The River Nyong is situated in Akonolinga (central-south of Cameroon). In order to search for raw materials in ceramic use, samples of alluvium obtained from the deposits in the Nyong River clays have been studied. Th...The River Nyong is situated in Akonolinga (central-south of Cameroon). In order to search for raw materials in ceramic use, samples of alluvium obtained from the deposits in the Nyong River clays have been studied. The results obtained show that, the samples contain important quantity of organic matter and the soil is acidic .These two parameters are necessary to understand the origin of the characteristic color of alluvium and water of the River Nyong.展开更多
In an area of about 305 km2, Seventeen stream sediment samples were taken from alluvium on the banks and floodplain of the Lokoundjé River and its tributaries. Sand samples after being dried in an oven, are subje...In an area of about 305 km2, Seventeen stream sediment samples were taken from alluvium on the banks and floodplain of the Lokoundjé River and its tributaries. Sand samples after being dried in an oven, are subjected to sedimentological analyses in laboratory. Amongst the analysis carried out;the particle size analysis helped to establish a precise textural description of the sediment and to understand the active mechanisms which occur during transport and particle deposition. The morphoscopy of quartz grains consists in determining the mode and duration of transport of the grains, thus allowing reconstructing the geological history of the latter. Heavy minerals are suitable to know the nature of the rock in which they come from and equal to specify their distributing province. The morphometry of pebble makes contributes for a better understanding to apprehension of the agents responsible for the transport of these materials. It appears that the alluvium of the Lokoundjé and its Bipindi tributaries are very fine to coarse. They are well segregated, classified, and homometric. It is the result of the actions of a hydrodynamic turbulent which is sometimes abrupt. From a morphoscopic point of view, using a binocular microscope, grains mainly belong to three categories based on their surface appearance: Grain unworn, the sub-dull and dull shiny. From the morphometric point of view, there is evidence of flattening and dissymmetry of pebbles which are slightly worn to form sub-spherical shapes. With regard to the study of heavy minerals, it has identified two mineralogical processions, which include a metamorphic process with the presence of Sillimanite and Andalusite. In addition, there is the presence of minerals such as green’s Hornblende, Tourmaline, and reflecting magmatic distribution. However, there are specific minerals such as zircon, which can be economically viable where the contents sometimes exceed 10 kg/m3. In the same vein, it has been noted the presence of gems like Topaze and Monazite which are real precursor auriferous accumulation.展开更多
An alluvium with a sandy aquifer at the bottom,but lacking an effective impermeable layer between the sandy aquifer and bedrock is referred to as a special alluvial stratum.Impacted by the drainage of the aquifer due ...An alluvium with a sandy aquifer at the bottom,but lacking an effective impermeable layer between the sandy aquifer and bedrock is referred to as a special alluvial stratum.Impacted by the drainage of the aquifer due to mining activities,a shaft wall in this special alluvial stratum will be subject to a downward load by an additional vertical force which must be taken into consideration in the design of the shaft wall.The complexity of interaction between shaft wall and the surrounding walls makes it extremely difficult to determine this additional vertical force.For a particular shaft wall in an extra-thick alluvium and assuming that the friction coefficient between shaft wall and stratum does not change with depth,an analysis of a numerical simulation of the stress within the shaft wall has been carried out.Growth and size of the additional vertical stress have been obtained,based on specific values of the friction coefficient,the modulus of elasticity of the drainage layer and the thickness of the drainage layer.Subsequently, the safety of shaft walls with different structural types was studied and a more suitable structural design,providing an important basis for the design of shaft walls,is promoted.展开更多
Patterns of ground movement and pore water pressure variation are obtained through a case study using a finite element method. With the progress of excavation, ground subsidence, ground inclination and horizontal disp...Patterns of ground movement and pore water pressure variation are obtained through a case study using a finite element method. With the progress of excavation, ground subsidence, ground inclination and horizontal displacement accelerates. Along the striking direction, a subsidence basin is formed on the ground surface induced by underground mining. The maximum subsidence is around 5.41m. The ratio of ground subsidence to the thickness of the coal seam is 1.08. The maximum inclination is 11.5 mm/m. The maximum horizontal displacement is 2.15 mm/m. At the time the coal has been excavated, the maximum pore water pressure reaches 25 kPa. In order to improve protection of structures lo- cated over the area with underground mining, the variation of additional stresses of a railway bridge induced by ground surface deformation is analyzed. The main effect of underground mining on the railway bridge is the tensile stress and the maximum value reaches as high as 4.29 MPa, which is greater than the concrete tensile strength.展开更多
Exact calculations of the static earth pressure from a thick alluvium require accurate K0 values. These calculations influence the sinking cost and the safety of the freezing method. The static earth pressure coeffici...Exact calculations of the static earth pressure from a thick alluvium require accurate K0 values. These calculations influence the sinking cost and the safety of the freezing method. The static earth pressure coefficient (K0) of thick and deep soil was analyzed using laboratory tests. The results show that the static earth pressure coefficient of thick and deep soils is nonlinear and different from that of superficial soils. The constant of superficial soils is usually invariant and the total stress or incremental stress definitions used in traditional geo-mechanics give the same value. The influence of load increments when calculating for superficial soil is ignored. The difference in values of K0 for thick alluvium defined by the total stress or the incremental stress methods is over 10%. The effects of the thick alluvium on K0 should be considered during the design of frozen shaft projects. Such things as the frozen shaft thickness and the excavated section height should be chosen to assure the rationality of the design and to avoid potential faults and accidents.展开更多
With the discrete element method, the simulation and analysis of a series of numerical models were made. This research revealed ground movement laws for strip mining under thick alluvium and gave calculation formulae ...With the discrete element method, the simulation and analysis of a series of numerical models were made. This research revealed ground movement laws for strip mining under thick alluvium and gave calculation formulae for the maximum ground subsidence and horizontal movement as a function of basement rock thickness and mining width, thus providing sound evidence for future strip mining under thick alluvium.展开更多
为研究冲积土中地下爆炸自由场应力波的传播特性,利用中心起爆的10 kg TNT和30 kg TNT炸药球,开展了3发不同埋深的地下封闭填实爆炸试验,获得了该场地自由场加速度、速度及位移等冲击参数。通过对实测数据的分析得出,不同当量的地下封...为研究冲积土中地下爆炸自由场应力波的传播特性,利用中心起爆的10 kg TNT和30 kg TNT炸药球,开展了3发不同埋深的地下封闭填实爆炸试验,获得了该场地自由场加速度、速度及位移等冲击参数。通过对实测数据的分析得出,不同当量的地下封闭填实爆炸激发的粒子比加速度、粒子速度及粒子比位移符合爆炸相似率,实测加速度、速度及位移参数的峰值约为经验拟合公式的0.4~1.6倍;不同当量爆炸实验获得的粒子速度上升时间不符合爆炸相似率,上升时间与粒子速度峰值和当量均有一定相关性,上升时间和速度峰值之间的关系不能视为材料自身属性;当爆炸当量为基准实验当量的0.3~3.4倍时,可用基准实验测定的上升时间和速度峰值之间的关系来预测评估其他当量爆炸的实验结果,超出上述范围时,预测的结果可能会造成较大偏差。展开更多
文摘The River Nyong is situated in Akonolinga (central-south of Cameroon). In order to search for raw materials in ceramic use, samples of alluvium obtained from the deposits in the Nyong River clays have been studied. The results obtained show that, the samples contain important quantity of organic matter and the soil is acidic .These two parameters are necessary to understand the origin of the characteristic color of alluvium and water of the River Nyong.
文摘In an area of about 305 km2, Seventeen stream sediment samples were taken from alluvium on the banks and floodplain of the Lokoundjé River and its tributaries. Sand samples after being dried in an oven, are subjected to sedimentological analyses in laboratory. Amongst the analysis carried out;the particle size analysis helped to establish a precise textural description of the sediment and to understand the active mechanisms which occur during transport and particle deposition. The morphoscopy of quartz grains consists in determining the mode and duration of transport of the grains, thus allowing reconstructing the geological history of the latter. Heavy minerals are suitable to know the nature of the rock in which they come from and equal to specify their distributing province. The morphometry of pebble makes contributes for a better understanding to apprehension of the agents responsible for the transport of these materials. It appears that the alluvium of the Lokoundjé and its Bipindi tributaries are very fine to coarse. They are well segregated, classified, and homometric. It is the result of the actions of a hydrodynamic turbulent which is sometimes abrupt. From a morphoscopic point of view, using a binocular microscope, grains mainly belong to three categories based on their surface appearance: Grain unworn, the sub-dull and dull shiny. From the morphometric point of view, there is evidence of flattening and dissymmetry of pebbles which are slightly worn to form sub-spherical shapes. With regard to the study of heavy minerals, it has identified two mineralogical processions, which include a metamorphic process with the presence of Sillimanite and Andalusite. In addition, there is the presence of minerals such as green’s Hornblende, Tourmaline, and reflecting magmatic distribution. However, there are specific minerals such as zircon, which can be economically viable where the contents sometimes exceed 10 kg/m3. In the same vein, it has been noted the presence of gems like Topaze and Monazite which are real precursor auriferous accumulation.
文摘An alluvium with a sandy aquifer at the bottom,but lacking an effective impermeable layer between the sandy aquifer and bedrock is referred to as a special alluvial stratum.Impacted by the drainage of the aquifer due to mining activities,a shaft wall in this special alluvial stratum will be subject to a downward load by an additional vertical force which must be taken into consideration in the design of the shaft wall.The complexity of interaction between shaft wall and the surrounding walls makes it extremely difficult to determine this additional vertical force.For a particular shaft wall in an extra-thick alluvium and assuming that the friction coefficient between shaft wall and stratum does not change with depth,an analysis of a numerical simulation of the stress within the shaft wall has been carried out.Growth and size of the additional vertical stress have been obtained,based on specific values of the friction coefficient,the modulus of elasticity of the drainage layer and the thickness of the drainage layer.Subsequently, the safety of shaft walls with different structural types was studied and a more suitable structural design,providing an important basis for the design of shaft walls,is promoted.
基金Project 50574088 supported by the Nation Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Patterns of ground movement and pore water pressure variation are obtained through a case study using a finite element method. With the progress of excavation, ground subsidence, ground inclination and horizontal displacement accelerates. Along the striking direction, a subsidence basin is formed on the ground surface induced by underground mining. The maximum subsidence is around 5.41m. The ratio of ground subsidence to the thickness of the coal seam is 1.08. The maximum inclination is 11.5 mm/m. The maximum horizontal displacement is 2.15 mm/m. At the time the coal has been excavated, the maximum pore water pressure reaches 25 kPa. In order to improve protection of structures lo- cated over the area with underground mining, the variation of additional stresses of a railway bridge induced by ground surface deformation is analyzed. The main effect of underground mining on the railway bridge is the tensile stress and the maximum value reaches as high as 4.29 MPa, which is greater than the concrete tensile strength.
基金Project BK2007040 supported by the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu, China
文摘Exact calculations of the static earth pressure from a thick alluvium require accurate K0 values. These calculations influence the sinking cost and the safety of the freezing method. The static earth pressure coefficient (K0) of thick and deep soil was analyzed using laboratory tests. The results show that the static earth pressure coefficient of thick and deep soils is nonlinear and different from that of superficial soils. The constant of superficial soils is usually invariant and the total stress or incremental stress definitions used in traditional geo-mechanics give the same value. The influence of load increments when calculating for superficial soil is ignored. The difference in values of K0 for thick alluvium defined by the total stress or the incremental stress methods is over 10%. The effects of the thick alluvium on K0 should be considered during the design of frozen shaft projects. Such things as the frozen shaft thickness and the excavated section height should be chosen to assure the rationality of the design and to avoid potential faults and accidents.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (5 98740 2 9) and F oundation of University Key Teacher by the Min-istry of Education
文摘With the discrete element method, the simulation and analysis of a series of numerical models were made. This research revealed ground movement laws for strip mining under thick alluvium and gave calculation formulae for the maximum ground subsidence and horizontal movement as a function of basement rock thickness and mining width, thus providing sound evidence for future strip mining under thick alluvium.
文摘为研究冲积土中地下爆炸自由场应力波的传播特性,利用中心起爆的10 kg TNT和30 kg TNT炸药球,开展了3发不同埋深的地下封闭填实爆炸试验,获得了该场地自由场加速度、速度及位移等冲击参数。通过对实测数据的分析得出,不同当量的地下封闭填实爆炸激发的粒子比加速度、粒子速度及粒子比位移符合爆炸相似率,实测加速度、速度及位移参数的峰值约为经验拟合公式的0.4~1.6倍;不同当量爆炸实验获得的粒子速度上升时间不符合爆炸相似率,上升时间与粒子速度峰值和当量均有一定相关性,上升时间和速度峰值之间的关系不能视为材料自身属性;当爆炸当量为基准实验当量的0.3~3.4倍时,可用基准实验测定的上升时间和速度峰值之间的关系来预测评估其他当量爆炸的实验结果,超出上述范围时,预测的结果可能会造成较大偏差。
