Subsurface multi-physical characterization of mountain excavation and city construction in loess plateau with a fiber-optic sensing system

Mountain excavation and city construction(MECC)projects being launched in the Loess Plateau in China involve the creation of large-scale artificial land.Understanding the subsurface evolution characteristics of the artificial land is essential,yet challenging.Here,we use an improved fiber-optic monitoring system for its subsurface multi-physical characterization.The system enables us to gather spatiotemporal distribution of various parameters,including strata deformation,temperature,and moisture.Yan’an New District was selected as a case study to conduct refined in-situ monitoring through a 77 m-deep borehole and a 30 m-long trench.Findings reveal that the ground settlement involves both the deformation of the filling loess and the underlying intact loess.Notably,the filling loess exhibits a stronger creep capability compared to underlying intact loess.The deformation along the profile is unevenly distributed,with a positive correlation with soil moisture.Water accumulation has been observed at the interface between the filling loess and the underlying intact loess,leading to a significant deformation.Moreover,the temperature and moisture in the filling loess have reached a new equilibrium state,with their depths influenced by atmospheric conditions measuring at 31 m and 26 m,respectively.The refined investigation allows us to identify critical layers that matter the sustainable development of newly created urban areas,and provide improved insights into the evolution mechanisms of land creation.

The Loess in the Qinling Mountains and Its Records of Palaeoenvironmental Changes

: The Fengzhou loess section is very typical in the Qinling Mountains. The section, which is about 82 m thick and underlain by Neogene red clays, consists of 33 layers of loess and 33 layers of palaeosol. It covers the Brunhes normal polarity zone and Matuyama reversed polarity zone, and the B / M boundary is located in the middle part of loess layer 8 (L8). The loess of the Matuyama reversed polarity zone records the Jaramillo, Olduvai and Reunion normal polarity subchrons. The boundary between the Matuyama reversed polarity zone and Gauss normal polarity zone (M / Ga) appears on the lithological boundary between loess and Neogene red clays. Loess accumulation in the Fengzhou section started before 2.48 Ma B.P. Based on the stratigraphical structure, the material composition and magnetic susceptibility curve of the Fengzhou loess section, the palaeoclimatic changes during the last 2.48 Ma in the Qinling Mountains are subdivided into 66 cold-dry and warm-humid stages, equivalent to 33 climatic cycles. The above climatic fluctuations agree very well with those of the oxygen isotopic records from deep—sea deposits.

Spatial-temporal Pattern and Population Driving Force of Land Use Change in Liupan Mountains Region, Southern Ningxia, China

The Liupan Mountains is located in the southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China, which forms an important dividing line between landforms and bio-geographic regions. The populated part of the Liupan Mountains region has suffered tremendous ecological damages over time due to population pressure, excessive demand and inappropriate use of agricultural land resources. In this paper, datasets of land use between 1990 and 2000 were obtained from Landsat TM imagery, and then spatial models were used to characterize landscape conditions. Also, the relationship between the population density and land use/cover change (LUCC) was analyzed. Results indicate that cropland, forestland, and urban areas have increased by 44,186ha, 9001ha and 1550ha, respectively while the grassland area has appreciably decreased by 54,025ha in the study period. The decrease in grassland was most notable. Of the grassland lost, 49.4% was converted into cropland. The largest annual land conversion rate in the study area was less than 2%. These changes are attributed to industrial and agricultural development and population growth. To improve the eco-economic conditions in the study region, population control, urbanization and development of an ecological friendly agriculture were suggested.

A data processing method for MAPR hydrothermal plume turbidity data and its application in the Precious Stone Mountain hydrothermal field

Hydrothermal plume is an important constituent of seabed hydrothermal circulation and is also one of the characteristics of active hydrothermal vents. Portable Miniature Autonomous Plume Recorders （MAPR） attached to a towed deep-sea instrument was used to search for hydrothermal plumes and hydrothermal vents. We introduced the basic principle of MAPR based on deep towing technology to detect plumes, then analyzed the factors affecting the quality of the MAPR data and presented a data correction method for MAPR, including instrument location correction, noise reduction processing, system error elimination and seawater background reduction. Finally we applied the method to analyze MAPR data obtained during the Chinese DY115-21 cruise on R/VDayang Iin the “Precious Stone Mountain” hydrothermal field on the Gala-pagos Microplate. The results provided a better understanding of the distribution of the hydrothermal activ-ity in this field, indicating the presence of a new hydrothermal vent.

Ethnocultural heritage of the North-Eastern Caucasus as a factor of eco-tourism development

The North-East Caucasus is a multi-ethnic mountain macroregion with a rich cultural heritage,insufficiently studied in the context of the ecotourism development.To fill this gap and identify promising directions of environmentally safe forms of tourism,the author used in-depth review of modern literature to investigate the features of ecological tourism and the problems of preserving ethno-cultural heritage,and used historical and comparative-geographical methods to analyze the development of the tangible and intangible cultural heritage of the indigenous peoples of the North-Eastern Caucasus in different historical periods and to identify the geographical peculiarities of the distribution of historical and cultural monuments(tower buildings),pilgrimage sites and centers of traditional crafts and trades.As part of the planned expeditions,the author personally visited some historical monuments and handicraft centers for a deeper study of ethno-cultural heritage.The cartographic method made it possible to visualize the results.The results of the research show that the ethnocultural heritage of the North-East Caucasus is formed by material(historical and cultural monuments)and immaterial elements of culture(language,customs,traditions,ethnic identification)of those peoples,who live here.The ethnocultural heritage is considered as the most important factor in the development of the tourism industry.It is revealed that this region has a large potential for development in various areas of eco-tourism.The highest concentration of religious buildings focused in mountainous areas.Medieval tower structures were erected in mountainous and high-altitude areas.From ancient times to the present day there have been preserved various types of crafts and trades(pottery,metalworking,burka making,jewelry making,carpet weaving,gold embroidery,wood and stone carving,etc.),which can become objects of ecotourism.The ethnocultural heritage of the North-East Caucasus needs to be preserved and protected.To solve this problem,the author recommends to focus on a balanced combination of traditions and innovations in this industry,also considering the current state and development of the tourism industry in the country and in the world.The research highlights that the development of scientific approaches to plan and manage tourism development can contribute to the preservation of tangible and intangible cultural heritage of indigenous peoples.This is a complex and labour-intensive task,but its solution will have a multiplier effect in the social sphere,in economic development and in environmental security,which is in line with the principles and concept of sustainable development.

THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND RENOVATING PLAN OF THE LOESS PLATEAU AND LIUPANSHAN MOUNTAINOUS AREA IN NINGXIA

1. The environmental quality of the Loess Plateau and Liupanshan mountainous area in Ningxia The landuse structure in the studied region was very irrational in 1970s, the propor-tions covered by farming, forestry and animal husbandry are separately 50.91%, 6.32% and33.3%. Since 1980s, the farmland has been returned back to forestry and pasture so that

Late Cenozoic uplift of the Liupan Mountains:Evidence from the Neogene loess deposits

The Liupan Mountains,one of the important mountain ranges in western China,are located on the boundary between the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and the Ordos Block.The uplift history of the Liupan Mountains remains controversial.Loess deposits are good tracers of regional tectonic and geomorphic changes,because loess is sensitive to erosion and the formation and preservation of loess requires relatively flat highlands and relatively stable tectonic environments.We investigated the distribution of Neogene loess deposits on the western piedmont of the Liupan Mountains and examined a near-continuous loess section(Nanping section)on the piedmont alluvial highlands.Correlation of magnetic susceptibility stratigraphy with the QA-ⅠMiocene loess sequence dates this 56-m section covering the interval from~8.1 to 6.2 Ma.The lower boundary age of this section,together with previously reported Zhuanglang red clay(sand-gravel layers with intercalated loess during~9–8 Ma and near-continuous loess during~8–4.8 Ma)and Chaona red clay(~8.1–2.58 Ma),indicates that the Liupan Mountains were uplifted in the late Miocene(~9–8 Ma)and basically formed by~8 Ma,attesting to no intense mountain building since that time.In addition,based on the information from the Zhuanglang core and the QA-Ⅰsection,we infer that sizable parts of the Liupan Mountains were uplifted during the late Oligocene–early Miocene and did not experience intense uplift during~22–9 Ma.

Magnetic property of loess strata recorded by Kansu profile in Tianshan Mountains

Kansu （KS） profile is located in the east of Yili basin, western Xinjiang, where typical loess sediments are distributed. The magnetic parameters （such as IRM, SIRM SOFT, and M） and grain size in the KS profile were analyzed in the study. The results showed that the magnetic property of KS loess is dominated by ferrimagnetic minerals, such as magnetite and maghemite. Antiferromagnetic and superparamagnetic minerals also exist in the profile, but had less impact on magnetic susceptibility. Compared with the typical loess sediments of the central Loess Plateau in China, the strata of Kansu profile contained more magnetic minerals and hard magnetic minerals. The analysis of grain size for magnetic minerals indicated that the properties of loess and paleosol were respectively dominated by PSD/MD and coarse SSD magnetite. The research found that the contents of magnetic minerals in loess and paleosol sequences in Kansu profile were similar, but the proportion of fine grained magnetite and soft magnetic minerals were varying, which implies a positive relationship between the value of magnetic susceptibility and intensity of pedogenesis.

Characteristics of rock fragments in different forest stony soil and its relationship with macropore characteristics in mountain area, northern China

Rock fragments have major effect on soil macropores and water movement. However, the characteristics of rock fragments and their relationship with macropore characteristics remain elusive in forest stony soils in northern mountainous area of China. The objectives of this study are to(1) use Industrial Computed Tomography(CT) scanning to quantitatively analyze rock fragment characteristics in intact soil columns in different forest lands and(2) identify the relationship between characteristics of rock fragments and that of the macropores. Intact soil columns that were 100 mm in diameter and 300 mm long were randomly taken from six local forest stony soils in Wuzuolou Forest Station in Miyun, Beijing. Industrial CT was used to scan all soil column samples, and then the scanned images were utilized to obtain the three-dimensional(3 D) images of rock fragments and macropore structures. Next, theparameters of the rock fragments and macropore structure were measured, including the volume, diameter, surface area, and number of rock fragments, as well as the volume, diameter, surface area, length, angle, tortuosity and number of macropores. The results showed that no significant difference was found in soil rock fragments content in the 10-30 cm layer between mixed forest and pure forest, but in the 0-10 cm soil layer, the rock fragments in mixed forest were significantly less than in pure forest. The number density of macropores has significant negative correlation with the number of rock fragments in the 0-10 cm soil layer, whereas this correlation is not significant in 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil layers. The volume density of macropore was not correlated with the volume density of rock fragments, and there is no correlation between the density of macropore surface area and the density of rock fragment surface area. Industrial CT scanning combined with image processing technology canprovide a better way to explore 3 D distribution of rock fragments in soil. The content of rock fragments in soil is mainly determined by parent rocks. The surface soil(0-10 cm) of forest contains fewer rock fragments and more macropores, which may be caused by bioturbation, root systems, gravitational settling and faunal undermining.

Using computational fluid dynamic simulation with Flow-3D to reveal the origin of the mushroom stone in the Xiqiao Mountain of Guangdong, China

Mushroom shaped rocks are not uncommon in nature, but their origin is often misunderstood because they can be formed by different natural forces. A huge mushroom stone in a stream valley of the Xiqiao Mountain of Guangdong,China is widely believed to be formed through the way of stream water erosion. However, the result of the simulation performed with Flow-3 D in this study indicates that the mushroom shape of the rock could not have been sculpted by the flowing water erosion because the simulation result contradicts that of the field investigations:(1) the sediment brought by upstream flowing water tends to be deposited on the leeward side of the flowing water preventing the rock on this side form being eroded, but the narrowest part of the rock bottom is exactly located on this side of the rock and(2) the stream flow should erode the bed sediment and produce high abrasion on the rock surface on the upstream and lateral sides of the rock,respectively, but no abrasion marks are found on the same sides of the rock. Subsequent geological analyses in this study provide evidence that the narrow bottom of the mushroom stone was resulted from chemical and physical weathering happening within the sediment that used to deposit on the lee side of the stone.

佛教中国化视域下大足宝顶山石刻大小佛湾密教造像研究

重庆大足石刻宝顶石窟大佛湾第21、22号龛与小佛湾第9号窟之密教造像别具特色,是佛教传入巴蜀地区后与当地的民间信仰相互糅合的产物,大佛湾第22号龛应是将瑜伽密教金刚界曼荼罗部分神祇和宋代流行于巴蜀地区突出秽迹金刚法的瑜伽教相结合,大佛湾第21号龛与小佛湾第9号窟都与密教金刚界曼荼罗有密切关联,小佛湾第9号窟是南宋时期密教高僧赵智凤用来修习瑜伽密法的观想窟,其窟内外造像除与金刚界大曼荼罗高度相似外,又融合“柳本尊十炼”等诸尊像,是巴蜀地区佛教中国化的典型案例,在佛教中国化的演进中具有重要意义。

近30年来黄土高原山洪灾害风险时空变化及成因

[目的]揭示近30年黄土高原山洪灾害风险时空演变特征及其影响机制,为黄土高原山洪灾害宏观防控策略制定提供科学依据。[方法]基于降雨、植被覆盖、人口密度等数据建立山洪灾害风险评估体系,集成GIS和层次分析法(AHP)等方法,在绘制各驱动因子风险分布图的基础上,综合评估了黄土高原1990年和2020年的山洪灾害风险。[结果](1)黄土高原山洪灾害高风险区主要集中在东部、南部和东南部地区,这些区域具有降雨强度大、人口密集、经济发达、耕地面积大等特点。(2)1990—2020年期间,黄土高原总体山洪灾害风险增加,表现为风险高的区域在原来的基础上向其四周拓展,其中山西省东南部、青海省西北部、内蒙古东北部最为明显。[结论]近30年来,增加的降雨强度、人口密度和GDP是山洪灾害风险增加的主要驱动因素,需要持续加强对极端降雨引发山洪灾害的防控。

内蒙古白塔山摩崖石刻遗址考述

白塔山摩崖石刻遗址是内蒙古自治区目前仅存造像数量最多、造型最丰富、石刻种类众多的石窟之一,数量及种类仅次于广化寺造像。该遗址内涵丰富,是阴山地区明清时期石窟寺遗址中年代较早的一处,同时也是已知阴山地区蒙古文石刻体量最大的遗址。该遗址石刻面积达到150平方米,以藏文和蒙古文为主,摩崖造像34尊,有佛、菩萨、护法、高僧等。石窟的整体形制也以禅窟为主,反映了阴山地区曾经以重禅观的小乘佛教为主。据文献记载,该地是明末土默特地区高僧博格达察汗修行地点之一,以该遗址为切入点进行相关考证,能够对阴山山脉同类遗存得出一定的认识,同时也体现了北疆文化丰富的文化内涵及各民族交往交流交融的历史与现实,也是新时代内蒙古各族人民宝贵的精神财富。

石室与靖室:华山道教宫观及环境空间营造手法

【目的】以道教文化为主体的名山是中国宗教名山的核心,其风景系统的营建体现了宗教文化与自然环境的作用关系。剖析西岳华山道教宫观的营造手法,可为当下中国风景名胜区的保护和发展提供理论支撑。【方法】依据是否使用建筑材料,归纳出石室和靖室2类道教宫观,并结合现场勘查和史料搜集对2类宫观的建设发端、空间分布和营造手法进行解析。【结果】发现“依石靠崖,藏形避世”的石室的营造特征为与地共融的相地择址、“口”小“腔”大的结构形制;“以高为尊,随物赋形”的靖室的营造特征为生圣兼备的相地择址、意境相生的院落布局、有法无式的建筑空间、由凡入仙的引导空间;2类宫观的组合营造方式为“因形就势,古今共融”。【结论】保护华山道教宫观及环境空间的原真性、整体性,有助于华山风景名胜区在中国自然保护地体系优化整合的过程中得到妥善管理和保护。

自然人非法采挖交易太行山奇石的法律困境与出路

太行山脉是华北地区重要的自然资源,因地质构造等因素形成的太行山奇石,受到市场追捧。按照奇石产出来源分为采挖型与捡拾型,行为人对于采挖型奇石的获取通常是使用大型机械开采山体,严重破坏了地质结构,损害了矿产资源与生态环境,具有非法性。行为人通过网络平台传播采挖与售卖视频,具有法律风险。实践中,采挖行为的行政违法性认定困难,且采挖与交易证据难以固定,在不构成非法采矿罪的情形下,应引入公益诉讼救济路径。行政机关应对符合条件的及时提起生态环境损害赔偿诉讼。检察机关应优先提起行政公益诉讼,将民事公益诉讼作为补充救济,并积极推动地方人大进行相关立法,从而有效保护太行山脉的生态环境与矿产资源。

陕北黄土区山地苹果园土壤水分动态变化特征研究

以八年生矮化红富士果树为试材,采用野外定位观测法,对陕西省延安地区苹果园0~100 cm不同深度土壤水分与温度及相应气象要素进行连续1年的定位观测分析,对土壤水分的动态变化规律、时空变化及影响因子进行研究。采用方差分析、相关性和主成分分析方法探讨土壤水分的主导因素及其相互关系。研究表明:观测期土壤墒情的季节变化可划分为水分快速消耗期(4—6月)、水分恢复期(7—10月)、稳定期(11—次年3月);土壤体积含水量由浅到深呈先增后减、稳定性增强、垂直变化季节差异显著等特点;主成分分析结果表明,第一主成分中土壤温度及电导率所占比重较大,第二主成分中大气温度和湿度指标权系数的绝对值在所有主成分指标系数中是最大的,降雨量是第三主成分中标权系数最大的;研究区降雨量季节分配极不均匀,主要集中在生长季7—9月,占全年降雨量的73.5%,不同月份、深度的土壤水分变异系数均属于中等程度变异,土壤水分与大气温度、电导率降雨量、相对湿度、降雨量表现出极显著正相关关系,而与风速呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。该研究揭示了山地苹果园土壤水分的变化规律,可为黄土高原地区果园的建设和管理提供理论依据。

《峄山刻石》字库开发的研究

《峄山刻石长安牌》良好地再现了秦统一文字的风貌,其造字规则对后世书法、汉字结构有着深远影响,研究《峄山刻石长安牌》文字的结字特征,能有效地洞察汉字构成规律,开发传统字体。本研究分析《峄山刻石》典型字体元件,找出其潜在的规律,建立可重复使用的基本范式。使用Illustrator中的度量工具对字腔的比例和分布、笔划的粗细、弧度和倾斜角度等进行定量分析,总结造字规范。建立一套方法,控制《峄山刻石》字型的字腔大小与分布,可对字体重心平稳度、结构匀称度、缩放比例等进行排布控制。搭建标准笔划与部首元件库并建立拼字规则。采用此方法可为设计《峄山刻石》字库新字型提供依据,提高开发的准确度和效率。

南宋临安大石佛院园林复原研究

大石佛院是南宋时期西湖最负盛名的寺庙园林之一,至今最远可追溯到公元前秦朝时,当时相传其作为秦始皇揽船石。南宋时期,大佛头作为泛舟西湖北望宝石山的重要地标,是《西湖清趣图》中突出且重要的寺庙园林,其睒电窗的窗式与朱墙壶门是南宋时期极具代表性的寺庙建筑形式。在详细考据有关大石佛院的文献古籍和历史绘画的基础上,梳理其历史沿革,并从周边环境、空间布局、建筑形制、园林活动等诸方面展开深入研究,将大石佛寺分为大石佛院、十三间楼和兜率寺三个部分,并结合《西湖清趣图》进行寺庙内外的复原想象,还原南宋时期大石佛院的园林盛景。大石佛院的复原研究为山地寺庙园林的研究提供较为重要的参考依据,同时也为南宋西湖园林研究的后续展开提供基础。

山西黄土丘陵区荒山造林技术研究

为了改善山西省生态环境,实施对黄土丘陵区生态系统的全方位改造,加强荒山造林技术应用,攻克黄土丘陵区造林难题,对山西省黄土丘陵区荒山造林工作开展状况进行研究、整理和分析,阐述了山西省黄土丘陵区荒山造林面临的现实困境,从前期规划、整地、造林、抚育管理、日常养护等多个环节提出黄土丘陵区荒山造林技术应用优化策略,以重塑黄土丘陵区绿色生态,推动绿色发展战略目标实现,为相关工作人员提供理论参考。

北方土石山区薄土坡耕地石坎反坡阶措施减流减沙效益分析

为解决我国北方土石山区薄土坡耕地水土流失问题,通过布设标准径流小区来研究石坎反坡阶措施的水土保持综合效果。结果表明:石坎反坡阶措施对于坡耕地水土流失调控效果显著,该措施相较于等高耕作措施,坡面径流削减率和泥沙削减率分别达到68.57%和94.29%;石坎反坡阶措施在提高坡面土壤水分含量、提高坡面水分分布均匀度方面能够发挥出良好的作用,该措施相较于等高耕作措施,坡面总体土壤水分含量提高了7.78%;石坎反坡阶措施能够显著提高坡耕地的农作物产量,相较于常规等高耕作措施,玉米产量提高了12.69%。石坎反坡阶的设计及作用效果研究,丰富了我国北方土石山区薄土坡耕地的水土流失治理途径。