距离约为0.8 cM,物理距离约为93 kb。筛选出4个属于番茄谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(SlGST)家族成员的候选基因Solyc09g011510.2.1、Solyc09g011580.2.1、Solyc09g011600.2.1和Solyc09g011630.2.1。获得1个与抗病性状紧密连锁的标记FrlSNP25,利用该标记对94个番茄材料进行抗性鉴定,样品基因型与颈腐根腐病抗性鉴定表型吻合率92.55%。本研究为番茄抗颈腐根腐病种质创新和揭示番茄抗颈腐根腐病抗性机理奠定了基础。

花生冠腐病病原菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

为减少冠腐病对花生生产带来的损失,从安徽省不同花生产区采集冠腐病病株分离病原菌,对其进行致病性测定、形态鉴定和分子生物学鉴定,并对其生物学特征进行研究,室内筛选抑菌效果较好的化学药剂。结果表明,引起安徽省花生冠腐病的病原菌为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger),该菌的致死温度为59℃(15 min),在pH 7的PDA培养基上生长最快。药剂筛选结果表明,50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂和43%戊唑醇悬浮剂效果最好;75%百菌清可湿性粉剂次之;其次是70%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂;3%甲霜恶霉灵水剂与对照无明显差异。

三次CVC、五次CVC及SmartCrown辊形控制特性对比研究

通过对三次连续变凸度(continuously variable crown,CVC)、五次CVC及SmartCrown三种辊形方程进行推导分析,得出了各自的板形控制特性,提出了各自的辊形设计方法。研究表明:三次CVC只具备二次凸度控制能力,控制特性简单;五次CVC可根据二次及四次凸度控制需要灵活设计,凸度比在窜辊过程中并非恒定;SmartCrown四次凸度控制能力受形状角影响,凸度比恒为负值。

An Evaluation of Crown Structure and Site Index to Determine Crown Closure in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis Stands in Guangxi,China

Eucalyptus forests are grown in many parts of the world for their commercial value and use in construction projects. Density management becomes im- portant as a means to attain the management goals in these forests. Changes in canopy and tree crown structure were quantified for Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis forests at different ages to determine when canopy closure occurs and the onset of competition begins. Site index was developed for these forests to determine whether site quality affects the canopy structure. Site index had little effect in the forests sampled, with the forest canopy on the better sites becoming slightly more elongated. Based upon crown projection ratio and crown diameter： dbh （diameter at breast height） ratio, it appears that crown closure occurs by age 4 years in these forests. The age at which this occurs was also checked and verified with the evaluation of relative spacing, RS （the ratio of the mean distance between trees to the average dominant height of the stand）. The RS value displayed a rapid decline until age 4 years, and then became relatively flat through age 21 years. The rapid height growth during the first 3 years with no change in density accounted for this rapid decrease. By age 4 years, reductions in the number of trees due to mortality began to have more of an influence on this value, resulting in a more gradual de- cline. The implications for management are discussed.

一种基于五次CVC和SmartCrown复合辊型的板形控制方法

为改善轧机的板形调控能力,在分析连续变凸度CVC辊型和SmartCrown辊型特性的基础上,提出了一种基于五次CVC和SmartCrown的复合辊型的板形控制方法。将五次CVC和SmartCrown辊型在控制板形缺陷方面的特性相结合,采用分解与迭加的方法重新确定其二次和四次凸度及调控能力。通过设计实例和效果分析验证,表明该方法有效改善了五次CVC和AVC辊型因辊径差较大不利于板形控制的缺点。

Calix[4]Crowns类化合物在分离铯中的应用

Calix[4]Crowns类化合物作为超分子识别材料能够有效地分离铯,并能很好地应用在溶剂萃取、液膜萃取、色谱分离等领域。介绍了Calix[4]Crowns类化合物及其复合超分子材料对铯离子的识别和分离效果,为寻求对Cs(Ⅰ)有优异配合能力的Calix[4]Crowns类有机配体结构及相应的功能材料提供参考。

[｛Pt_4(en)_4(NHCO^tBu)_4｝｛Tl(18-crown-6)｝_2](PF_6)_6的合成与晶体结构(英文)

The compound [｛Pt4(en)4(NHCOtBu)4｝｛Tl(18-crown-6)｝2](PF6)6 has been synthesized by a simple one-potmulticomponent reaction. Its structure was determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis. The cation ofthe compound consists of one linearly arranged [Pt4(en)4(NHCOtBu)4]4+ chain and two [Tl(18-crown-6)]+ ions located atthe two ends of the platinum chain. The complex crystallizes in a triclinic P1 with a=1.060 5(1), b=1.252 3(1), c=2.015(2) nm, α=107.430(2)°, β=91.032(2)°, γ=101.910(2)°, V=2.489 6(4) nm3, Z=2, R1=0.074 4, wR2(I>2σ(I))=0.2225, S=1.062. CCDC: 294083.

Research on Crown Grafting of Seedling Cashew Trees

Objective] The study was aimed to improve the yield and quality of cashew. [Method] Through the comparative analysis, the survival rate, new germi-nation and yield characteristics of the cutting stems with different heights by stem grafting and bark grafting. [Result] The best cutting stem height of cashew should be in 100-150 cm, when the number of new germinated shoots was 85.5-87.7. Stem grafting could significantly improve the survival rate of the shooting branch （92.7%）, growth condition of which was better than that of bark grafting, and it also had no clip cortex. The yield of stem grafting was significantly higher than that of bark grafting, and it could reach up to 18.1 kg/plant in 4 years. The branches from stem grafting had significantly better ability in resisting the wind damage than those from bark grafting. [Conclusion] The study provided references for the crown grafting of cashew planting in China.

Smart Crown轧辊轧制钨板过程有限元分析

针对传统轧制工艺轧制钨板过程中,轧辊易损坏、钨板轧废严重等现象,基于有限元分析软件,研究利用Smart Crown轧辊轴向移动轧制钨板,根据要求设计了一款Smart Crown轧辊。从辊形、应力、应变以及磨损方面,分析钨板轧制情况,发现同等轧制条件下,Smart Crown轧辊轴向移动轧制钨板的新工艺优于传统钨板轧制工艺。

铝合金薄板焊缝根部缺陷高阶半跨模式波定量检测

铝合金薄板焊接时会产生接近垂直的根部缺陷,且表面余高制约超声检测探头与楔块布置。结合常规半跨模式波的全聚焦方法有助于实现根部垂直缺陷轮廓表征与定量,但受余高影响,相控阵探头声场仍难以有效覆盖焊缝区域。该文考虑了薄板内的超声波多次反射,提出利用声束路径更长、声场覆盖范围更广的高阶半跨模式波进行缺陷轮廓重建。对存在和不存在余高的厚度6.0 mm铝合金板中端点深度3.0 mm、高度3.0 mm的根部裂纹,采用32阵元、中心频率5 MHz相控阵探头配合55◦横波楔块实施全矩阵捕捉和高阶半跨模式波成像。仿真和实验结果表明,缺陷轮廓可以被完整呈现,且缺陷高度定量相对误差均不超过5.0%。此外,需依据板材厚度合理选择半跨模式波阶数,板厚越薄,适用的半跨模式波阶数越高。

Application of the Plate Crown Prediction

The program of the plate crown optimal prediction applied in the plate mill of Wuhan Iron and Steel(Group) Co. Ltd. is described. Optimal prediction is programmed in ALPHA 4000. The original profile, wear, expansion and deformation of work rolls are introduced into the program. The plate crown is controlled by the original profile of work rolls and the draft whose objective is the optimal plate crown. The run schedule is also optimized through the optimal prediction of the plate crown.

不同针阔叶树蒸腾耗水特性及单位面积耗水量估算

为探究针阔叶树种单木蒸腾耗水规律,以河北省雄安新区主要造林树种针叶树油松和阔叶树楸树作为研究对象,运用热扩散式探针法(TDP)对油松(Pinus tabuliformis)、楸树(Catalpa bungei)的树干液流速率进行监测,并调查样木的冠幅、胸径、冠高和冠幅投影面积等林木因子,分析林木耗水量与林木因子的相关性,将实测的林木因子与耗水量拟合,建立不同林木因子与林木耗水量方程。结果表明:(1)不同冠幅投影面积的油松和楸树的液流速率及耗水日变化过程均呈昼高夜低的单峰型曲线;两个树种整体表现为冠幅投影面积越大,液流速率和耗水量越高,楸树的时均耗水量和日累计耗水量均高于油松。(2)两个树种的耗水量均与冠幅投影面积、冠幅、胸径呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01);冠幅投影面积与日累计耗水量具有较高的相关性与较好的拟合效果,两树种的日累计耗水与冠幅投影面积的相关系数分别为0.773、0.901,确定系数(R~2)分别为0.596、0.811;油松和楸树平均单位冠幅投影面积日累计耗水量分别为0.290 6、0.302 3 kg·m^(-2)·d^(-1)。