Ecological problems and ecological restoration zoning of the Aral Sea

The Aral Sea was the fourth largest lake in the world but it has shrunk dramatically as a result of irrational human activities, triggering the "Aral Sea ecological crisis". The ecological problems of the Aral Sea have attracted widespread attention, and the alleviation of the Aral Sea ecological crisis has reached a consensus among the five Central Asian countries(Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan). In the past decades, many ecological management measures have been implemented for the ecological restoration of the Aral Sea. However, due to the lack of regional planning and zoning, the results are not ideal. In this study, we mapped the ecological zoning of the Aral Sea from the perspective of ecological restoration based on soil type, soil salinity, surface water, groundwater table, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI), land cover, and aerosol optical depth(AOD) data. Soil salinization and salt dust are the most prominent ecological problems in the Aral Sea. We divided the Aral Sea into 7 first-level ecological restoration subregions(North Aral Sea catchment area in the downstream of the Syr Darya River(Subregion Ⅰ);artificial flood overflow area in the downstream of the Aral Sea(Subregion Ⅱ);physical/chemical remediation area of the salt dust source area in the eastern part of the South Aral Sea(Subregion Ⅲ);physical/chemical remediation area of severe salinization in the central part of the South Aral Sea(Subregion Ⅳ);existing water surface and potential restoration area of the South Aral Sea(Subregion Ⅴ);Aral Sea vegetation natural recovery area(Subregion Ⅵ);and vegetation planting area with slight salinization in the South Aral Sea(Subregion Ⅶ)) and 14 second-level ecological restoration subregions according to the ecological zoning principles. Implementable measures are proposed for each ecological restoration subregion. For Subregion Ⅰ and Subregion Ⅱ with lower elevations, artificial flooding should be carried out to restore the surface of the Aral Sea. Subregion Ⅲ and Subregion Ⅳ have severe salinization, making it difficult for vegetation to grow. In these subregions, it is recommended to cover and pave the areas with green biomatrix coverings and environmentally sustainable bonding materials. In Subregion Ⅴ located in the central and western parts of the South Aral Sea, surface water recharge should be increased to ensure that this subregion can maintain normal water levels. In Subregion Ⅵ and Subregion Ⅶ where natural conditions are suitable for vegetation growth, measures such as afforestation and buffer zones should be implemented to protect vegetation. This study could provide a reference basis for future comprehensive ecological management and restoration of the Aral Sea.

Detailed seismic zoning of the East Kazakhstan region in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is currently drafting new construction regulations that comply with the major provisions of the Eurocodes.Such regulations are created on the basis of seismic zoning maps of various degrees of detail,developed by our Institute of Seismology using a new methodological approach for Kazakhstan.The article is about creating the first normative map of the Detailed Seismic Zoning on a probabilistic foundation for the Republic of Kazakhstan’s East Kazakhstan region.We carried out the probabilistic assessment of seismic hazard using a methodology consistent with the main provisions of Eurocode 8and updated compared with that used in developing maps of Kazakhstan’s General Seismic Zoning and seismic microzoning of Almaty.The most thorough and current data accessible for the area under consideration were combined with contemporary analytical techniques.Updates have been done to not only the databases being used but also the way seismic sources were shown,including active faults now.On a scale of 1:1000000,precise seismic zoning maps of the East Kazakhstan region were created for two probabilities of exceedance:10%and 2%in 50 years in terms of peak ground accelerations and macroseismic intensities.The obtained seismic hazard distribution is generally consistent with the General Seismic Zoning of Kazakhstan’s previous findings.However,because active faults were included and a thoroughly revised catalog was used,there are more pronounced zones of increased danger along the fault in the western part of the region.In the west of the territory,acceleration values also increased due to a more accurate consideration of seismotectonic conditions.Zoning maps are the basis for developing new state building regulations of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Projected Changes in the Climate Zoning of Côte d’Ivoire

This study assesses the projected changes in the climate zoning of Côte d’Ivoire using the hierarchical classification of principal components (HCPC) method applied to the daily precipitation data of an ensemble of 14 CORDEX-AFRICA simulations under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The results indicate the existence of three climate zones in Côte d’Ivoire (the coastal, the centre and the north) over the historical period (1981-2005). Moreover, CORDEX simulations project an extension of the surface area of drier climatic zones while a reduction of wetter zones, associated with the appearance of an intermediate climate zone with surface area varying from 77,560 km2 to 134,960 km2 depending on the period and the scenario. These results highlight the potential impacts of climate change on the delimitation of the climate zones of Côte d’Ivoire under the greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Thus, there is a reduction in the surface areas suitable for the production of cash crops such as cocoa and coffee. This could hinder the country’s economy and development, mainly based on these cash crops.

Selection of Water Transmission Method and Analysis of Pipe Network Zoning in Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Design

With the acceleration of urbanization,the demand for water supply and drainage pipe networks has increased significantly.In the planning of urban construction,it is necessary to optimize the design of the water supply and drainage system pipe network to effectively save energy while providing residents with more accessible water resources.Therefore,the municipal water supply and drainage system and the water transmission methods should be designed according to the geographical conditions of the city.In this paper,we mainly analyze the design of municipal water supply and drainage systems and the selection of water transmission methods.Besides,the optimization of the water supply and drainage network zoning process and pipe network maintenance is also discussed,so as to provide a reference for municipal water supply and drainage work.

南海主要断裂(带)与构造分区

构造分区是区域构造演化研究的基础。由于区域性构造分区的界线基本上都以深大断裂(带)为依据,因此在划分构造单元之前,研究区域内规模较大的主要断裂(带)是必不可少的。本文在分析南海主要断裂(带)的基础上,以板块构造理论为指导,完善了南海的构造分区。南海主要断裂(带)分为以俯冲带、碰撞带、大型逆冲带、大型走滑带为特征的一级断裂带;切穿沉积基底与上地壳、延伸至下地壳的二级断裂带;错断沉积基底的三级断裂。本区一级构造单元为“南海次板块”,其边界基本以一级断裂带,个别以二级断裂带为界;二级构造单元有微板块、断阶带、隆起区、深坳带、深坳区、碰撞带等;三级构造单元在微板块之内划分为隆坳带和微地块。

对标“贸易面向型”国际数据规则提升自贸区(港)数据治理水平

内嵌于经贸协定或其他经贸安排中的“贸易面向型”数据规则备受关注。“贸易面向型”数据规则内容渐趋丰富,不仅包括跨境流动和存储等传统数据规则,还纳入了数据共享和数据创新等前沿数据规则。追求发展利益是各经济体制定“贸易面向型”数据规则的主要价值取向,同时也通过内设“安全阀”的方式兼顾安全利益,并将数据规则与其他规则融合。在此背景下,我国自贸区(港)需重点推进“流动+共享+创新”三位一体的数据治理框架,在国家法律法规授权范围内进行数据治理创新,同时关注数据治理与其他治理问题的内在协同。自贸区(港)可通过“提高数据跨境合规实操性,解决企业数据跨境合规痛难点”“强化数字基础设施建设,提升数据标准化及安全保障能力”“从确权、定价、交易规则等方面构建数据要素流通交易机制”“务实推进构建公共数据开放共享机制”等核心抓手提升数据治理水平。

开发区升格政策能促进企业创新增量提质吗?

通过构建多时点DID模型实证检验开发区升格政策对企业创新数量和创新质量的影响,结果表明:省级开发区升格通过降低制度性交易成本、提升市场化程度和加速创新要素流入对企业创新产出数量和产出质量产生促进作用,该政策对非民营企业、非高技术制造行业、高新区和小规模城市的作用效果更强。因此,要充分发挥开发区“以升促建”的创新激励效应,不仅要注重有为政府和有效市场的结合,还要根据城市固有经济特征优化开发区制度环境。

温度和水分对寒温带典型森林类型土壤有机碳矿化的影响

通过室内模拟试验,分析寒温带典型森林土壤有机碳矿化随温度和水分的变化特征,揭示土壤有机碳矿化影响机制,以期深入探讨气候变暖背景下,温度和水分对寒温带典型森林类型土壤碳循环的影响。采集白桦林和兴安落叶松林0<h≤10 cm和10 cm<h≤20 cm土层土壤(h),设计3个温度梯度(10、15、20℃)和3个水分梯度(30%、45%和60%)进行土壤碳矿化室内培养试验。结果表明:(1)两种林型0<h≤20 cm土层土壤有机碳矿化速率均呈明显的单峰曲线变化趋势,峰值出现在培养后的4~6 d,白桦林土壤有机碳矿化速率峰值波动在13.38~77.47 mg·kg^(-1)·h^(-1),兴安落叶松林峰值波动在10.82~48.08 mg·kg^(-1)·h^(-1),白桦林土壤有机碳矿化速率高于兴安落叶松林,随培养时间延长矿化速率迅速降低,并趋于平缓;(2)两种林型土壤矿化速率和累积矿化量与温度和水分呈显著正相关。白桦林土壤有机碳矿化速率和累积矿化量在不同土层均高于兴安落叶松林,0<h≤10 cm土层,白桦林在20℃培养时,3个水分梯度下的累积矿化量分别是兴安落叶松林的1.27、1.01、1.19倍,10 cm<h≤20 cm土层分别是1.24、1.40、1.26倍;(3)两种林型土壤在温度从10℃升高到20℃时,温度敏感性(Q_(10))随水分增加而增加,且10 cm<h≤20 cm土层Q_(10)值高于0<h≤10 cm土层。寒温带典型森林类型土壤有机碳矿化受温度和水分的显著影响,土壤有机碳矿化速率随温度升高而加快,并伴随着森林碳排放量的增加。

Characteristics of Hailstone Disaster and the Risk Zoning in Shijiazhuang

By using the hailstone disaster data,the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of hailstone in Shijiazhuang,the relationship between the hailstone disaster and the weather system,the hailstone path were analyzed.Moreover,the risk zoning of hailstone disaster in every county(city) of Shijiazhuang was done according to the occurrence frequency of hailstone.The results showed that the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of hailstone in Shijiazhuang were obvious,and there were 3 main paths.The zones where the paths passed were also the high risk areas of hailstone occurrence.The research provided the scientific guidance for the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure and the defense of hailstone disaster.

基于系统动力学模型的干旱区农业节水潜力计算

【目的】利用系统动力学方法评估干旱区农业节水潜力。【方法】考虑荒漠化、水土流失等因素对节水的影响,选取农业用水量、耕地灌溉面积、灌溉水有效利用系数、粮经比、水土保持率等30个要素,借助Vensim PLE软件绘制系统动力学流图,构建了干旱区农业节水潜力计算模型,以内蒙古地区(不含东四盟市)为例,对短期规划年(2035年)和长期规划年(2050年)的区域农业节水潜力进行预测。【结果】研究区短期规划年的节水潜力为25.18亿m3,长期规划年的节水潜力为29.58亿m3,其中巴彦淖尔市的节水潜力最大,乌海市最小。在节水潜力组成中,工程节水占比最大,约为52.83%,技术节水占比最小,约为16.91%,工程节水占比呈逐年增长趋势。【结论】本研究将系统动力学运用到农业节水潜力估算当中,可为干旱区制定农业节水发展政策提供技术支撑。

明·华北挑战更严峻——漫步地震五千年(13)

明朝迁都北京后,面临的挑战更严峻:靠近了边境、离开了母亲河、掉进了地震带,对后世影响深远。华北地区进入第3次地震高发期(1484—1730)。地震活动主要受制于两条活动地震带-NE向的唐山—磁县带和NW向的张家口—蓬莱带。这对共轭断裂形成于统一的构造应力场中,是一组走向不同、剪切方向相反的交叉剪切带。共轭断裂的存在,使地震活动的多样性更加突出,模拟实验和野外观测研究了它的力学机制。欧亚大陆的破裂网络也显示了以NE向和NW向为主的构架,对地震破裂的应力转化和前兆分析具有指导意义。

Zoning区划控制性详规

Zoning与区划是两个本质上完全不同的范畴。国外对于Zonjng存在着不同的评价,它之所以能在北美取得成功,除去本身技术上的优势外,更重要的是它适应于那种社会制度的需要。我们不应该,也不可能完全照搬国外Zoning的做法,而应该着眼于完善植根于中国国情的控制性详规技术。

塑造认知:无障碍政策的宣导策略与优化路径——基于《深圳经济特区无障碍城市建设条例》的考察

无障碍环境建设不仅是社会文明进步的重要标志,也是城市文明程度的重要标杆。无障碍政策的宣传与倡导不仅改变社会大众的认知,同时也是助推无障碍政策实施的重要力量。从社会认知视角出发,通过对全国首部无障碍城市立法《深圳经济特区无障碍城市建设条例》出台前宣导策略与传播状况进行考察,试图探究前置传播机制如何推动无障碍政策的认知与接受。研究发现,抓住关键节点宣传无障碍城市理念,利用社交媒体推广无障碍城市行动,举办红黑榜单引领参与无障碍建设,汇聚社会舆论共识促进无障碍立法,发挥着塑造认知的重要作用。然而,在政策的前置传播过程中,仍然存在残联作为主要宣导力量,其他部门参与不够;关键节点宣导活动很多,日常宣导频率不足;社交媒体宣导效果有限,尚未形成传播矩阵等宣导困境。基于此,构建党政统筹和责任落实的跨部门协同机制、思路转变和长效推动的日常持续性机制、技术赋权和社交进入的全民性参与机制成为优化无障碍政策认知提升的宣导路径。

基于应急疏散的滨海地下交通枢纽空间精细化分区研究

暴雨和洪涝对滨海城市的地下空间构成严重威胁,应急疏散效率在受灾场景中至关重要。研究表明空间分区能有效提高疏散效率。目前传统分区方法依赖单一的最短路径方法,无法兼顾安全与高效。该文基于安全性评估提出了一种精细化分区方法。首先以应急疏散为目的,对地下空间按功能划分;其次考虑到灾害风险性、人员聚集性和设施高效性三个维度的影响因素,并构建安全性分区评价体系;最后综合上述因素,构建精细化分区划定体系。文章以深圳红树湾地铁站为案例,验证了新方法在保障疏散安全的同时,提升了疏散效率,为地下交通枢纽的防灾规划提供了理论支持。

区域中心城市视角下攀枝花阳光康养产业发展路径研究

“建成川西南、滇西北区域中心城市”是新时代攀枝花城市发展的新目标和新定位。“区域中心城市”的目标定位为攀枝花阳光康养产业发展提供了新的经济地理空间和区位战略,也为攀枝花阳光康养产业发展提出了新的要求。论文对中心城市、康养产业的国内外研究现状进行综述,剖析攀枝花在打造“区域中心城市”过程中存在的优势与劣势,分析“区域中心城市”目标定位下攀枝花加快发展阳光康养产业的必要性,论证“区域中心城市”目标定位对攀枝花阳光康养产业发展提出的新要求,基于以上分析提出“区域中心城市”目标定位下攀枝花阳光康养产业的具体发展路径。本文研究成果对于攀枝花在打造川西南、滇西北区域中心城市的过程中推进阳光康养产业实现高质量发展具有重要现实意义。

综放工作面动态注氮参数研究及数值模拟

针对目前防灭火注氮工程中存在的资源浪费、效率低等问题,本文提出了一种动态注氮的防灭火方法。围绕朱仙庄矿884工作面,开展采空区自燃“三带”测定,通过连续监测束管数据获得氧气浓度。依据氧气浓度含量,利用Fluent模拟软件构建计算模型,模拟不同注氮位置和注氮流量对自燃“三带”分布的影响,确定动态注氮工艺参数。结果表明:注氮位置在进风侧距离工作面30~60 m,注氮量为440~500 m^(3)/h时,动态注氮防灭火效果最佳,效益最好。

青岛典型潮间带贝类的种类组成与群落特征

为了解青岛沿岸潮间带贝类优势种、群落结构等资源状况,本研究分别于2022年5月(春季)和2022年10月(秋季)对青岛沿海基岩海岸、砂质海岸、粉砂淤泥质海岸以及砂质和基岩混合海岸类型的8个典型站位的潮间带贝类资源进行调查,比较、分析了各站位贝类物种组成、优势度和香农–威纳多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数等群落结构参数,并采用相似性系数聚类和非度量多维排序方法进行群落聚类分析。结果显示,青岛沿海潮间带共鉴定出贝类40种,沧口发现的贝类物种数最多,达到18种,金口最少,仅发现6种;各调查站位的优势种组成存在差异,且同一站位贝类优势种的种类和优势度随季节的变化而不同,春季优势种主要是短滨螺(Littorina brevicula)、砂海螂(Mya arenaria)和矮拟帽贝(Patelloida pygmaea)等,秋季优势种主要是长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)、凸壳肌蛤(Musculista senhousia)和菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)等;春季和秋季的多样性指数范围分别为0.85~1.84和0.66~2.00,丰富度指数分别为0.86~1.97和0.62~2.96,均匀度指数分别为0.41~0.84和0.31~0.98,多样性指数和丰富度最高的3个站位为前桃园、鳌山卫和沧口;春秋两季各站位群落聚类结果有所不同,红石崖和金口始终分别为单独一支,沧口和王哥庄始终聚为一类,前桃园和鳌山卫始终聚为一类。研究发现,底质类型对青岛潮间带贝类组成和群落结构特征具有较大影响。本研究查明了青岛不同底质潮间带的贝类资源状况,为青岛潮间带贝类资源的开发、保护和生态修复提供了基础资料。

Study on the Functional Zoning Modes of Urban Wetland Parks

Functional zoning is a critical phase in the planning of parks.Through summarizing and analyzing the functional zoning modes of different urban park types in China,as well as comparing to the functional zoning modes of nature reserves,famous scenic areas and overseas national parks,the functional zoning modes of urban wetland parks in China were elaborated in this study,the assumption of further sectorization were put forward,and theoretical supports were sought for more scientific and operable functional zoning of urban wetland parks.

Research on the evaluation of marine function zoning and its practice in China

The evaluation of marine function zoning （hereinafter referred to as MFZ） is an important part of MFZ. This paper studies the principles of MFZ evaluation and the evaluation procedures. It is proposed that three main aspects, including the evaluation of MFZ implementation situation, the evaluation of the performance effects and the evaluation of the changes of dependent conditions, are the top priorities in establishing an evaluation indicator system framework. The evaluation of MFZ implementation situation includes assessing the general situation of MFZ and the degree of implementation and public participation. The evaluation of the performance effects involves the assessments of the achievements and the existing problems in the rectification and standardization of utilizing the sea areas, protecting marine resources and environment, and promoting marine economic development. The evaluation of the changes of dependent conditions includes the assessments and measurements of the changes in the social and economic conditions, the use demands of marine industries, marine resource conditions and marine environmental conditions. This paper provides the means of integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches into the scientific and systematic evaluation on MFZ. The evaluation results can determine whether MFZ needs to be altered or not. The results also provide an important reference basis for determining whether a slight or great alteration is justified. To illustrate the utility of the MFZ evaluation indicator system, an evaluation example is given. Further studies are needed to make the evaluation of MFZ more scientific, reasonable, fair and effective.

内蒙古农牧交错区典型黑土坡耕地土壤侵蚀空间分布特征

[目的]定量了解内蒙古典型黑土区土壤侵蚀速率,探究该区域土壤侵蚀空间分布特征,阐明土壤侵蚀坡面和区域空间分布规律,以期为区域水土流失治理提供参考。[方法]采集内蒙古农牧交错区(海拉尔区、额尔古纳市和牙克石市)典型黑土坡耕地的土壤样品,利用137 Cs示踪技术计算各采样点土壤侵蚀速率,结合小波分析的方法研究土壤侵蚀在坡面的分布特征。[结果](1)3个坡面所有采样点137 Cs含量均小于背景值(1984.24 Bq/m^(2)),表现为所有坡面土壤流失。(2)3个地区的采样坡面平均侵蚀速率表现为:海拉尔〔6533.37 t/(km^(2)·a)〕>额尔古纳〔4174.35 t/(km^(2)·a)〕>牙克石〔2765.87 t/(km^(2)·a)〕。相同坡面的3个纵向断面的平均侵蚀速率相近,同一断面侵蚀速率的变异程度较高。(3)土壤侵蚀速率沿坡长呈强弱交替的周期性变化,但周期长度并不固定。大部分纵向断面存在周期长度为80~160 m和160~200 m的大小两个周期。部分纵向断面只存在一个周期长度为100~120 m的周期。[结论]该地区土壤侵蚀在坡面尺度表现为全坡面侵蚀且在纵向呈现周期性特征,在区域尺度呈现从东到西逐渐增加趋势。