Functional Optical Fiber Sensors Detecting Imperceptible Physical/Chemical Changes for Smart Batteries

The battery technology progress has been a contradictory process in which performance improvement and hidden risks coexist.Now the battery is still a“black box”,thus requiring a deep understanding of its internal state.The battery should“sense its internal physical/chemical conditions”,which puts strict requirements on embedded sensing parts.This paper summarizes the application of advanced optical fiber sensors in lithium-ion batteries and energy storage technologies that may be mass deployed,focuses on the insights of advanced optical fiber sensors into the processes of one-dimensional nano-micro-level battery material structural phase transition,electrolyte degradation,electrode-electrolyte interface dynamics to three-dimensional macro-safety evolution.The paper contributes to understanding how to use optical fiber sensors to achieve“real”and“embedded”monitoring.Through the inherent advantages of the advanced optical fiber sensor,it helps clarify the battery internal state and reaction mechanism,aiding in the establishment of more detailed models.These advancements can promote the development of smart batteries,with significant importance lying in essentially promoting the improvement of system consistency.Furthermore,with the help of smart batteries in the future,the importance of consistency can be weakened or even eliminated.The application of advanced optical fiber sensors helps comprehensively improve the battery quality,reliability,and life.

A novel method for simulating nuclear explosion with chemical explosion to form an approximate plane wave: Field test and numerical simulation

A nuclear explosion in the rock mass medium can produce strong shock waves,seismic shocks,and other destructive effects,which can cause extreme damage to the underground protection infrastructures.With the increase in nuclear explosion power,underground protection engineering enabled by explosion-proof impact theory and technology ushered in a new challenge.This paper proposes to simulate nuclear explosion tests with on-site chemical explosion tests in the form of multi-hole explosions.First,the mechanism of using multi-hole simultaneous blasting to simulate a nuclear explosion to generate approximate plane waves was analyzed.The plane pressure curve at the vault of the underground protective tunnel under the action of the multi-hole simultaneous blasting was then obtained using the impact test in the rock mass at the site.According to the peak pressure at the vault plane,it was divided into three regions:the stress superposition region,the superposition region after surface reflection,and the approximate plane stress wave zone.A numerical simulation approach was developed using PFC and FLAC to study the peak particle velocity in the surrounding rock of the underground protective cave under the action of multi-hole blasting.The time-history curves of pressure and peak pressure partition obtained by the on-site multi-hole simultaneous blasting test and numerical simulation were compared and analyzed,to verify the correctness and rationality of the formation of an approximate plane wave in the simulated nuclear explosion.This comparison and analysis also provided a theoretical foundation and some research ideas for the ensuing study on the impact of a nuclear explosion.

A multi-channel chemical sensor and its application in detecting hydrothermal vents

There are well-established chemical and turbidity anomalies in the plumes occurring vicinity of hydrothermal vents, which are used to indicate their existence and locations. We here develop a small, accurate multi-channel chemical sensor to detect such anomalies which can be used in deep-sea at depths of more than 4 000 m. The design allowed five all-solid-state electrodes to be mounted on it and each (apart from one reference electrode) could be changed according to chemicals to be measured. Two experiments were conducted using the chemical sensors. The first was a shallow-sea trial which included sample measurements and in situ monitoring. pH, Eh, CO3^2- and SO4^2- electrodes were utilized to demonstrate that the chemical sensor was accurate and stable outside the laboratory. In the second experiment, the chemical sensor was integrated with pH, Eh, CO3^2- and H2S electrodes, and was used in 29 scans of the seabed along the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) to detect hydrothermal vents, from which 27 sets of valid data were obtained. Hydrothermal vents were identified by analyzing the chemical anomalies, the primary judging criteria were decreasing voltages of Eh and H2S, matched by increasing voltages of pH and CO3^2- . We proposed that simultaneous detection of changes in these parameters will indicate a hydrothermal vent. Amongst the 27 valid sets of data, five potential hydrothermal vents were targeted using the proposed method. We suggest that our sensors could be widely employed by marine scientists.

Nanotube-Based Chemical and Biomolecular Sensors

We present a brief review about recent results regarding carbon nanotube （CNT）-based chemical and biomolecular sensors. For the fabrication of CNT-based sensors, devices containing CNT channels between two metal electrodes are first fabricated usually via chemical vapor deposition （CVD） process or ＂surface programmed assembly＂ method. Then, the CNT surfaces are often functionalized to enhance the selectivity of the sensors. Using this process, highly-sensitive CNT-based sensors can be fabricated for the selective detection of various chemical and biological molecules such as hydrogen, ammonia, carbon monoxide, chlorine gas, DNA, glucose, alcohol, and proteins.

Carbon Nanotube Based Chemical Sensors

Carbon nanotubes CNTs)have been receiving enormous attention in the last decade due to their extraordinary mechanical properties and unique elec- tronic properties.This combination has produced an unprecedented range of applications for CNTs:elec- tronic,logic and memory chips,chemical and biosen- sots,composites,lithium batteries,gas storage,filters and membranes,etc.This presentation will focus on carbon nanotube based sensors and discuss fabrication, testing and performance.

A NEW BIOGENIC SULFIDE CHEMICAL SENSOR FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SURVEY

A new convenient sulfide electrochemical sensor for marine environmental in situ monitoring and real time survey was developed. The new sensor based on a solid Ag 2S membrane electrode has outstanding chemical sensitivity and stability. It responds to the activity of sulfide ions according to a Nernstian slope of -31mV/decade. The sensor can be used to determine the total concentration of sulfides ( C T) by calibrating the pH value of the solution to a standard pH. The practical measurement range for total sulfide concentration is 0.1-10 mg/L in seawater. The sensor has a very low potential drift (<4mV) during two months in 0.1 mg/L sulfide seawater. This paper describes the preparation of the sensitive membrane and some main properties of the sensor.

Integration of Real-Time Chemical Sensors for Deep Sea Research

There is a great demand for in-situ real-time chemical sensors in the oceanographic research, to measure the chemical components under the deep sea. The ISE (Ion Selective Electrode) is commonly used as a detecting part of deep-sea electro-chemical sensors. The paper highlights the solidification and micromation of the working and reference electrodes. The sensors of pH and H 2S with a thermal probe are accomplished after the solution of configuration of electrodes and signal processing. The sensor system has been tested successfully in the cruise of DY105-12, 14 sponsored by China Ocean Mineral Research and Exploitation Association(COMRA).

Characteristics Analysis of Chemical Concentration Sensor Based on Three-layer FBG

The three-layer structure model of the fiber Bragg grating is proposed in this paper. And through experimental study and reasoning calculation to verify the three layer structure of the optical waveguide model, so the sensitivity characteristic of the Bragg wavelength to the refractive index of chemical solution is obtained. And the relationships between the concentration and the shift of Bragg wavelength of sucrose, ethanol, and Nacl solution are achieved. Finally the shifts of the Bragg wavelength with the external concentration are obtained by experiments. A kind of simple structure, small size, good stability, high sensitivity chemical concentration sensor is obtained.

Roles of Chemical Gas Sensors in the Filed of Safety

1 Introduction Gas sensors have been used in a range of applications where they play a crucial role in ensuring that we live safely and comfortablely.Gas safety products,such as gas detectors/alarms,especially those equipped with combustible gas,toxic gas,or oxygen sensors,are one of the most important applications for gas sensors.The purpose of gas detector/alarm units is

Ubiquitous Sensor Network for Chemical Sensors

Wireless sensor networks have been identified as one of the most important technologies for the 21 st century.Recent advances in micro sensor fabrication technology and wireless communication technology enable the practical deployment of large-scale,low-power,inexpensive sensor networks.Such an approach offers an advantage over traditional sensing methods in many ways:large-scale,dense deployment not only extends spatial coverage and achieves higher resolution,but also increases the system's fault-tolerance and robustness.Moreover,the ad-hoc nature of wireless sensor networks makes them even more attractive for military and other risk-associated applications,such as environmental observation and habitat monitoring.

The Construct of A Neutral Medium Applicable Electrochemiluminescent Sensor Based on the Chemical Modification of Cysteine and Luminol

In the phosphate buffer solution of pH＞7,the cysteine sensitized the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of luminol.It could be modified on the surface of platinum electrode and furthermore adsorbing the luminol on its exterior to construct an ECL sensor.The ECL intensity of this sensor was strong enough and very stable.There wasn't obvious decrease of ECL intensity for thirty times of using in 48 hours with the relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.98%.It could be used to determine some quenching effective molecules such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) with negative response upon the concentration range from 4.8 IU/ml to 57.6 IU/ml.

ZrO_2/Graphene Nanocomposites Synthesized in Supercritical Fluids: Highly Efficient Chemical Sensor Material for Ethanol

ZrO2/Graphene nanocomposites are fabricated from graphene oxide by one-step, green, facile and low-cost SCCO2 method. The as-prepared nanocomposites are characterized by means of X-ray photoelectron, transmission electron microscopy and catalytic chemiluminescence measurement. The ZrO2 nanoparticles with size of several nanometers are uniformly coated on the graphene surface. The chemiluminescence characteristic to ethanol of the as-prepared nanocomposite paper is also investigated. The nanocomposite paper obtained displays high catalytic chemiluminescence sensitivity and highly selectivity to the ethanol gas. This study provides a facile, green and low-cost route to prepare nanoscopic gas sensing devices with application in safe protection, food fermentation, medical process and traffic safe.

A Novel Electrochemical Oxygen Sensor for Determination of Ultra-low Oxygen Contents in Molten Metal

A novel electrochemical oxygen sensor has been developed by using La beta -Al2O3 as solid electrolyte and Cr+Cr2O3 as reference electrode. The sensor not only can be used as normal oxygen sensor but also as an ultra-low oxygen sensor. Especially, it is very sensitive to measure ultra-low oxygen in molten metal. For estimating the accuracy of La beta -Al2O3 oxygen sensor, two series of oxygen activities in molten iron at different oxygen contents and different temperature were measured by both La beta -Al2O3 oxygen sensor and ZrO2 oxygen sensor. The theoretical values of oxygen activities in molten iron (3.30%C, in mass fraction) at 1723K and 1745K were also evaluated for comparing the measuring results of two sensors. At last, the error of measurement for La beta -Al2O3 oxygen sensor was discussed too.

High-Quality InSb Grown on Semi-Insulting GaAs Substrates by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition for Hall Sensor Application

High-quality InSb epilayers are grown on semi-insulting GaAs substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition using an indium pre-deposition technique. The influence of Ⅴ/Ⅲ ratio and indium pre-deposition time on the surface morphology, crystalline quality and electrical properties of the InSb epilayer is systematically investigated using Nomarski microscopy, atomic force microscopy, high-resolution x-ray diffraction, Hall measurement and contactless sheet resistance measurement. It is found that a 2-μm-thick InSb epilayer grown at 450℃ with a Ⅴ/Ⅲ ratio of 5 and an indium pre-deposition time of 2.5s exhibits the optimum material quality, with a root-meansquare surface roughness of only 1.2 nm, an XRD rocking curve with full width at half maximum of 358 arcsec and a room-temperature electron mobility of 4.6 × 10~4 cm^2/V·s. These values are comparable with those grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Hall sensors are fabricated utilizing a 600-nm-thick InSb epilayer. The output Hall voltages of these sensors exceed 10 mV with the input voltage of 1 V at 9.3 mT and the electron mobility of 3.2 × 10~4 cm^2/V·s is determined, which indicates a strong potential for Hall applications.

Development of Optical Chemical Sensor Based on Pararosaniline in Sol-Gel Matrix for Detection of Formaldehyde in Food Samples

Optical chemical sensor based on immobilesed pararosaniline into sol-gel matrix tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) is a simple tool that can be used to detect the presence of formalin (formaldehide) in food. Pararosaline in sol-gel matrix was developed when contacted with food sample that contains formalin. The optical signal was produced by changing color from purple to yellow, that can be used to detect quantitative formaldehide in sample. The results, chemo sensor optic, have characteristic, maximum wave length 576.42 nm, with linier range 0-100 ppm, linearity coefficient R2 = 0.999, limit detection (LOD) 0.504 ppm, limit of quantification (LOQ) 1.680 ppm, sensitivity 0.087, disturbed matrix selectivity 1.716 %. The optimum is operational at pH 4, and response time at 150 seconds of 2 ppm. This sensor can be used to detect formalin in food sample in a simple mode and reusable for 4 times application. In addition, the sensor can be regenerated using

Characteristics of Nanoparticles-Based Chemical Sensors

Semiconducting nanoparticle tin oxide-based sensors have been prepared with a pressure load of 4, 6, 8, 10 tons and reinforced with carbon nanofibers (CNF) in SnO2 matrix. The SnO2/CNF sensor’s sensitivity for ethyl alcohol has in-creased by a factor of two, in compared with that of pure SnO2 8-ton pressed sensor with lower response time. These results open the way towards further optimized lower cost CNF nanocomposite sensors as compared with expensive tin oxide/carbon nanotubes sensors.

All-Solid-State Screen-Printed Sensors for Potentiometric Calcium(II) Determinations in Environmental Samples

This paper describes preparation, characterization and electrochemical performance of novel planar miniaturized all-solid-state (ASS) screen-printed potentiometric sensors for the detection of Ca2+ ions in environmental samples. Screen-printed graphite-based ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) and screen-printed reference electrodes based on silver-containing pastes have been applied in a space saving manner on common ceramic substrates with small dimensions. Applications to environmental samples are shown by direct potentiometry and potentiometric titrations in real water samples. Conducting polymers (CPs) have been used as solid-contact materials and as intermediate layer between the polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-containing ion-selective membrane and the graphite-containing substrate. Different diamides have been incorporated into the PVC membrane. In the range from 10-4 mol/L to 10-1 mol/L, the ISEs show linear slopes of 27 mV/decade, which is close to the Nernstian response. Moreover, the ISEs have response times of 6 months. The novel potentiometric ASS sensors enable simple and exact Ca2+ determinations in real samples.

Effect of Durian Peel Ash Added in Zinc Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites Used as a Chemical Sensor for Hydrazine Detection

As the hydrazine is toxic, the methods to detect hydrazine at low concentrations are essential in scientific research. This preliminary study reported on how to increase the efficiency of ZnO/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by adding durian peel ash (DPA) and using three-electrode method. The ZnO/rGO composites were prepared using chemical reaction of graphene oxide (GO) with zinc chloride. The rGO was prepared by the chemical reduction of GO using hydrazine. The properties of the samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Potentiostat/Galvanostat. The results showed that the optimal condition for the composite material was 70%DPA:30%ZnO/rGO with the sensitivity of 222.92 mA/mM·cm2 and the current density up to 116.50 ± 0.95 A/g. The relationship between the current and the hydrazine concentration was I (μA) = 48.69 + 21.91C (mM) with R2 of 0.9870. The minimum concentration of hydrazine solution that the modified electrode can measure was 0.125 mM. The DPA powder can then be used to enhance the hydrazine detection efficiency at low concentrations.

A selective optical chemical sensor for the determination of iodine based on fluorescence quenching of LiTOE

An optical chemical sensor has been developed for the determination of iodine based on the reversible fluorescence quenching of 2, 2, 7, 7, 12, 12, 17, 17-octamethyl-21, 22, 23, 24-tetraoxaquaterene-Li （LiTOE） immobilized in a plasticized poly（vinyl chloride） （PVC） membrane. The optimum membrane of the sensor consists of 100 mg of PVC, 200 mg of bis （2-ethytbexyl） sebacate （BOS） and 3.0 mg of LiTOE. The maximum response of the optode membrane for iodine is obtained in Tris-HCl buffer solutlon （pH 8.0）. With the optimum conditions described, the proposed sensor responds linearly in the measuring range of 3.90×10^-2 to 3.90×10^-4 mol/L, and has a detection limit of 6.0×10^-8 mol/L. The response time of the sensor is less than I rain. In addition to high reproducibility and reversibility of the fluorescence signal, the sensor also exhibits good selectivity. It is not interfered by some common anions and cations. It is applied for the determination of iodine in table salt samples. The results agree with those obtained by another method.

Multivariate chemical analysis:From sensors to sensor arrays

Chemical sensor arrays can obtain more comprehensive analyte information through high-dimensional data.It is of great significance in the analysis of multi-component complex samples.This review summarizes the development and status of chemical sensor arrays.We focused on the design of chemical sensor arrays based on various sensing materials.In addition,several pattern recognition methods in chemometrics are introduced.And applications of chemical sensor arrays in food monitoring,medical diagnosis,and environmental monitoring are illustrated.Based on the analysis of the limitations of current sensor array technology,the direction of the array is also predicted.This review aims to help the broad readership understand the research state of chemical sensor arrays and their development prospects.