Moisture sources of extreme summer precipitation events in North Xinjiang and their relationship with atmospheric circul

In this study, the daily observational precipitation data and NCEP reanalysis data during 1951e2014, Euler and Lagrangian method were used to investigate the moisture sources of summer extreme precipitation events in North Xinjiang. The results show that water vapor at low and upper levels of most summer heavy rain (more than 50 mm d
1 and less than 100 mm d
1) in North Xinjiang are mainly transported by westerly circulation from the North Atlantic Ocean and the Eurasian continent. However, rainstorms of more than 100 mm d
1, which are rarely observed, are dominated by vertically integrated moisture from the North Atlantic, Arctic Oceans, and the Eurasian continent, in addition to lowlevel moisture from the Indian Ocean. Among these sources, the anomalous low-level moisture from the Indian Ocean, which is closely associated with stronger meridional circulation, is considered to be more important with respect to rainstorms. On the days prior to rainstorm days, stronger meridional circulation leads to an anomalous pressure gradient force, which can transport low-level moisture from the Indian Ocean along the eastern periphery of the Tibetan Plateau to North Xinjiang. Furthermore, moisture from the North Atlantic, Arctic Oceans, the Eurasian continent, and the Indian Ocean converge together to influence rainstorm development in this region.

Petrology, geochemistry and geodynamics of basic granulite from the Altay area, North Xinjiang, China

The basic granulite of the Altay orogenic belt occurs as tectonic lens in the Devonian medium- to lower-grade metamorphic beds through fault contact. The Altay granulite (AG) is an amphibole plagioclase two-pyroxene granulite and is mainly composed of two pyroxenes, plagioclase, amphibole and biotite. Its melano-minerals are rich in Mg/(Mg+Fe2+), and its amphibole and biotite are rich in TiO2. The AG is rich in Mg/(Mg+Fe2+), Al2O3 and depletion of U, Th and Rb contents. The AG has moderate ∑REE and LREE-enriched with weak positive Eu anomaly. The AG shows island-arc pattern with negative Nb, P and Ti anomalies, reflecting that formation of the AG may be associated with subduction. Geochemical and mineral composition data reflect that the protolith of the AG is calc-alkaline basalt and formed by granulite facies metamorphism having peak P-T conditions of 750 °C?780 °C and 0.6?0.7 Gpa. The AG formation underwent two stages was suggested. In the early stage of oceanic crustal subduction, calc-alkaline basalt with island-arc environment underwent granulite facies metamorphism to form the AG in deep crust, and in the late stage, the AG was thrust into the upper crust.

Climate Change and Its Effects on Runoff in the North of Tianshan,Xinjiang

[Objective] The aim was to study climate changes in northern Tianshan in Xinjiang and its influences on runoff. [Methed] Based on the runoff data for 54 years of Kenswatt station on Manas River and the climate date of 16 meteorological stations from 1957 to 2007 in the north of Tian- shan in Xinjiang, the climate change and temporal series of the annual runoff were studied by use of nonparametric test, wavelet analysis, R/S analysis and periodic trend superposition model. [ Result] The temperature, precipitation and annual runoff of Manas River increased significantly. The Hurst coefficients of both climate factors and the annual runoff were bigger than 0.5, which indicated that they would still keep an increasing trend. Temperature from 1957 to 1959 was low, precipitation was much, belonging to low temperature and more rain period. 1960s and 1970s were low temperature and less rain period. Temperature in 1980s was close to average value and precipitation was little. Since 1990s, it entered into high temperature and less rain period and was significant during 2000 and 2007. The temperature and precipitation changed in 1995 and 1996. Tempera- ture was＇significant in 11 and 22 years. Precipitation had 5, 8, 14 and 22 years of main cycle. The annual runoff and climate factors in Manasi River were increasing in different times. The annual runoff was related to climate factors, and temperature was closer to annual runoff than precipitation. [ Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for the reasonable configuration, ecological protection and agricultural production of water re- sources in north Tianshan in Xinjiang.

Study on the Source Parameters of Earthquakes in the Middle Eastern Area of North Tianshan in Xinjiang

By applying the empirical Green＇s function method, we first proved that the source spectra in the middle eastern area of North Tianshan follow the ω^-2 Brune model, and then, on this basis, obtained the source spectra for 105 earthquakes of ML 2.5 - 5.7 in the studied area upon removing the noise, instrument, propagation and site effects in the observational seismic S waveforms. Finally, we determined the source parameters such as the seismic moment, stress drop, source dimension, etc., based on the Brune model. The results show that there is a good linear correlation between scalar seismic moment, M0, and ML, which is Log10 M0 = 1.10 ML ＋ 17.20; The source radii range between 100- 1500m; the stress drop, 1-16MPa with a predominant range of 1 - 10MPa. The relationship of the seismic moment versus corner frequencies indicates that there may exist two source scaling, that is, when M0 〈 4×10^21 dyne. cm （equal to an ML4.0 event）, stress drop is weakly dependent on M0： whereas, when M0 〉 4×10^21 dyne·cm, stress drop is independent of M0.

Potential Hazard Map for Snow Disaster Prevention Using GIS-Based Weighted Linear Combination Analysis and Remote Sensing Techniques: A Case Study in Northern Xinjiang, China

Snow disaster is one of the top ten natural disasters worldwide. Almost every year, there will be snow disasters in north Xinjiang, northwestern China. Since the accumulated heavy snow in winter season will seriously threaten people’s lives, the main object of this study is to produce a potential hazard map for snow avalanche prevention. Taking three snow seasons from November to March of year 2008 to 2010, potential hazard areas were estimated, based on snow volume products and terrain features. Remote sensing (RS) techniques and geographical information system (GIS) based weighted linear combination (WLC) approach were applied, taking into consideration multiple criteria. Snow avalanche risks were analyzed using physical exposure and vulnerability indexes. The analysis indicates that: the areas at high-risk of avalanches are located in the north and south part of the counties of Altay, Bortala and Ili prefectures;the areas at medium-risk of avalanches are found in the certain part of Altay prefecture and Urumqi, Changji, Tacheng prefectures;the avalanche risk is generally low throughout the large area to the certain part of the study area and the region on the border of the eastern north Xinjiang. Overall, the risks of snow avalanche in Altay and Ili prefectures are higher than that other regions;those areas should be allocated correspondingly more salvage materials.

A Report of the Newly Discovered Cu–Ni Ore Deposit in the West of East Tianshan, North Xinjiang, China

Objective The Early Permian mafic-ultramafic intrusions （298- 270 Ma, Mao et al., 2008）, which are widely distributed in different tectonic domains in North Xinjiang, host magmatic sulfide ore deposits, making North Xinjiang the second most important region for Ni resources in China. The bulk of Cu-Ni ore deposits in East Tianshan, making up a large portion of Ni resources in North Xinjiang, were concentrated in the east of East Tianshan （the Huangshan- Jing＇erquan region） （Feng Yanqing, et al., 2017）, while no any analogue was discovered in the west of East Tianshan until the Lubei Cu-Ni （Co） ore deposit （90°21＇E, 42°10rN） was identified by Xinjiang Geological Survey in 2014. The Lubei Cu-Ni （Co） ore deposit is a medium- to large- sized deposit with Ni and Cu grades in the range 0.2%- 7.76% and 0.2%-2.30%, respectively. This work has initiated the prospection for a large-sized Cu-Ni ore deposit in the west of East Tianshan.

Spatio-temporal patterns of drought in North Xinjiang, China, 1961–2012 based on meteorological drought index

Drought, which is one of the most frequently occurring severe hazards with long time scales and cov- ering wide geographical areas, is a natural phenomenon resulting in significant economic losses in agriculture and industry. Drought is caused by an imbalance between the inputs of and the demand for water which is insufficient to meet the demands of human activities and the eco-environment. As a major arid and semi-arid area and an important agricultural region in Northwest China, North Xinjiang （NX） shows great vulnerability to drought. In this paper, the characteristics of inter-annual and seasonal drought were analyzed in terms of drought occurrence and drought coverage, by using the composite index of meteorological drought and the data of daily precipitation, air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and sunshine duration from 38 meteorological stations during the period 1961-2012. Trend analysis, wavelet analysis and empirical orthogonal function were also applied to investigate change trend, period and regional characteristics, respectively. In NX, annual and seasonal drought occurrence and drought coverage all showed a decreasing trend that was most significant in winter （with rates of-0.26 month/10a and -15.46%, respectively）, and drought occurrence in spring and summer were more frequent than that in autumn and winter. Spatially, drought was severe in eastern regions but mild in western regions of NX. Annual and seasonal drought occurrence at 38 meteorological stations displayed decreasing trends and were most significant in ＂Shi- hezi-Urumqi-Changji＂, which can help to alleviate severe drought hazards for local agricultural production and improve human livelihood. NX can be approximately classified into three sub-regions （severe drought region, moder- ate drought region and mild drought region）, which were calculated from annual drought frequencies. The cross wavelet transform suggested that SOl （Southern Oscillation Index）, AOI （Arctic Oscillation Index）, AAOI （Antarctic Oscillation Index）, PAOI （Pacific/North American Oscillation Index） and NAOI （North Atlantic Oscillation Index） have significant correlation with the variation of drought occurrence in NX. To prevent and mitigate the occurrence of drought disasters in NX, agricultural and government managers should pay more attention to those drought events that occur in spring and summer.

Metallogenic Series Related to Permian Mafic Complex in North Xinjiang:Post-collisional Stage or Mantle Plume Result?

There are four deposit types related to a Permian mafic complex in northern Xinjiang, i.e., copper-nickel sulfide deposit, vanadic titanomagnetite deposit, magnetite （-cobalt） deposit and Cu-Ni- VTiFe composite deposit. The deposits are distributed spanning tectonic units with close and consecutive metallogenic ages. A transitional deposit type can occur among the end-member deposits. Trace elements of host rocks show that they can derive from similar source area. Hence, they constitute a particular metallogenic series related to a mafic-ultramafic complex that is also a symbol series of the post-collisional stage of the Central Asia Metallogenic Province （CAMP）. The metallogenic ages of the series are between 260 Ma and 300 Ma throughout the Permian. Unlike mineralization from a mantle plume, the metallogenic period of this series spans at least 40 Ma. Compared with related deposits of the Emeishan mantle plume, the North Xinjiang series has a similar ore-forming element assemblage but has preferably developed Cu-Ni sulfide deposits rather than vanadic titanomagnetite deposits. In concomitance with this series, North Xinjiang area has developed a set of syntectonic Au-Cu-Mo metallogenic series related to a felsic volcanic-intrusive complex, which might indicate that there is no direct relationship with mantle plume activity. From early to late, i.e., the sequence of copper-nickel sulfide to magnetite （-cobalt） to vanadic titanomagnetite deposit, the host rock series evolves from mafic-ultramafic and tholeiite series to mafic and alkalic series, the ~REE content tends to increase with increasing of REE fractionation, and some of the trace elements （particularly LIL） also show an increasing tendency. The above evolutionary regularity possibly reflects a course where the magma source deepens and thermal interface moves down, energy gradually exhausts, and neo-continental crust forming in the postcollision stage tends to stabilize.

Problems of PGE metallogenesis related to mafic-ultramafic complexes in North Xinjiang,China

Platinum group element （PGE） mineralization is mostly related to mafc--ultramafic complexes of the dominant magmatic deposit type. Mineralization of this type mainly relies on two conditions： the abundance of PGE in magma, and the presence of mechanisms favorable to PGE enrich- ment and separation from sulfur-saturated magma during magmatic evolution. Mafic-ultramafic complexes are widely developed in North Xinjiang, including （1） the large-scale copper-nickel deposits of Kelatongke, Huangshan, Huangshan East, and Tulargen, （2） numerous small to medium-sized copper- nickel deposits such as Xiangshan, Tudun, Hulu, Baishiquan, and （3） the Xiangshan West and Weiya medium-sized V--Ti magnetite deposits. However, mafic-ultramafic complexes in North Xinjiang rarely form PGE deposits. Therefore, questions about PGE metallogenesis in North Xinjiang are discussed in this paper from the standpoint of the ore-forming mechanism of PGE deposits and the characteristics of the North Xinjiang magma sources. The rock types of the post-collisional mafic--ultramafic complexes in North Xinjiang are of a ferrous rock series formed by fractional crystallization, a rock type generally favorable for hosting PGE. For the Cu-Ni sulfde deposits of North Xingjiang, the assimilation of crustal material causes sulfide liquation during processes of magmatic evolution and mineralization. This can be shown petrogeochemically, including the characteristics of Sr, Nd, Pb, O, Os, and S isotopes, which indi- cate a magmatic ore-forming mechanism for the Xingjiang PGE deposits. The principal reason for weak PGE mineralization in North Xinjiang may be ascribed to a widely-developed depleted mantle source （with positive end values） that underlies it. The North Xinjiang lithosphere is not of typical Precambrian cratonal type, but has more affinities with modified oceanic lithosphere or immature continental lithosphere that would constitute PGE-poor original magma sources unfavorable to PGE mineralization.

Comparison of Calculation Methods for Potential Reference Crop Evapotranspiration ET_0 in North Xinjiang

Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET_0) is a critical part in water cycle and water balance of ecosystem, which is greatly important to effective utilization of agricultural water resources and for making reasonable irrigation system. In order to propose a suitable method for computing ET_0 in North Xinjiang, based on daily meteorological data from May 1 to September30, 2010 provided by Weather Station of Fuhai County, we used FAO56 Penman-Monteith as the standard formula to compute ET_0, compared the differences and relations between such the method and other 4 calculation formulas, and analyzed the cause of the deviation, finally evaluated the applicability of computational method in North Xinjiang. The results showed that the calculation results by FA056 PM Method was approximate to that by FAO Penman method and IA method, of which the relative error was 9.26% and 13.51% respectively, the ET_0 results calculated by PT method and HS method were generally greater than the results by FAO56 PM, and their deviation was very obvious.

A NEW SPECIES OF SINOLAGOMYS(LAGOMORPHA,OCHOTONIDAE)FROM XINJIANG

More than 200 upper and lower jaws of ochotonid were found in the Late Oligocene of thenorthern part of the Junggar Basin,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,in the summer of1982.Sinolagomys.a unique Paleogene lagomorph with rootless(?) cheek teeth,was erected byBohlin(1937)based on the collections from Shargaltien and Taben-buluk,Gansu province.Upto now,it has been recorded from Middle Oligocene to the Lower Miocene of Gansu,Ninxia,Nei Mongol,and Xinjiang of China,and the Mongolian People’s Republic.

Late Permian to Triassic intraplate orogeny of the southern Tianshan and adjacent regions, NW China

The South Tianshan Orogen and adjacent regions of Central Asia are located in the southwestern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The formation of South Tianshan Orogen was a diachronous, scissors-like process, which took place during the Palaeozoic, and its western segment was accepted as a site of the final collision between the Tarim Craton and the North Asian continent, which occurred in the late Palaeozoic. However, the post-collisional tectonic evolution of the South Tianshan Orogen and adjacent regions remains debatable. Based on previous studies and recent geochronogical data, we suggest that the final collision between the Tarim Craton and the North Asian continent occurred during the late Carboniferous. Therefore, the Permian was a period of intracontinental environment in the southern Tianshan and adjacent regions. We propose that an earlier, small-scale intraplate orogenic stage occurred in late Permian to Triassic time, which was the first intraplate process in the South Tianshan Orogen and adjacent regions. The later large- scale and well-known Neogene to Quaternary intraplate orogeny was induced by the collision between the India subcontinent and the Eurasian plate. The paper presents a new evolutionary model for the South Tianshan Orogen and adjacent regions, which includes seven stages： （I） late Ordovician-early Silurian opening of the South Tianshan Ocean; （11） middle Silurian-middle Devonian subduction of the South Tianshan Ocean beneath an active margin of the North Asian continent; （111） late Devonian-late Carboniferous closure of the South Tianshan Ocean and collision between the Kazakhstan-Yili and Tarirn continental blocks; （IV） early Permian post-collisional magmatism and rifting; （V） late Permian-Triassic the first intraplate orogeny; （Vt） Jurassic-Palaeogene tectonic stagnation and （VII） Neocene-Quaternary intraplate orogeny.

THE WILD NORTHWEST Urumqi,the Gateway to the Rest of Xinjiang

Ah Xinjiang,that almost mythical land that resides in Chinas far-flung north・west.A region famed for its rich cultural heritage,scenic landscapes and internationally-renowned cuisine,Xinjiang,in our humble opinion,is a place that's not to be missed.

北疆大豆复种现状及高效栽培技术研究

从麦收后光热资源的生态条件、复种大豆的种植区域、复种主要应用的大豆品种(系)、种植规模、产量情况以及经济和生态效益等方面,分析了北疆大豆复种的现状,提出复种大豆要重视前茬小麦的管理,合理促控,适时早收,进而从复播大豆的生育特点、品种选择、播种前后的准备及田间管理等方面详细阐明了复种大豆的高效栽培技术。

新疆北疆棉花高产群体因素分析及其栽培技术途径

新疆高产棉花的单位面积收获株数高、总铃数多、果节总数稳定、成铃率高 ;盛花期至吐絮期 ,群体光合速率高 ,干物质积累多 ,给生殖器官分配比例高 ;高产棉田实行了“早密矮壮高”的栽培技术途径 ,提高了光温富照与水分。

新疆北部晚古生代的底侵作用——来自橄榄玄粗岩与埃达克岩的证据

新疆北部广泛分布晚古生代橄榄玄粗岩系火山岩和埃达克岩,它们均明显富碱,与区内同时代碱性花岗岩共同构成新疆北部富碱火成岩省。橄榄玄粗岩系火山岩和埃达克岩同位素年龄为250-280Ma,143Nd/144Nd比值高,εNd(t)值为正值,Nd模式年龄低(tDM<1.0Ga),较低而变化范围较大的(87Sr/86Sr)i(0.7040-0.710),这些特点均表明它们的源区物质为底侵幔源玄武质岩浆,并可能受到下地壳混染。结合区内地球物理资料,如加厚的地壳、复杂的莫霍面结构、高热流值及广泛分布的基性岩墙群和碱性花岗岩,均一致表明在晚古生代(晚石炭-二叠纪)新疆北部发生过较广泛的幔源玄武质岩浆底侵作用,陆壳发生了明显垂向增生。

新疆北部基性岩脉^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar年代学研究

晚古生代以来,新疆北部地区侵入了一系列的基性岩脉,成为了解该地区地壳生长过程的重要窗口。本文采用激光^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar 年代学方法,对整个北疆地区出露的基性岩脉进行了精细年代学研究。从数据特征上分析,低本底激光^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar方法能对低钾含量、极少量样品(0.1mg～5mg)进行精细定年,所以非常适合进行基性岩脉的精细定年。本文展示的基性岩脉激光^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar 方法的高质量数据显示新疆北部基性岩脉群的活动时限跨越332～174Ma,为石炭纪—侏罗纪。由数据分析可以看出,新疆北部基性岩脉群在时间上,呈现脉动式侵位特征,在332～174Ma 之间,有多达6～7次脉动式活动,时间间隔大致为20～30Ma。从基性岩脉所揭示的大地构造含义来分析,新疆北部地区从石炭纪到侏罗纪处在一个相似的地壳演化阶段,为一个陆壳垂向生长、区域构造应力场显示拉张的构造环境,并在时间、空间上具有相对统一的特征。

北疆不同类型棉田节肢动物群落结构与多样性

运用群落生态学方法研究了北疆棉田不同邻作、灌溉方式对棉田节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响及其在不同年份的变化趋势。结果表明,不同的邻作方式能改变棉田节肢动物群落结构,邻作小麦增加棉田天敌种类,邻作玉米增加棉田天敌个体数,对棉田害虫有较强的控制作用,而邻作西红柿作用相对较弱,生产上应充分利用邻作小麦和玉米的有利作用。2003年滴灌棉田节肢动物群落多样性指数(0.7250)和均匀度(0.2111)均大于沟灌棉田(0.1924、0.0605),群落更稳定;不同年份棉田节肢动物群落结构和多样性变化大,说明气候因素是影响节肢动物群落结构和多样性的主要原因。

遥感影像中分区分类法及在新疆北部植被分类中的应用

对遥感影像提出了一种分区分类的思想 ,根据影像所包含的局部特征将整体影像化为几个局部的影像 ,然后根据局部影像的特点对图像进行分类 ,使得每一区域的种类数目相对于整体减少 ,种类的特点得以突出 ,分类更具有针对性 ,再加以高程、坡度等地貌信息 ,提高分类精度。该分类法在新疆北部的植被分类中得到了应用 ,从NOAA影像中提出的NDVI为数据源 ,根据该植被区域特点 ,将研究区的植被区域划分为四个区 ,即 :新疆阿勒泰草原区、昭苏区、西准噶尔区和东天山区。利用GIS软件将整个研究区的NDVI指数图像化分为四块子图 ,根据各个区域植被的特点 ,采用不同的分类标准 ,对四块子图分类。在此之后 ,再利用GIS软件将所有分类子图合并为整个区域的分类图。结果表明 ,该类方法可以大大提高NDVI指数的植被分类精度。

北疆不同草地类型MODIS植被指数的时空变化研究

利用卫星遥感数据TERRA/MODIS,以2004、2005年5-10月的月度变化为例,分析了北疆试验区高寒草甸、高寒草原、温性草原化荒漠、人工草地和沼泽5种草地类型植被指数(MODIS-EVI、NDVI)在各个生长阶段的变化,从而反映5种草地类型生长状况及其特性。研究结果表明,5种草地类型增强型植被指数(EVI)均比归一化植被指数(NDVI)小,两者月度变化趋势基本一致,但EVI变化幅度比NDVI小。在高寒草原、高寒草甸、温性草原化荒漠草地类型上EVI比NDVI更稳定,但在沼泽多水的自然环境和人工草地上,EVI波动幅度大于NDVI。