Occurrence and Control of Main Pest Groups in Allium tuberosum Fields in Shijiazhuang

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the species and occurrence patterns of main pests in the Chinese chive(Allium tuberosum)fields in Shijiazhuang.[Methods]Our research group conducted a systematic investigation on the types and occurrence of major pests in Chinese chive fields in Shijiazhuang from April 2019 to November 2020 using the Malaise net method.[Results]The main pests harming Chinese chives in the region included Thrips tabaci,Bradysia odoriphaga,Luperomorpha suturalis,Acrolepla alliella,Liriomyza chinensis,and Neotoxoptera formosana.The pest populations in the region mainly experienced two peak periods,from mid June to mid July and from late August to late September.Meanwhile,corresponding green prevention and control measures were proposed based on the occurrence characteristics and biological characteristics of different pests in local chive fields.[Conclusions]Predicting the occurrence of pests in Chinese chive fields can provide basis for farmers to take timely prevention and control measures,reduce the damage of pests in the field to Chinese chives and realize high-quality production of Chinese chive.

韭(Allium tuberosum)叶绿体基因组及其特征分析

以韭(Allium tuberosum)叶绿体基因组为研究对象,利用Illumina NovaSep高通量测序技术对韭叶绿体基因组进行测序,研究了韭叶绿体基因组结构、密码子偏好性、简单重复序列、叶绿体基因组的比较和系统发育,以期为韭分子标记开发、种质资源鉴定和开发利用提供参考依据。结果表明:韭叶绿体基因组全长154056bp,共注释133个基因,包括tRNA38个,rRNA8个,蛋白编码基因87个;韭cpDNA密码子偏爱以A或U结尾,Leu使用频率最高,Cys使用频率最低;在叶绿体基因组中共检测250个SSR位点,其中单核苷酸重复数量最多(164个),六核苷酸重复最少(1个);基因组IR边界未出现明显的扩张和收缩;系统发育分析显示,野韭和韭亲缘关系最近。

韭菜(Allium tuberosum Rottler.ex Spreng.)凝集素的细胞凝集和糖抑制作用

从韭菜叶片组织分离的韭菜凝集素具有凝集细胞的作用。在测试的红细胞中能凝集小鼠、豚鼠、兔的红细胞,其中对兔的红细胞凝集活性最高。韭菜凝集素还能凝集小鼠S_(180)肉瘤细胞、大鼠W_(258)肿瘤细胞,人的Hela肿瘤细胞和MGC_(80-3)胃癌细胞、小鼠和大鼠的骨髓细胞以及牛精子细胞,而不凝集小鼠艾氏肿瘤细胞、小鼠和大鼠的脾脏淋巴细胞。韭菜凝集素的血凝活性可被D—甘露糖、D—半乳糖和D—松二糖所抑制。

Chinese leek(Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Sprengel) reduced disease symptom caused by root-knot nematode

Root-knot nematodes（RKNs,Meloidogyne spp.） are obligate biotrophic parasites that settle close to the vascular tissues in plant roots.The diseases resulting from RKN infections cause serious damage to agricultural production worldwide.In the present paper,the resistance of Chinese leek（Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Sprengel） against RKNs,its suppressive effect on nematode disease,its nematicidal activity and its component profile were studied to identify an efficient disease control method.In soil heavily infected by nematodes,Chinese leek showed strong resistance to RKNs.Additionally,the gall indexes of cucumber plants rotated with Chinese leek and of tomato plants intercropped with Chinese leek were reduced by 70.2 and 41.1%,respectively.In a pot experiment,the gall indexes of Chinese leek extract-treated tomato and cucumber plants were reduced by 88.9 and 75.9%,respectively.In an in vitro experiment,the mortality rate of a RKN（Meloidogyne incognita J2） treated with Chinese leek extract was significantly higher than that of the control.The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS） analysis revealed that glycosides,carboxylic acids,ketones and organic sulfides are the main components in the Chinese leek extract.This study revealed that Chinese leek possesses a high resistance to RKNs,has strong nematicidal activity against M.incognita and can significantly reduce the incidence of disease caused by nematodes.

Study on PEG6000 Treatment on Budding Percentage And Germination Rate of Allium Tuberosum Roxb.Seeds

Allium tuberosum Roxb is very popular for its function of stomach-strengthening,spirit-freshening,yang-warming and kidney essencereplenishing,however,its seeds appear to low bud,irregular sapling and other side effects,which result in low yield and poor quality.This paper analyzed effects of PEG6000 concentration on budding percentage in detail.It comes to conclusions that budding percentage of No.1 seed increases from 71% to 92% on the basis of 36 h treatment by 20% PEG6000 and 24 h water-drying,that of No.3 seed ranges from 30.4% to 53.4% on the basis of the same treatment by 10% PEG6000.

cDNA-SCoT Analysis of Differential Expressed Genes in Allium tuberosum Induced by Botrytis cinerea

[Objectives]To investigate the molecular mechanism of gene differential expression in A.tuberosum under Botrytis cinerea stress.[Methods]The leaf of A.tuberosum was inoculated with B.cinerea to induce resistance,then leaf samples were taken at 2,4,8,12 and 24 h,respectively,after inoculation,and used for cDNA-SCoT analysis to detect the gene differential expressions.[Results]More than 800 bands with length of 100-1800 bp were obtained using 60 SCoT primers.A total of 40 differentially expressed EST sequences were screened out,and 18 non-redundant ESTs with high quality were obtained by cluster analyses of the ESTs sequencing.The results of BlastN showed that the differential genes of A.tuberosum mainly related to disease defense,signal transduction,and protein metabolism.[Conclusions]Further analysis of gene function indicated that brassinosteroid biosynthesis-like proteins,NBS-LRR type disease resistance protein,jasmonic acid induced protein,abscisic stress ripening protein may be involved in the process of the incompatible interaction between the A.tuberosum and B.cinerea.

Allium tuberosum alleviates pulmonary inflammation by inhibiting activation of innate lymphoid cells and modulating intestinal microbiota in asthmatic mice

Objective:This study tests whether long-term intake of Allium tuberosum(AT)can alleviate pulmonary inflammation in ovalbumin(OVA)-induced asthmatic mice and evaluates its effect on the intestinal microbiota and innate lymphoid cells(ILCs).Methods:BALB/c mice were divided into three groups:phosphate buffer saline,OVA and OVA+AT.The asthmatic murine model was established by sensitization and challenge of OVA in the OVA and OVA+AT groups.AT was given to the OVA+AT group by oral gavage from day 0 to day 27.On day 28,mice were sacrificed.Histopathological evaluation of lung tissue was performed using hematoxylin and eosin,and periodic acid-Schiff staining.The levels of IgE in serum,interleukin-5(IL-5)and IL-13 from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The ILCs from the lung and gut were detected by flow cytometry.16 S ribosomal DNA sequencing was used to analyze the differences in colon microbiota among treatment groups.Results:We found that long-term intake of AT decreased the number of inflammatory cells from BALF,reduced the levels of IL-5 and IL-13 in BALF,and IgE level in serum,and rescued pulmonary histopathology with less mucus secretion in asthmatic mice.16 S ribosomal DNA sequencing results showed that AT strongly affected the colonic bacteria community structure in asthmatic mice,although it had no significant effect on the abundance and diversity of the microbiota.Ruminococcaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae were identified as two biomarkers of the treatment effect of AT.Moreover,AT decreased the numbers of ILCs in both the lung and gut of asthmatic mice.Conclusion:The results indicate that AT inhibits pulmonary inflammation,possibly by impeding the activation of ILCs and adjusting the homeostasis of gut microbiota in asthmatic mice.

生物刺激素对韭菜产量、品质和植株养分的影响

为探究适宜设施韭菜种植的新型肥料,以独根红韭菜为试材,在等量追施氮肥条件下,研究甲壳素、氨基酸、鱼蛋白、海藻酸、腐殖酸5种生物刺激素对韭菜产量、品质、光合色素含量和植株养分的影响。结果表明:施用不同生物刺激素均能显著增加韭菜总产量和分蘖数,且腐殖酸处理的总产量和分蘖数分别比常规施氮处理增加24.40%和24.41%。不同生物刺激素处理对韭菜可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、VC含量的影响存在差异,其中2 kg·(667 m^(2))^(-1)腐殖酸处理效果最好,不但提高植株丙酮酸含量和叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量,而且能显著降低硝酸盐和纤维素含量。腐殖酸处理下韭菜植株中全氮、全磷、全钾含量均显著高于常规施氮和空白对照,氮肥偏生产力、农学效率和投入产出比最高。综合分析表明,2 kg·(667 m^(2))^(-1)腐殖酸处理能够实现韭菜高产、高品质的生产。

水杨酸和低温复合处理对韭黄品质的影响

目的 研究水杨酸(salicylic acid, SA)和低温复合保鲜对韭黄(Allium tuberosum)品质的影响。方法 在SA和低温复合保鲜下,检测韭黄中蛋白质、维生素C (vitamin C, VC)、水分、持水力、总酸的含量,对韭黄中过氧化物酶(peroxide,POD)酶活、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxidedismutase,SOD)酶活、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量、过氧化氢酶(hydrogenperoxide,CAT)酶活进行测定。用TMS-Touch质构仪检测韭黄的嫩度、硬度等变化情况。结果 经过SA和低温复合处理的韭黄,蛋白质含量在第14 d最高,第28 d降低至21.99 mg/100 g;VC含量一直下降,最终下降至15.07 mg/100 g;水分在第21 d上升到最高,为92.66%;持水力在第28 d增加到了78%;总酸含量一直升高,最终达到6.57g/kg;POD酶活在第7d上升至2105.36U/g,第28d降低至464.52 U/g;SOD酶活在第7 d达到76.53 U/g,第28 d降至61.24 U/g;MDA含量增加至8.55 mmolg/FW;CAT酶活下降至2.77 U/mg·prot;第28 d韭黄的硬度为24.28 N,嫩度为19.76 N/cm。结论 SA和低温复合保鲜能有效保持韭黄的贮藏品质,对韭黄采收后的保鲜具有较好的参考价值。

韭菜农药残留现状及防控措施

在介绍我国韭菜农药使用现状的基础上,通过分析韭菜农药残留超标的原因,结合韭菜生长中的主要病虫害,针对性地提出了防治措施,给予提升韭菜质量安全水平相关建议,以期为韭菜产业农药残留的控制提供借鉴。

韭菜粉中腐霉利标准物质的研制

目的研制韭菜粉中腐霉利标准物质,并联合多家实验室以同位素稀释内标法测试定值。方法以含腐霉利的韭菜为原材料,样品经冲洗除杂、粉碎、添加防腐剂、均质、匀浆、冷冻干燥后,过筛混匀,在洁净干燥条件下以聚乙烯塑料袋外套铝塑复合袋真空封装,再由^(60)Co-γ射线辐照灭菌,最终研制出韭菜粉中腐霉利标准物质。依据GB 23200.113—2018《食品安全国家标准植物源性食品中208种农药及其代谢物残留量的测定》中气相色谱-质谱法的前处理方法,多家实验室采用同位素稀释内标-气相色谱-串联质谱法对腐霉利的含量进行联合定值。结果韭菜粉中腐霉利标准物质回收率为88.1%~104.5%,均匀性和稳定性良好,特性值为0.223 mg/kg,扩展不确定度为0.021 mg/kg(k=2),在–18℃下冰冻保存有效期为18个月。结论所制备的韭菜粉中腐霉利标准物质可作为实验室腐霉利农药残留检测的质控样品,对于农药腐霉利的精准检测具有重要意义,可推广应用于快速检测产品评价、能力验证考核、方法验证等各个领域。

液相色谱-质谱联用法测定韭菜中克百威残留量的不确定度评定

目的:采用液相色谱-质谱联用法测定韭菜中克百威残留量,并对测定过程的不确定度进行评估。方法:采用《食品安全国家标准 植物源性食品中331种农药及其代谢物残留量的测定液相色谱-质谱联用法》(GB 23200.121—2021)中的方法测定韭菜中克百威残留量,依据《化学分析中测量不确定度评估指南》(RB/T 030—2020)和《测量不确定度评定与表示》(JJF 1059.1—2012)对测量不确定度进行评定。结果:对检测过程中各不确定度分量进行计算与合成,韭菜中克百威残留量可表示为(0.020±0.002)mg·kg^(-1)。在本实验室条件下,标准溶液配制过程和标准曲线拟合对韭菜中克百威残留量测量不确定度的贡献较大,标准溶液定值准确性、测量重复性、提取溶液量取、样品称量以及回收率的贡献较小。结论:研究结果对实际操作中减少不确定度、了解测量结果的置信水平和离散程度具有重要的参考意义。

8种农药在韭菜中的残留结果分析

为了评价腐霉利、毒死蜱、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、异菌脲、啶虫脒、辛硫磷和阿维菌素等8种农药在韭菜上的使用安全性,以8种农药的推荐使用剂量和农户实际使用剂量施用,采收不同间隔期的样品进行农药残留量分析。试验结果表明,毒死蜱在药后30 d检出值分别为0.1000和0.2000 mg·kg^(-1),仍超过最高限量0.02 mg·kg^(-1)。腐霉利常规处理A在药后7 d降解至4.450 mg·kg^(-1),符合限量要求;处理B直至药后21 d才降解至3.5400 mg·kg^(-1),符合限量要求。其余6种药剂的常规处理A在药后7 d内均降解至最高限量内,其中高效氯氟氰菊酯、异菌脲和啶虫脒在药后2 h残留量即符合限量要求,可放心施用;氯氰菊酯和阿维菌素在药后3 d、辛硫磷在药后7 d残留量符合限量要求。常规施药量的1.2倍处理B中氯氰菊酯推迟至药后10 d,其残留量才符合限量要求。

土壤调理剂对土壤理化性质及韭菜品质的影响

研究了高钾型类沸石分子筛土壤调理剂对韭菜(Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spr.)种植土壤理化性质、韭菜植株生长和品质指标的影响。结果表明,施用50 kg/667m2土壤调理剂显著增加了韭菜种植土壤中全磷、有效磷、全钾、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁含量,增幅为17.54%~273.42%;促进了韭菜植株生长,表现为显著增加植株的茎粗、叶长、最大叶宽和生物量,增幅为9.62%~54.84%;显著提高了韭菜叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量,增幅为32.31%~88.41%;显著提高了韭菜植株灰分、全钾、全硫含量,增幅为6.56%~9.60%。通过GC-MS联用对韭菜挥发性成分进行分析,发现土壤调理剂明显提高了二甲基三硫醚含量,二硫醚、二硫烷化合物含量呈降低趋势。施用土壤调理剂可改善土壤理化性质、促进韭菜生长、增加韭菜产量、改善韭菜品质,实现韭菜生产的节本增效。

28-高芸苔素内酯对韭菜中溴氰菊酯残留降解的影响

为探索28-高芸苔素内酯对韭菜中溴氰菊酯残留降解的影响,以韭菜(Allium tuberosum)为试验材料,0.01%28-高芸苔素内酯可溶液剂为供试药剂,0.04%24-表芸苔素内酯可溶液剂为对照药剂,清水为对照,在溴氰菊酯灌根前1 d对韭菜进行喷雾处理。分别在20 mg/L溴氰菊酯药液灌根处理后0、1、2、3、5、8、12、16 d进行取样,采用改进的QuEChERS方法对韭菜样品进行前处理,用气相色谱质谱联用仪检测韭菜中溴氰菊酯残留量。结果表明,溴氰菊酯灌根后1 d,稀释1000倍的0.01%28-高芸苔素内酯处理的韭菜中溴氰菊酯残留量最低,比清水对照降低了19.73%;喷施1次稀释1000倍的0.01%28-高芸苔素内酯、喷施2次稀释1000倍的0.01%28-高芸苔素内酯和清水对照的韭菜中溴氰菊酯残留量均在灌根后1 d达到最大值,分别为0.0460、0.0583、0.0573 mg/kg;用稀释500、1000、2000倍的0.01%28-高芸苔素内酯分别处理韭菜,溴氰菊酯灌根后1 d,稀释1000倍的0.01%28-高芸苔素内酯处理的韭菜中溴氰菊酯残留量最低,显著低于清水对照和稀释2000倍的0.01%28-高芸苔素内酯处理,与稀释500倍的0.01%28-高芸苔素内酯处理之间差异不显著。

葱鳞葡萄孢菌诱导下韭菜RT-qPCR内参基因的筛选和验证

葱鳞葡萄胞菌引起的韭菜灰霉病是影响韭菜产量和品质的主要因素之一。为了筛选出感染灰霉病后韭菜叶片中稳定表达的内参基因用于基因定量表达分析,以模拟接种和接种葱鳞葡萄孢菌24、48、72 h的韭菜叶片为材料,基于前期的转录组测序结果选取UBC1、UBC2、UBQ1、UBQ2、GAPDH3、GAPDH4、TUB、EF-1α、40S RP、DDX、eIF-1A、PABP和DnaJ共13个基因为候选内参基因,利用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)技术检测13个基因的表达情况,采用geNorm、NormFinder、BestKeeper软件和Reffinder在线程序对候选内参基因的表达稳定性进行评估。结果表明,13个候选内参基因中UBQ1的Ct值变化范围最小,表达水平最稳定。GeNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper软件筛选出的最佳内参基因不同,RefFinder综合评估显示,UBC2和UBQ1是韭菜叶片接种葱鳞葡萄孢菌后表达稳定性较好的基因,DDX是稳定性较差的基因。为了验证所筛选内参基因的可靠性,选择6个稳定性不同的候选内参基因分别作为定量分析的内部参照,对接种葱鳞葡萄孢菌后不同时间韭菜叶片中GST676和PRP902基因的表达水平进行归一化处理。结果显示,以稳定性较高的UBC2或UBQ1为内参基因时,校正的GST676和PRP902基因的表达趋势与转录组测序结果一致,而以稳定性相对较差的40S RP、eIF-1A、GAPDH4或DDX为内参基因时,校正的目的基因的表达趋势与转录组测序结果稍有差异。软件分析和实验验证结果表明,UBC2和UBQ1基因可作为葱鳞葡萄孢菌侵染韭菜叶片后相关基因定量表达分析的最合适内参基因。研究结果为后续开展韭菜抗灰霉病关键基因表达分析和功能研究奠定了基础。

超临界CO_(2)流体提取河南芫荽籽油、韭菜籽油工艺研究

芫荽籽油和韭菜籽油具有良好的药食两用价值,但其提取率普遍较低。为改善研究现状,采用超临界CO_(2)流体技术提取河南芫荽籽油和韭菜籽油,在单因素试验的基础上进行正交试验。最终确定当萃取压力30 MPa、温度45℃、时间100 min、CO_(2)流量25 kg/h时,芫荽籽油的提取率最高,为14.52%;当萃取压力30 MPa、温度55℃、时间140 min、CO_(2)流量20 kg/h时,韭菜籽油的提取率最高,为19.02%。该工艺优化可提高芫荽籽油和韭菜籽油的提取率,为超临界CO_(2)流体提取芫荽籽油和韭菜籽油的高效生产提供科学依据,推动河南省特色油料的开发与利用。

韭菜叶传递细胞的超微特征研究

为进一步了解韭菜叶韧皮部传递细胞壁内突发生时期及传递细胞与功能相适应的结构特征,用光学和透射电子显微技术对韭菜幼叶和成熟叶韧皮部进行了观察。结果表明,幼叶伴胞缺少壁内突,成熟叶伴胞具有大量壁内突,仅与筛管相邻区域缺少壁内突。壁内突产生分枝,内突伸入细胞边缘厚约2μm细胞质层内。传递细胞含大量线粒体,线粒体有管状内嵴;含糙面内质网以及大量游离核糖体颗粒。传递细胞与叶肉细胞界面上缺少胞间连丝,与维管薄细胞间的胞间连丝退化。总之,传递细胞壁内突在成熟叶内发育,壁内突发生分枝,传递细胞能量代谢水平高、蛋白质合成活动旺盛,与叶肉细胞之间以及与维管薄壁细胞之间没有共质体联系,而是相互孤立。

硅肥施用对韭菜产量及品质的影响

硅肥被广泛用于改善植物生长的土壤条件。通过控制液态硅肥施入量和施用浓度的变化,研究硅肥对阜丰一号韭菜形态指标、产量及品质的影响。试验结果表明,液态硅肥施入量为75 kg/hm^(2)、施用质量分数为0.37%时,韭菜产量(13.65 t/hm^(2))、总多酚质量分数(0.84 mg/g)、总黄酮质量分数(5.39 mg/g)、总硅质量分数(1.03%)、可溶性蛋白质量分数(1.17 mg/g)和可溶性糖质量分数(1.35%)最高。因此,液态硅肥施入量为75 kg/hm^(2)、施用质量分数为0.37%时,是阜丰一号韭菜种植时硅肥施用最佳方式。

韭菜和葱汁液对香蕉枯萎病菌的抑制作用

采用平板对峙和加入法,观察了新鲜韭菜和葱的根、茎、叶等部位的汁液对香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制作用。结果表明:用平板对峙法接种处理72 h后,韭菜和葱不同部位、不同浓度的汁液对香蕉枯萎病菌菌丝生长均有一定的抑制作用,其中以韭菜茎基部的汁液抑制作用最好,抑制率达63.18%;加入法接种处理72 h后,韭菜汁对病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用效果显著,抑制率均达94%以上,并以茎基汁液的抑制效果最好,抑制率达到100%;葱叶汁原液的抑制率也可达到100%;韭菜和葱各部位汁液质量分数超过55%时,对香蕉枯萎病菌的孢子萌发影响显著,病菌孢子萌发率均为0。