Spatial Disparity and Efficiency of Science and Technology Resources in China

In the knowledge economy era,science and technology(S&T) resources are getting more and more important in shaping regional competiveness and building regional innovation capacity.As such,the spatial distribution of S&T resources is a key to understanding regional development and disparities.By designing an input-output indicator system,this paper develops an evaluation model to examine the spatial distribution of S&T resources in China and assess their spatial efficiency.Moreover,the paper tries to explain spatial differences in the efficiency of S&T resources in China.Major findings are:1) the input and output of S&T resources in China shows a clear T-shaped spatial structure,i.e.,concentrated mainly in the coastal region and along the Changjiang(Yangtze) River;2) the efficiency of S&T resources in China displays strong spatial disparities,with the level of efficiency descending from the east to the west while high efficiency appearing in only several clusters;3) the utilization rates of S&T resources in most provinces are quite low,resulting in low efficiency of S&T resources allocation.The paper suggests that the utilization rate of S&T resources should be raised and the commercialization of S&T outputs should be enhanced to improve the efficiency of S&T resources in China.

Resource Allocation of Agricultural Science and Technology R&D

The status quo of resource allocation of agricultural science and technology R&D(research and development)both at home and abroad,including the amount and function of agricultural science and technology research funds,human resources in the resources of agricultural science and technology R&D,the efficiency of resource allocation of agricultural science and technology R&D,the management system of agricultural scientific innovation and the operation status of scientific funds,is analyzed.The problems in the current resource allocation of agricultural science and technology R&D are put forward,including unreasonable resource allocation;low efficiency,and low efficiency of the transformation of agricultural scientific achievements.The highly effective resource allocation of agricultural science and technology R&D is analyzed from the aspects of resource allocation structure,environment,channel,spatial layout and industrial chain.

Roles of Science and Technology in Soil and Water Conservation in the New Era

Firstly,current situation and main problems of science and technology development of soil and water conservation were analyzed,and then roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were studied. At last,exploration ways of roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were proposed.

Application of Blockchain Technology in Optimizing Resource Allocation Efficiency

Based on the existing literature,this paper analyzed and explored the factors that affect the efficiency of resource allocation,and evaluated the current situation of resource allocation in various fields.It is found that with the emergence of the new pattern of China’s economic development,the economic growth rate has slowed down,and the method of large-scale production driving economic growth is no longer applicable to the current economic situation.Nowadays,when structural transformation and upgrading have entered a new stage,to achieve the optimization of resource allocation efficiency,it is necessary to start from three aspects:improving information transparency,upgrading industrial structure,and planning government intervention.Through the adaptation analysis of blockchain technology and the existing problems in optimizing resource allocation efficiency,it explored the feasibility of blockchain technology to optimize resource allocation efficiency,and promote economical,efficient and high-quality development.

GIScience and remote sensing in natural resource and environmental research:Status quo and future perspectives

Geographic information science(GIScience)and remote sensing have long provided essential data and method-ological support for natural resource challenges and environmental problems research.With increasing advances in information technology,natural resource and environmental science research faces the dual challenges of data and computational intensiveness.Therefore,the role of remote sensing and GIScience in the fields of natural resources and environmental science in this new information era is a key concern of researchers.This study clarifies the definition and frameworks of these two disciplines and discusses their role in natural resource and environmental research.GIScience is the discipline that studies the abstract and formal expressions of the basic concepts and laws of geography,and its research framework mainly consists of geo-modeling,geo-analysis,and geo-computation.Remote sensing is a comprehensive technology that deals with the mechanisms of human ef-fects on the natural ecological environment system by observing the earth surface system.Its main areas include sensors and platforms,information processing and interpretation,and natural resource and environmental appli-cations.GIScience and remote sensing provide data and methodological support for resource and environmental science research.They play essential roles in promoting the development of resource and environmental science and other related technologies.This paper provides forecasts of ten future directions for GIScience and eight future directions for remote sensing,which aim to solve issues related to natural resources and the environment.

The measure and characteristics of spatial-temporal evolution of China＇s science and technology resource allocation efficiency

According to the connotation and structure of science and technology resources and some relevant data of more than 286 cities at prefecture level and above during 2001-2010, using modified method--Data Envelopment Analysis （DEA）, science and tech- nology （S＆T） resource allocation efficiency of different cities in different periods has been figured out, which, uncovers the distributional difference and change law of S＆T resource allocation efficiency from the time-space dimension. Based on that, this paper has analyzed and discussed the spatial distribution pattern and evolution trend of S＆T resource allocation efficiency in different cities by virtue of the Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis （ESDA）. It turned out that： （1） the average of S＆T resource allocation efficiency in cities at prefecture level and above has always stayed at low levels, moreover, with repeated fluctuations between high and low, which shows a decreasing trend year by year. Besides, the gap between the East and the West is widening. （2） The asymmetrical distribution of S＆T resource allocation effi- ciency presents a spatial pattern of successively decreasing from Eastern China, Central China to Western China. The cities whose S＆T resource allocation efficiency are at higher level and high level take on a cluster distribution, which fits well with the 23 forming urban agglomerations in China. （3） The coupling degree between S＆T resource allocation efficiency and economic environment assumes a certain positive correlation, but not completely the same. The differentiation of S＆T resource allocation efficiency is common in regional devel- opment, whose existence and evolution are directly or indirectly influenced by and regarded as the reflection of many elements, such as geographical location, the natural endowment and environment of S＆T resources and so on. （4） In the perspective of the evolution of spatial structure, S＆T resource allocation efficiency of the cities at prefecture level and above shows a notable spatial autocorrelation, which in every period presents a positive correlation. The spatial distribution of S＆T resource allocation efficiency in neighboring cities seems to be similar in group, which tends to escalate stepwise. Meanwhile, the whole differentiation of geographical space has a diminishing tendency. （5） Viewed from LISA agglomeration map of S＆T resource allocation efficiency in different periods, four agglomeration types have changed differently in spatial location and the range of spatial agglomeration. And the conti- nuity of S＆T resource allocation efficiency in geographical space is gradually increasing.

Boosting China's National Strength in Strategic Science and Technology by Taking Advantage of the New System for Mobilizing Resources Nationwide

To take advantage of the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide to boost China's national strength in strategic science and technology,it is essential to strengthen the leadership by the Communist Party of China(CPC)and to guide the development of China's strength in strategic science and technology in line with the Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.For this purpose,high-level platforms for innovation should be built quickly,and refined through the introduction of major national projects.Furthermore,institutional frameworkssshould be continuously innovated,while open and inclusive development should be continued.

多用户OFDM系统中一种次最优多址接入方案

给出了带自适应资源分配的多用户OFDM系统的数学模型,指出理论上的最优接入算法是不可实现的.提出了一种易于实现的次最优多址接入方案,它以瞬时信道特性为基础,通过不断寻找局部最优以期达到或接近全局最优.仿真实验表明,使用这种次优多址接入方案的多用户OFDM系统的性能明显优于使用各种静态多址接入方案的系统.

低复杂度的OFDMA系统调度与资源分配算法

针对多用户多业务OFDMA系统存在的缺陷与不足,提出了一种低复杂度的分组调度与资源分配算法.该算法考虑队列状态、QoS要求、信道情况和业务优先级等信息,分别定义了实时轮询服务、非实时轮询服务和尽力而为服务的效用函数,算法在满足各种业务延时、传输速率和丢包率约束条件下,通过最大化非实时业务总吞吐量实现调度和资源分配.仿真结果表明,与已有算法相比,该算法在非实时业务总吞吐量下降不大的情况下,在性能和复杂度之间取得了较好的折中.

比例速率约束下基于遗传策略的多用户OFDM系统资源自适应分配算法

基于遗传策略提出了载波和功率自适应分配算法,它在最大化多用户OFDM系统下行链路总容量的同时维持用户之间的比例公平性,是一种将子载波分配和功率分配独立开的低复杂度次优算法。当总功率在载波间均等分布时,首先进行子载波的分配。随后引入遗传算法通过全局搜索实现用户间的功率分配,以满足比例公平性要求。功率分配结束后,针对每一个用户使用等功率分配方式实现容量分配并实现总功率的最大化。仿真结果表明,所提出的资源分配算法平衡了总容量和公平性之间的折中问题。与最小容量最大化算法相比,满足了用户之间不同的速率要求。相对于总容量最大化算法,容量在用户之间分布更公平。

OFDM系统子载波与数据包长度联合分配算法

为了最大化正交频分复用(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,OFDM)无线通信系统中非实时业务的有效吞吐量,提出了一种子载波与数据包长度的联合分配(joint sub-carrier and packet size allocation,JSPSA)策略。该策略较以往的子载波分配或数据包长度优化策略,有更大的优化自由度。基于JSPSA策略,详细分析平坦衰落信道下联合分配算法有效吞吐量函数的单调特征,证明该函数为单峰函数。利用频率选择性信道与平坦衰落信道下有效吞吐量函数单调性特征的相似性,通过引入一种新的等效信道增益,提出了一种频率选择性信道下的JSPSA算法。仿真结果表明,该算法的有效吞吐量接近于JSPSA策略下最优的枚举法,与已有的贪婪比特分配、等误比特率功率分配(greedy algorithm bit allocation/equal bit error ratio power allocation,GABA_EBPA)算法相当,而复杂度却大幅度降低,在复杂度和性能之间取得了较好的折中。

Can the low-carbon city pilot policy promote the upgrading of high-carbon emitting enterprises? Evidence from China

As a crucial environmental reform system to realize“carbon peaking”and“carbon neutrality”,the pilot policy of low-carbon cities(LCCs)puts pressure and challenges on high-carbon emitting enterprises(HCEEs)while providing opportunities for these firms to take the path of independent transformation.Employing the data of Chinese listed enterprises from 2006 to 2016 and adopting a difference-in-differences(DID)model,we evaluated the impact of LCC construction on the upgrading of HCEEs and its mechanisms.The results indicate that LCC construction enhances the upgrading of HCEEs in the pilot cities.The conclusions remain stable after a series of robustness tests.The mechanism analysis reveals that LCC construction triggers the upgrading of HCEEs by promoting resource allocation efficiency,R&D investment,and green technology innovation.The heterogeneity results indicate that this positive effect is more pronounced for HCEEs in regions with more stringent environmental law enforcement.This study also observes that the upgrading impact is more promi‐nent for state-owned enterprises,enterprises with higher bargaining power,and enterprises whose managers have a long-term vision.The above results provide directions for upgrading HCEEs and replicable evidence for cities in developing economies to fulfill the win-win target of environmental protection and economic transfor‐mation.

低复杂度的OFDM系统有效吞吐量最大化算法

针对OFDM系统有效吞吐量最大化问题,提出了一种低复杂度的资源分配算法LCGM.该算法的子载波采用统一的编码调制方式,以等误比特率的方式分配功率,并在此条件下将有效吞吐量最大化问题进行简化.利用有效吞吐量函数在平坦衰落信道和频率选择性衰落信道下为单峰函数这一特点,通过引入一种新的等效信道增益,采用二分法确定数据占用的子载波集合.仿真结果表明,LCGM算法以较低的复杂度获得了与高复杂度算法相当的有效吞吐量,在性能和复杂度之间取得了较好的折中.

OFDMA中继系统中基于QoS保证的资源分配算法

研究了OFDMA中继下行链路通信系统中的动态资源分配问题,提出了一种可以保证用户最低QoS需求的资源分配算法.首先在简化资源优化问题的过程中,采用等功率分配方法以降低算法复杂度,然后通过拉格朗日松弛优化方法推导出了子载波分配和中继选择最优解,并在此基础上引入用户速率权衡因子,根据速率权衡因子越大的用户,越具有选择子载波和中继的优先权这一准则进行子载波分配和中继选择.仿真结果表明:新算法能够获得较高的系统容量,同时也能很好地保证不同用户的最低速率需求.

电力线通信宽带OFDM调制自适应分配仿真

电力系统通信的不间断性和运行状态突变性等特点,导致电力线信道易受到多径、衰减、时变和频选的影响,资源出现分配失衡问题。为此,提出宽带OFDM电力线通信资源自适应分配方法。通过宽带OFDM调制和解调,建模分析电力线通信频带特性。基于此构建通信资源自适应分配模型,并采用遗传算法对该模型优化,实现宽带OFDM电力线通信资源自适应分配。为证明提出方法的有效性,设计实验验证其性能。结果表明,研究方法的分配比特数高于400bit,上述方法的应用下电力系统容量也更高,通信资源数据分配耗时平均值为13.80ms,以上数据充分说明所提方法的实用性更强。

Natural Resource and Energy:Towards Sustainable Use and Development

The paper articulates the role of energy sector and its impact on the natural resources and biodiversity, focusing on traditional energy consumption in rural areas;renewable energy technology,gender dimension on rural energy,the energy sector in its geo-political, social and economic settings as well as technology policy on integrating energy planning.It advocates how sub-Saharan Africans are

新世纪以来我国铀矿地质科技创新重要进展及展望

新世纪以来,我国铀矿地质勘查领域重大理论和技术创新成果,极大地改变了我国砂岩型、热液型铀矿的找矿思路、找矿方向,引领、支撑了系列找矿重大突破,重塑了铀矿勘查新格局。文章首先分析了我国20余年来铀矿地质科研布局的总体思路与演进方向;然后总结了铀矿重大基础地质与成矿理论研究进展,系统凝练了地质、物化探、遥感、钻探工艺、分析测试等领域的技术创新及核心勘查装备研制成果,梳理了铀资源预测评价技术研究进展及应用成效;最后,在重大基础前沿和成矿理论、先进铀矿勘查技术研发、非常规核能裂变资源勘查技术研究、数字铀矿勘查技术开发等方面提出了未来10~15年主要发展趋势和方向,指出在“双碳”目标和核能大发展对铀资源保障需求背景下,必须继续坚持并加强铀矿地质科技创新,高质量引领和推动“新区、新层位、新类型、新深度”找矿突破。

Randomized MILP framework for Securing Virtual Machines from Malware Attacks

Cloud computing involves remote server deployments with public net-work infrastructures that allow clients to access computational resources.Virtual Machines(VMs)are supplied on requests and launched without interactions from service providers.Intruders can target these servers and establish malicious con-nections on VMs for carrying out attacks on other clustered VMs.The existing system has issues with execution time and false-positive rates.Hence,the overall system performance is degraded considerably.The proposed approach is designed to eliminate Cross-VM side attacks and VM escape and hide the server’s position so that the opponent cannot track the target server beyond a certain point.Every request is passed from source to destination via one broadcast domain to confuse the opponent and avoid them from tracking the server’s position.Allocation of SECURITY Resources accepts a safety game in a simple format as input andfinds the best coverage vector for the opponent using a Stackelberg Equilibrium(SSE)technique.A Mixed Integer Linear Programming(MILP)framework is used in the algorithm.The VM challenge is reduced by afirewall-based controlling mechanism combining behavior-based detection and signature-based virus detection.The pro-posed method is focused on detecting malware attacks effectively and providing better security for the VMs.Finally,the experimental results indicate that the pro-posed security method is efficient.It consumes minimum execution time,better false positive rate,accuracy,and memory usage than the conventional approach.

科技自立自强背景下的新型举国体制:基本内涵、适用范围与构建思路

进入新发展阶段,实现高水平科技自立自强成为中国统筹发展与安全的战略支撑和必然要求。其中,构建和完善关键核心技术攻关新型举国体制是实现科技自立自强的关键举措。本文认为,科技自立自强背景下进一步健全新型举国体制需要把握以下重点:在基本内涵上,理解新型举国体制的关键是同时抓住“举国”这个原内核和“新型”这个新内核,正确认识两个内核的关系;在适用范围上,运用新型举国体制的前提是提出需求明确、仅靠市场竞争难以突破的战略科技任务,并注意适用范围的动态演化性;在构建思路上,要围绕充分发挥国家作为重大科技创新组织者的作用,以系统化思维推进相关改革,强化中央层面的决策指挥体系,完善技术攻关组织管理体系,建立适配新型举国体制的政策体系;在推进实施上,应根据事项轻重缓急和难易程度等因素,确定当前重点。

论中国式现代化进程中教育、科技、人才一体化建设

教育、科技、人才是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的基础性、战略性支撑,坚持三者一体化建设、一体化推进,是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的必然要求,是开辟发展新领域新赛道、塑造发展新动能新优势、推动经济社会高质量发展的解码密钥。教育、科技、人才均为强国建设之基石,三者统一于推进和拓展中国式现代化的伟大实践,整体服务于社会主义现代化国家建设。科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、创新驱动发展战略要实现有效联动,坚持一体推进教育发展、科技创新、人才培养,一体设计原始创新、集成创新、开放创新,一体部署创新链、产业链、资金链、人才链。教育强国、科技强国、人才强国是全面建成社会主义现代化强国的题中应有之义,要加强党的全面领导,努力实现各方面政策举措的贯通融通。