The Positive Influence of Buddhism Upon the Development of Science and Technology in Ancient China

It is important and worthwhile to discuss what kind of influence Buddhism cast on the development of science and technology in ancient China. The author does not agree with Joseph Needham’s view:“There can be little doubt that on the whole its action was powerfully inhibitory”, and the author thinks Buddhism took a positive promotion and influence on the development of science and technology in ancient China as a whole. There were four main ways of Chinese Buddhism influence on ancient science and technology:(1) The Buddhist scriptures actually contain a wealth of knowledge of science and technology;the eminent Buddhist monks introduced them into China through translation, therefore enriched contents of science and technology in ancient China.(2) Some knowledge of science and technology in ancient Indian and other districts got into China along with the spread of Buddhism.(3) Ancient Chinese Buddhists took part in science and technology practice actively at that time, and they had got a series of achievements in science and technology.(4) Being inspired and affected by Buddhist scientific knowledge, those non-Buddhist scientists had engaged in many created work in a further step, and made much contributions to development of science and technology. The doctrine of Buddhism was not a complete hindrance to the development of science and technology, and the result turned out contrary in many respects that it had promoted development of science and technology. In fact, Chinese Buddhism had made many important contributions in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and so on.

The Positive Influence of Confucianism Upon the Development of Science and Technology—A Comment on Joseph Needham’s Prejudice

Has Confucianism exerted a positive influence or a passive one on the development of ancient science and technology?This is a question that has been debated repeatedly in the field of scientific history and philosophy and has not been settled up to now.A large number of scientific historians hold the opinion that the influence that Confucianism exerted on the development of science and technology is basically passive and negative.One of the most prominent representatives of this view is the famous historian on Chinese science and technology history—British Dr.Joseph Needham.Dr.Joseph Needham declared in the second volume of Science and Civilization in China,namely History of Scientific Thought:“They(Confucians)were thus,throughout Chinese history,in opposition to those elements which groped for a scientific approach to Nature,and for a Scientific interpretation and extension of technology”(Needham,1956,p.9),“their contribution to science was almost wholly negative”(p.1).As Confucianism has been playing an important role in ancient Chinese society for a long time,it is necessary for us to discuss this issue in detail.

Philosophy of GodForm:Power Authorities, Functional Position Levels, Religion and Science

In this work,author expressed new R-Synthesis specifically.Good and/or correct perspective that must be behind the definitions and administration generally expressed.New perspective of the philosophy explained generally.Philosophy of GodForm is defined and expressed as connected/related with the following concepts:(a)basic principles,(b)17 upper constructional philosophies,(c)14 lower constructional philosophies,(d)eight basic philosophies.As special cases,Philosophy of Engineering and Technology,Philosophy of Wireless Administration and others defined as hybrid philosophies.17 specific components/units which can be considered to define the basic principles of the related formation,are proposed to be designed by GodForm and defined by the author.Philosophy of GodForm and its relation with Values and Positions specifically defined.New Era Theory and New Era Belief explained generally.Some specific religions/beliefs are defined as variants/forms of the Progressive Religion.Good and/or correct power authorities(R-Power Authority)are defined due to 29 categories.Functional position levels defined for the R-Power Authorities with a unique table.As result of the R-Synthesis,functional position levels of some philosophers,some scientists,and of Prophet Jesus,Prophet Mohamed,Prophets Mouses,Buddha,and of Confucius generally/specifically defined.Integration and past/present effects of some R-Power Authorities in 5 x 5 Ideal Political Construction specifically explained.New Era Belief,Concepts of GodX and Science relation explained with the following concepts:(1)Religion of GodForm,(2)Knowledge of GodX,(3)Nature of GodX.With this respect,some other characteristics of 7 GodX power authorities expressed with details as complementary information.Following concepts/systems defined to arrange and solve some/most/all religious problems,which are determined with R-Synthesis:(a)Religious Responsibilities and Positions,(b)Ideal Religious Administration,(c)Sustainable/Continuable Political Administration System,(d)Community Values Council/Authority for each world country,(e)Progressive Councils.15 general religious position categories defined to express their good and/or correct meanings/values/responsibilities in the religious system.21 general/specific cases/programs defined due to New Era Belief to solve possible past/present/future community values problems,to have continuous,judicious,and progressive administration about the 36 kinds of community values.Progressive Councils,which are related with the CUS-WW-HO,are defined.Progressive Religion Council and some of the related religious responsibilities expressed for the kind progressive religion studies due to the Philosophy of Progressive Religions.

Alloy Gene Sequence Project and System Science Philosophy

System Science Philosophy is a knowledge system constructed of universal principle and law sequences. Alloy gene is a characteristic atom existing in the center of coordination cluster and occupying the lattice point of a lattice cell, and carries holographic information about valence electron structure, physical and thermodynamic properties obtained by alloy gene theory. Alloy gene potential energy curve function has developed traditional atom pair interaction potential functions into many atoms’ interaction function associated with valence electron structure, bond length, bond energy, which makes alloy gene Gibbs energy function can be established. Alloy gene Gibbs energy transmissive function has developed traditional partition function. Its equilibrium and sub-equilibrium transmissive modes produce alloy holographic network positioning bank, which is operable platform to achieve transformation from “trial and error” method to the “whole obtained from a few part” law for getting advanced alloys. It has become possible to launch alloy gene sequence project.

Reflections on the Three Controversies in Economic Methodology by Virtue of the Philosophy of Science

The philosophical foundation of the mainstream neoclassical economics is empirical philosophy.The controversies of economic methodology over inductive and deductive methods,over verificationistic and falsificationistic approaches,and over positive and normative analyses in the evolution of economics are associated with those in the philosophy of science.The evolution of philosophy of science suggests that the above-mentioned pairs of economic methodologies should be appropriately combined when used in economics.It is not sensible to overemphasize either one inside each pair of economic methodologies.

Five Theories on Architectural Sciences by Qian Xuesen

Qian Xuesen made initiative theoretic contribution to architectu- ral sciences in five aspects: the theory for positioning architectural science, the theory for positioning architectural philosophy, the theory for setting up Chinese landscape architecture; the theory for setting up urbanology, and the theory for building Chinese “shan-shui city". Studying, deepening and perfecting Qian’s theories are of momentous importance for the development of China’s architectural sciences.

BLE beacons for sample position estimation in a life science automation laboratory

Estimation of the sample position is essential for working process monitoring and management in the life science automation laboratory.Bluetooth low-energy(BLE)beacons have the advantages of low price,small size and low energy consumption,which make them a promising solution for sample position estimation in the automated laboratory.Several fingerprinting models have been proposed to achieve indoor localization with the received signal strength(RSS)data.However,most of the research depends on intensive beacon installation.Proximity estimation,which depends entirely on one beacon,is more suitable for sample position estimation in large automated laboratories.The complexity of the life science automation laboratory environment brings challenges to the traditional path loss model(PLM),which is a widely used radio wave propagation model-based proximity estimation method.In this paper,BLE sensing devices for sample position estimation are proposed.The BLE beacon-based proximity estimation is discussed in the framework of machine learning,in which the support vector regression(SVR)is utilized to model the nonlinear relationship between the RSS data and distance,and the Kalman filter is utilized to decrease the RSS data deviation.The experimental results over different environments indicate that the SVR outperforms the PLM significantly,and provides 1 m absolute errors for more than 95%of the testing samples.The Kalman filter brings benefits to stable distance predictions.Apart from proximity-based sample position estimation,the proposed framework turned out to be effective in position estimation between parallel workbenches and position estimation on an automated workstation.

Towards Positivity:A Large-Scale Diachronic Sentiment Analysis of the Humanities and Social Sciences in China

With its rising number of publications and expanding international collaborations,China's humanities and social sciences(HSS)research is displaying its potential for global prominence.Researchers have been exploring the development of China's HSS from different perspectives.However,the examinations from the perspective of sentiment analysis are scanty.Our aim is then to examine the sentiment features in Chinese HSS academic writing,by analyzing a large-scale corpus with over 275 million characters and with a time span from 2000 to 2020.Considering that most studies only focused on abstracts,we examined both the abstracts and the full texts,as well as a direct comparison between them.We found that Chinese HSS academic writing has evolved to be more positively biased in the past two decades,showing an upward trend in the use of positive words and a slight downward trend in the use of negative words.However,the upward trend of positive words in the full texts is not that clear,resembling a fluctuating pattern.Regarding the comparison,the abstracts are more likely to use positive words while the full texts tend to use more negative words.These phenomena can be explained with the social cognitive theory,in that they may be shaped by a joint force of the nature of human beings,the nature of language,the particular socio-cultural background in China and the features of the academic genre.

Holographic alloy positioning design system and holographic network phase diagrams of Au-Cu system

Taking Au?Cu system as an example, three discoveries and two methods were presented. First, a new way for boosting sustainable progress of systematic metal materials science (SMMS) and alloy gene engineering (AGE) is to establish holographic alloy positioning design (HAPD) system, of which the base consists of measurement and calculation center, SMMS center, AGE center, HAPD information center and HAPD cybernation center; Second, the resonance activating-sychro alternating mechanism of atom movement may be divided into the located and oriented diffuse modes; Third, the equilibrium and subequilibrium holographic network phase diagrams are blueprints and operable platform for researchers to discover, design, manufacture and deploy advanced alloys, which are obtained respectively by the equilibrium lever numerical method and cross point numerical method of isothermal Gibbs energy curves. As clicking each network point, the holographic information of three structure levels for the designed alloy may be readily obtained: the phase constitution and fraction, phase arranging structure and properties of organization; the composition, alloy gene arranging structure and properties of each phase and the electronic structures and properties of alloy genes. It will create a new era for network designing advanced alloys.

政府支出规模对创新的影响——促进抑或阻碍

自中国经济步入“新常态”以来,创新已然成为中国未来经济可持续发展的重要动力。本文首先在理论层面上分析了政府支出对创新的正向激励效应和负向挤出效应,然后基于2007—2017年中国269个地级市的面板数据,实证检验了中国政府支出规模的创新效应,意在探索有利于促进创新的政府支出规模和结构。实证结果表明,从整体上看,中国当前的政府支出规模对创新具有显著的正向促进作用,并且这一作用主要是由政府支出中的科学技术支出和福利性支出对创新活动的正向激励效应所驱动。与此同时,政府支出规模对创新的影响呈现出明显的地区差异和创新质量差异:在人均科学技术支出和人均福利性支出更多的东部与中部地区,政府支出规模的正向激励效应表现得更为显著;科学技术支出会同时促进高质量和低质量的创新活动,而福利性支出只促进低质量的创新活动。

量子传感(Ⅲ):核心应用与未来展望

作为量子信息感知物理实现基础的量子传感技术是三大核心量子技术之一,也是发展历史最悠久、技术成熟度最高、实际应用范围最广、潜在应用最多的量子技术。文章是量子传感系列综述的第三部分,在前两部分内容的基础上,从实际应用角度出发,介绍量子传感技术在导航定位授时、遥感探测、生物医学和基础物理等代表性领域的应用现状,阐述了量子传感的阶段性发展特征,包括量子传感的核心使能组件、量子传感的适应性难题等,最后,结合从传感到信息感知的论述,给出了量子传感技术的未来展望。

“实证法学”的概念术语回顾与回归--基于文献的实证法学研究整合路径

伴随着实证研究概念和范畴的思想大讨论,法学界在过去几十年涌现出大量相关的方法或学科术语。虽然各种术语本来根植于实证研究,但由于每种术语未对既有术语作细致的文献回顾和概念分析,而呈现出术语间前后矛盾、自我否定、相互攻击、相互整合的泛化和分化现象。从方法和学科层面来看,要实现实证研究的发展和繁盛,就必然需要在开放和团结的学术平台下统一学术理念,“实证法学”应该是整合研究队伍的最妥当路径。将当代实证法学研究的源头定位在二十世纪八十年代,了解钱学森和吴世宦所引领的法学研究方法大讨论对实证法学的影响,可以澄清有关起源问题的误解。实证法学的传统术语在早期都包含定量和定性,近十年才因个人理解或方法偏爱引发术语之争。新兴术语虽然在定量或定性、样本大小、理念内涵、技术方法上有所差异,但都是基于实证研究发展起来的,其术语之争也源于割裂文献所致的自创概念。回归实证研究的本质,停止术语和概念之争,只要正确和恰当地定义实证法学,便可以实现整合实证法学研究的目标。

中国哲学社会科学话语权提升路径研究

近年来,中国哲学社会科学影响力获得大幅度提升,但国际话语权与中国综合国力尚不匹配,总体仍处于弱势地位,难以有效发挥其对中国国家发展战略的服务功能。因而,提升中国哲学社会科学话语权并摆脱话语“失声”状态,成为中国影响力国际传播亟待解决的一个重大课题。首先,明晰哲学社会科学话语权的实质和重要性;其次,从中国哲学社会科学的后发劣势、反映中国社会实践情况、话语体系的传播机制和话语权提升的滞后性等方面剖析了现阶段中国哲学社会科学话语权处于弱势地位的关键原因;最后,从立足中国实践、提炼普适理论、致力话语原创、提升国际传播影响力和培养学者研究叙事能力等方面提出了提升中国哲学社会科学国际话语权和影响力的优化路径。

基于共同研究者项目探索中医药科教协同新模式

科教协同是新形势下提高创新人才培养和科技创新水平的重要途径。当前高校学生在科教协同培养过程中往往存在被动式学习、与教师关系不对等、与科研实践相脱节等问题,导致学生参与的主动性与积极性不高、获得感不强。天津中医药大学循证医学中心在前期循证课堂、科研志愿者活动的实践基础上,着重探索在“师与生”“教与学”“学与研”等多个环节建立平等合作的师生关系,激发学生参与科学研究的主动性,提升学生的实践获得感,提出了基于共同研究者项目的中医药科教协同新模式。共同研究者项目基于科研平台与教学实际,筛选出符合学生专业背景与学术基础的实践项目,赋予学生共同研究者的身份定位,使学生在科研过程中与教师身份对等、共同实施,深度参与科研实践,以此培养其创新思维,锻炼动手能力,提高学生综合素质。天津中医药大学以中医舌诊数据自主采集与分析为选题,启动共同研究者项目实践,转变学生在科研项目中的角色定位,充分激发学生参与科学研究的主动性,锻炼学生实践能力。实践证明,基于共同研究者项目的中医药科教协同新模式对培养具有科研素质创新型人才具有重要价值。

谈谈加快档案学理论与教学的破旧立新

社会信息化已经进入质变阶段,档案信息化也逐渐进入质变阶段,档案学理论与教学自然也面临着质变的问题。传统档案学具有种种的先天不足,档案学自身应有的博大内涵没有在现实中得到有效显现,当今社会发展也迫切需要档案学给予积极回应和有效支持,这些都要求我们加快档案学自身破旧立新的步伐。我们需要回应社会的需要和教学的需要,提升档案学的整体学术理性,重构档案学的理论与教学体系,特别是要重构档案管理学的理论与教学体系,重新思考档案学的学科定位,按照一级学科的方式建设档案学理论与教学体系,确立发展的宽域的新档案观和数据时代的档案思维新模式,以全新面貌迎接时代的挑战。

基于粒子-人工蜂群算法的3RPUP_(c)-UPS并联机构运动学正解研究

针对3RPUP_(c)-UPS并联机构运动学正解求解困难的问题,对新型3RPUPc-UPS并联机构的运动学特性进行了研究,并构建出位置正解求解模型,进而提出了一种基于粒子-人工蜂群算法(P-ABC)的并联机构运动学求解方法。首先,根据机构的拓扑特性,计算得到了方位特征集、自由度和耦合度;然后,根据机构的几何特征,基于姿态变换矩阵和动平台投影方程,建立了机构的运动学逆解方程,并对比了MATLAB和SOLIDWORKDS的仿真结果,验证了逆解分析的正确性;最后,将运动学逆解方程转化为最小化求解问题,构建出了适合优化算法的运动学正解模型,并利用MATLAB的软件交互界面(GUI)功能,开发出用于计算并联机构运动学正解的软件,分别基于粒子群算法(PSO)、人工蜂群算法(ABC)和P-ABC算法,对该并联机构的运动学正解进行了计算。研究结果表明:P-ABC算法单次求解时间在0.5 s内,求解误差级别为10-20,相对于ABC算法,运行时间缩短了50.02%;而相对于POS算法,其求解精度提高了10个数量级。P-ABC算法能够用于求解该并联机构运动学正解,具有计算速度快、精度高的特点,可以为研究并联机构运动学正解提供新方法。

我国科技馆辅导员职业发展现状

党的二十大报告首次将“教育、科技、人才”并列在一起,作为全面建设社会主义现代化国家的基础性、战略性支撑。科技馆辅导员作为科技馆开展科学教育的人才队伍,很大程度影响着科技馆的科学教育水平和质量。本文梳理科技馆辅导员这一职业角色的发展历程,以2020年开展的全国辅导员职业发展现状调研为基础,重点对科技馆辅导员队伍的持续性特点、专业背景、角色定位、培养机制、职业发展等方面进行分析、提出建议,以期为辅导员管理和可持续发展提供借鉴。

出版学研究方法论引论

出版学作为一门新兴学科,其研究方法,尤其是属于本学科的、具有独特性的研究方法目前还没有在学界形成共识,甚至关于研究方法论的共识也没有形成。缺乏应用于出版学的普遍的哲学方法论、特殊的科学方法论、个别的具体方法论,已经成为出版学研究继续向深度、广度拓展的瓶颈。文章在对出版活动和出版对象进行分析的基础上,提出在定量分析方法论和定性分析方法论之外,三种能够适用于出版学研究的方法论,包括定位分析方法论、系统论分析方法论和目的论分析方法论,从而为出版学研究方法论的构建提供引论性的思考。

标准化与电力科技创新的多维互动发展研究

基于标准化与电力科技创新互动发展的需求,本文探讨了标准化与电力科技创新互动过程中可能存在的挑战,包括标准化落地落实需要更完善的管理协调机制,科技创新过程加速背景下需要推动标准规划前移,标准引领价值的发挥需要更有组织的互动时序管理的三重现实挑战。为应对上述挑战,本文提出通过全流程对接保障正向引领、标准数字化促进反向完善、成熟度评估强化双向协同三条路径,旨在通过正向、反向、双向有效互动推动新型电力系统构建和电力行业的高质量发展。

基于ROTI和AATR的测地型GNSS接收机监测北半球高纬度区域电离层闪烁准确性分析

当前,第25个太阳周期已进入强活跃时期,能引发大量电离层不规则体,进而对使得穿行其中的GNSS信号产生电离层闪烁。这已成为影响GNSS全球稳定导航定位服务的重要干扰源。对全球电离层闪烁进行广泛且全面的监测是消除闪烁对GNSS干扰的重要前提,然而传统电离层闪烁监测接收机(ISMR)分布有限,无法满足闪烁全球监测需求;测地型接收机分布广泛,但从其低采样数据中提取的闪烁因子缺乏新太阳周期长时序监测数据验证,导致其闪烁监测可靠性存疑。为此,本文基于近3 a新太阳周期测地型接收机数据,以ISMR提供的闪烁因子为参考,从代表性空间天气事件闪烁响应、日闪烁发生率、闪烁持续时间概率分布、闪烁日发生规律及其随极昼、极夜、地磁指数的特征变化等方面,对比研究了两种测地型接收机电离层闪烁因子(即电离层总电子含量变化率指数ROTI和沿弧段电子含量变化率指数AATR)监测北极高纬度区域电离层闪烁的准确性,并给出了ROTI和AATR在高纬度区域判断闪烁发生的经验阈值。结果表明,ROTI和AATR均能较为准确探测到地磁扰动、太阳活动等因素驱动的区域电离层闪烁,并能有效表征电离层闪烁统计学上的日变化规律,但两种闪烁因子不能准确区分闪烁和电离层电子密度梯度变化,导致在电子密度梯度变化剧烈期间存在较高虚警。该研究成果可为准确选择区域电离层闪烁监测因子提供指导。