Subsea development is moving constantly toward simplification,digitalization,and cost-out strategies because the exploration and production of hydrocarbons are moving toward deeper and remote sea water areas.Usage of ...Subsea development is moving constantly toward simplification,digitalization,and cost-out strategies because the exploration and production of hydrocarbons are moving toward deeper and remote sea water areas.Usage of all-electric subsea technology instead of hydraulic technology is growing and will be the future of subsea systems due to the former’s environmental and functional advantages and reduced costs.The benefits of all-electric subsea systems are health,safety,and environment(HSE)and improved reliability,flexibility,and functionality compared with traditional hydraulic-electrical systems.Existing electrohydraulic technology for a typical subsea system,hydraulic and electric actuators,and subsea manifold valves including valve types and selection philosophy have been reviewed in this paper.Some major worldwide oil companies such as Equinor and Schlumberger have successful experiences with subsea electric actuators.Considering the benefits of all-electric technology especially in terms of cost and HSE,as well as successful experiences of two major oil companies,further research in this area is warranted.One of the gaps in existing reviewed literature is the effect of using all-electric actuators for manifold valves.Thus,three main questions related to electric actuator selection,requirement of safety integrity level(SIL),and effect of using electric actuators on manifold valve selection have been addressed and answered.Forty hydraulic actuated manifold valves from nine past subsea projects in different parts of the world,mainly Africa and Australia,have been selected for the analysis of all-electric actuators.Results show that 93%of the valves require spring-return electric actuators,whereas 7%can be operated with conventional electric actuators without any spring.The manifold valves do not require SIL certification because they are not connected to an emergency shut down system.Introducing the electric actuators to the manifold valve will not change the valve selection philosophy.展开更多
The development of subsea all-electric Christmas trees is an area of focus in the offshore oil industry worldwide.The main difficulties are associated with the development and control strategies for subsea all-electri...The development of subsea all-electric Christmas trees is an area of focus in the offshore oil industry worldwide.The main difficulties are associated with the development and control strategies for subsea all-electric actuators,which are the most criti-cal components of subsea Christmas trees.A single-motor-level fuzzy PID control with an integrated working condition detection mod-ule and a three-motor redundant-level deviation strategy with coupled joint synchronous control were proposed in this paper to real-ize the real time determination of algorithm parameters according to the working conditions,solve the rapid redistribution problems,and maintain the fast speed of the servo motor of the subsea all-electric tree valve actuator.A synchronous control electrical system was built,tested,and verified through simulation analysis.Test results show that the two redundant servo motors can still control the all-electric valve actuator and provide good synchronization control capabilities despite the failure of one servo motor,and the verti-cal and horizontal vibration values of the system are within reasonable ranges.The synchronous control strategy can be applied to the synchronous control problem of subsea all-electric production systems,which is of considerable importance for the development of subsea all-electric production systems.展开更多
Hydraulic systems provide a clean and stable supply of hydraulic fluid for subsea valves and actuators installed on the subsea bed in subsea production systems.Subsea control systems are used for contemporary subsea f...Hydraulic systems provide a clean and stable supply of hydraulic fluid for subsea valves and actuators installed on the subsea bed in subsea production systems.Subsea control systems are used for contemporary subsea fields instead of installing the control system on topside.Although all-electric subsea systems are state-of-the-art with benefits such as health,safety,and environment improvement,as well as efficiency and lower cost,hydraulic systems are still used for the development of many subsea fields.One of the main questions in the selection of a subsea hydraulic field is whether to choose an open or closed loop hydraulic system.The main characteristic of an open loop hydraulic system is that the hydraulic fluid is discharged into the marine environment during the actuation of the subsea valves.Conversely,the hydraulic fluid is returned to the topside facilities through an umbilical system in a closed loop system.Given that closed loop systems are more eco-friendly,the main question in this research is to examine the effect of the actuator connection of the closed loop system on actuator design.Two cases of actuated valves connected to a closed loop system are analyzed in this paper.The first is a 71/16-in.subsea slab gate valve in the pressure class of 517 bar with a linear spring return fail-safe close(FSC)actuator located on a manifold branch.The data indicates that the piston rod and cylinder diameter of the FSC linear actuator should be increased by some millimeters due to the accumulation of hydraulic oil at the bottom of the actuator.The hydraulic oil in the closed loop system helps in closing the actuator and spring force,so the spring constant and torque should be reduced as a result.The second case involves a 16-in.subsea ball valve in the pressure class of 517 bar with a double-acting fail-as-is rack and pinion actuator.The conclusion in this case is to avoid making any change in the design of double-acting actuator in connection to the closed loop system.展开更多
液动控制采油系统在远距离控制方面存在控制成本高、高压控制油液传输困难及控制油液泄漏等弊端。为此,设计了水下全电采油树阀门及执行机构。在介绍全电采油树阀门结构及工作原理的基础上,对全电执行机构和密封机构进行了设计,对闸阀...液动控制采油系统在远距离控制方面存在控制成本高、高压控制油液传输困难及控制油液泄漏等弊端。为此,设计了水下全电采油树阀门及执行机构。在介绍全电采油树阀门结构及工作原理的基础上,对全电执行机构和密封机构进行了设计,对闸阀的密封过程进行分析,利用数值计算软件模拟了闸板在动作过程中高压介质对闸板的作用,同时计算了闸板的最大开启力。分析结果表明:全电执行机构采用丝杠螺母作为传动机构,无需依赖传统的液压系统,降低了油液泄漏的风险;闸门与阀体间依靠分体式密封阀座来形成自密封;闸板在开始动作到即将开启的过程中,受到密封阀座的摩擦力最大,所对应的最大开启力为298.5 k N。所得结论可为水下全电采油树的现场应用和优化设计提供参考。展开更多
对水下生产系统的液压系统、电力系统和通信系统进行不同工况下的性能分析是保障水下生产装置安全可靠工作的关键。以中海石油(中国)有限公司湛江分公司某气田开发工程项目水下生产系统的液压系统构架及参数分析为例,介绍了运用"Th...对水下生产系统的液压系统、电力系统和通信系统进行不同工况下的性能分析是保障水下生产装置安全可靠工作的关键。以中海石油(中国)有限公司湛江分公司某气田开发工程项目水下生产系统的液压系统构架及参数分析为例,介绍了运用"The Control Simulator"软件进行液压动力分析的要点。分析在最小和最大井口关断压力下阀门的开关响应时间、阀门打开之后压力恢复时间、序列阀门开启时间、ESD指令下关阀响应时间等,并将分析结果和实际生产情况进行对比,可知该液压系统的各项性能指标均满足相应标准和规范的要求。展开更多
文摘Subsea development is moving constantly toward simplification,digitalization,and cost-out strategies because the exploration and production of hydrocarbons are moving toward deeper and remote sea water areas.Usage of all-electric subsea technology instead of hydraulic technology is growing and will be the future of subsea systems due to the former’s environmental and functional advantages and reduced costs.The benefits of all-electric subsea systems are health,safety,and environment(HSE)and improved reliability,flexibility,and functionality compared with traditional hydraulic-electrical systems.Existing electrohydraulic technology for a typical subsea system,hydraulic and electric actuators,and subsea manifold valves including valve types and selection philosophy have been reviewed in this paper.Some major worldwide oil companies such as Equinor and Schlumberger have successful experiences with subsea electric actuators.Considering the benefits of all-electric technology especially in terms of cost and HSE,as well as successful experiences of two major oil companies,further research in this area is warranted.One of the gaps in existing reviewed literature is the effect of using all-electric actuators for manifold valves.Thus,three main questions related to electric actuator selection,requirement of safety integrity level(SIL),and effect of using electric actuators on manifold valve selection have been addressed and answered.Forty hydraulic actuated manifold valves from nine past subsea projects in different parts of the world,mainly Africa and Australia,have been selected for the analysis of all-electric actuators.Results show that 93%of the valves require spring-return electric actuators,whereas 7%can be operated with conventional electric actuators without any spring.The manifold valves do not require SIL certification because they are not connected to an emergency shut down system.Introducing the electric actuators to the manifold valve will not change the valve selection philosophy.
基金support of the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.ZR2021QE059)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51974169)the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province(No.2019GGX101020).
文摘The development of subsea all-electric Christmas trees is an area of focus in the offshore oil industry worldwide.The main difficulties are associated with the development and control strategies for subsea all-electric actuators,which are the most criti-cal components of subsea Christmas trees.A single-motor-level fuzzy PID control with an integrated working condition detection mod-ule and a three-motor redundant-level deviation strategy with coupled joint synchronous control were proposed in this paper to real-ize the real time determination of algorithm parameters according to the working conditions,solve the rapid redistribution problems,and maintain the fast speed of the servo motor of the subsea all-electric tree valve actuator.A synchronous control electrical system was built,tested,and verified through simulation analysis.Test results show that the two redundant servo motors can still control the all-electric valve actuator and provide good synchronization control capabilities despite the failure of one servo motor,and the verti-cal and horizontal vibration values of the system are within reasonable ranges.The synchronous control strategy can be applied to the synchronous control problem of subsea all-electric production systems,which is of considerable importance for the development of subsea all-electric production systems.
文摘Hydraulic systems provide a clean and stable supply of hydraulic fluid for subsea valves and actuators installed on the subsea bed in subsea production systems.Subsea control systems are used for contemporary subsea fields instead of installing the control system on topside.Although all-electric subsea systems are state-of-the-art with benefits such as health,safety,and environment improvement,as well as efficiency and lower cost,hydraulic systems are still used for the development of many subsea fields.One of the main questions in the selection of a subsea hydraulic field is whether to choose an open or closed loop hydraulic system.The main characteristic of an open loop hydraulic system is that the hydraulic fluid is discharged into the marine environment during the actuation of the subsea valves.Conversely,the hydraulic fluid is returned to the topside facilities through an umbilical system in a closed loop system.Given that closed loop systems are more eco-friendly,the main question in this research is to examine the effect of the actuator connection of the closed loop system on actuator design.Two cases of actuated valves connected to a closed loop system are analyzed in this paper.The first is a 71/16-in.subsea slab gate valve in the pressure class of 517 bar with a linear spring return fail-safe close(FSC)actuator located on a manifold branch.The data indicates that the piston rod and cylinder diameter of the FSC linear actuator should be increased by some millimeters due to the accumulation of hydraulic oil at the bottom of the actuator.The hydraulic oil in the closed loop system helps in closing the actuator and spring force,so the spring constant and torque should be reduced as a result.The second case involves a 16-in.subsea ball valve in the pressure class of 517 bar with a double-acting fail-as-is rack and pinion actuator.The conclusion in this case is to avoid making any change in the design of double-acting actuator in connection to the closed loop system.
文摘液动控制采油系统在远距离控制方面存在控制成本高、高压控制油液传输困难及控制油液泄漏等弊端。为此,设计了水下全电采油树阀门及执行机构。在介绍全电采油树阀门结构及工作原理的基础上,对全电执行机构和密封机构进行了设计,对闸阀的密封过程进行分析,利用数值计算软件模拟了闸板在动作过程中高压介质对闸板的作用,同时计算了闸板的最大开启力。分析结果表明:全电执行机构采用丝杠螺母作为传动机构,无需依赖传统的液压系统,降低了油液泄漏的风险;闸门与阀体间依靠分体式密封阀座来形成自密封;闸板在开始动作到即将开启的过程中,受到密封阀座的摩擦力最大,所对应的最大开启力为298.5 k N。所得结论可为水下全电采油树的现场应用和优化设计提供参考。
文摘对水下生产系统的液压系统、电力系统和通信系统进行不同工况下的性能分析是保障水下生产装置安全可靠工作的关键。以中海石油(中国)有限公司湛江分公司某气田开发工程项目水下生产系统的液压系统构架及参数分析为例,介绍了运用"The Control Simulator"软件进行液压动力分析的要点。分析在最小和最大井口关断压力下阀门的开关响应时间、阀门打开之后压力恢复时间、序列阀门开启时间、ESD指令下关阀响应时间等,并将分析结果和实际生产情况进行对比,可知该液压系统的各项性能指标均满足相应标准和规范的要求。
