Effect of fertigation frequency on soil nitrogen distribution and tomato yield under alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation

Alternate partial root-zone drip fertigation (ADF) is a combination of alternating irrigation and drip fertigation,with the potential to save water and increase nitrogen (N) fertilizer efficiency.A 2-year greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different fertigation frequencies on the distribution of soil moisture and nutrients and tomato yield under ADF.The treatments included three ADF frequencies with intervals of 3 days (F3),6 days (F6) and 12 days (F12),and conventional drip fertigation as a control (CK),which was fertilized once every 6 days.For the ADF treatments,two drip tapes were placed 10 cm away on each side of the tomato row,and alternate drip irrigation was realized using a manual valve on the distribution tapes.For the CK treatment,a drip tape was located close to the roots of the tomato plants.The total N application rate of all treatments was 180 kg ha^(-1).The total irrigation amounts applied to the CK treatment were450.6 and 446.1 mm in 2019 and 2020,respectively;and the irrigation amounts applied to the ADF treatments were 60%of those of the CK treatment.The F3 treatment resulted in water and N being distributed mainly in the 0–40-cm soil layer with less water and N being distributed in the 40–60-cm soil layer.The F6 treatment led to 21.0 and 29.0%higher 2-year average concentration of mineral N in the 0–20 and 20–40-cm soil layer,respectively and a 23.0%lower N concentration in the 40–60-cm soil layer than in the CK treatment.The 2-year average tomato yields of the F3,F6,F12,and CK treatments were 107.5,102.6,87.2,and 98.7 t ha^(-1),respectively.The tomato yield of F3 was significantly higher (23.3%) than that in the F12 treatment,whereas there was no significant difference between the F3 and F6 treatment.The F6 treatment resulted in yield similar to the CK treatment,indicating that ADF could maintain tomato yield with a 40%saving in water use.Based on the distribution of water and N,and tomato yield,a fertigation frequency of 6 days under ADF should be considered as a water-saving strategy for greenhouse tomato production.

Alternate Furrow Irrigation: A Practical Way to Improve Grape Quality and Water Use Efficiency in Arid Northwest China

Field experiments were conducted for two years to investigate the benefits of alternate furrow irrigation on fruit yield, quality and water use efficiency of grape （Vitis vinifera L. cv. Rizamat） in the arid region of Northwest China. Two irrigation treatments were included, i.e., conventional furrow irrigation （CFI, two root-zones were simultaneously irrigated during the consecutive irrigation） and alternate partial root-zone furrow irrigation （AFI, two root-zones were alternatively irrigated during the consecutive irrigation）. Results indicate that AFI maintained similar photosynthetic rate （Pn） but with a reduced transpiration rate when compared to CFI. As a consequence, AFI improved water use efficiency based on evapotranspiration （WUEEr, fruit yield over water consumed） and irrigation （WUE~, fruit yield over water irrigated） by 30.0 and 34.5%, respectively in 2005, and by 12.7 and 17.7%, respectively in 2006. AFI also increased the edible percentage of berry by 2.91-4.79% significantly in both years. Vitamin C （Vc） content content of berry was increased by 25.6-37.5%, and tritrated acidity （TA） was reduced by 9.5-18.1% in AFI. This resulted in an increased total soluble solid content （TSS） to TA ratio （TSS/TA） by 11.5-16.7% when compared to CFI in both years. Our results indicate that alternate furrow irrigation is a practical way to improve grape fruit quality and water use efficiency for irrigated crops in arid areas.

Stem flow of seed-maize under alternate furrow irrigation and double-row ridge planting in an arid region of Northwest China

Maize is widely planted throughout the world and has the highest yield of all the cereal crops. The arid region of North- west China has become the largest base for seed-maize production, but water shortage is the bottleneck for its long-term sustainability. Investigating the transpiration of seed-maize plants will offer valuable information for suitable planting and irrigation strategies in this arid area. In this study, stem flow was measured using a heat balance method under alternate furrow irrigation and double-row ridge planting. Meteorological factors, soil water content （e）, soil temperature （Ts） and leaf area （LA） were also monitored during 2012 and 2013. The diurnal stem flow and seasonal dynamics of maize plants in the zones of south side female parent （SFP）, north side female parent （NFP） and male parent （MP） were investigated. The order of stem flow rate was： SFP〉MP〉NFP. The relationships between stem flow and influential factors during three growth stages at different time scales were analyzed. On an hourly scale, solar radiation （Rs） was the main driving factor of stem flow. The influence of air temperature （Ta） during the maturity stage was significantly higher than in other periods. On a daily scale, Rs was the main driving factor of stem flow during the heading stage. During the filling growth stage, the main driving factor of NFP and MP stem flow was RH and Ts, respectively. However, during the maturity stage, the environ- mental factors had no significant influence on seed-maize stem flow. For different seed-maize plants, the main influential factors were different in each of the three growing seasons. Therefore, we identified them to accurately model the FP and MP stem flow and applied precision irrigation under alternate partial root-zone furrow irrigation to analyze major factors affecting stem flow in different scales.

Field performance of alternate wetting and drying furrow irrigation on tomato crop growth, yield, water use efficiency, quality and profitability

Sustainable irrigation method is now essential for adaptation and adoption in the areas where water resources are limited. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to test the performance of alternate wetting and drying furrow irrigation（AWDFI） on crop growth, yield, water use efficiency（WUE）, fruit quality and profitability analysis of tomato. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six treatments replicated thrice during the dry seasons of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015. Irrigation water was applied through three ways of furrow： AWDFI, fixed wetting and drying furrow irrigation（FWDFI） and traditional（every） furrow irrigation（TFI）. Each irrigation method was divided into two levels： irrigation up to 100 and 80% field capacity（FC）. Results showed that plant biomass（dry matter） and marketable fruit yield of tomato did not differ significantly between the treatments of AWDFI and TFI, but significant difference was observed in AWDFI and in TFI compared to FWDFI at same irrigation level. AWDFI saved irrigation water by 35 to 38% for the irrigation levels up to 80 and 100% FC, compared to the TFI, respectively. AWDFI improved WUE by around 37 to 40% compared to TFI when irrigated with 100 and 80% FC, respectively. Fruit quality（total soluble solids and pulp） was found greater in AWDFI than in TFI. Net return from AWDFI technique was found nearly similar compared to TFI and more than FWDFI. The benefit cost ratio was viewed higher in AWDFI than in TFI and FWDFI by 2.8, 8.7 and 11, 10.4% when irrigation water was applied up to 100 and 80% FC, respectively. Unit production cost was obtained lower in AWDFI compared to TFI and FWDFI. However, AWDFI is a useful water-saving furrow irrigation technique which may resolve as an alternative choice compared with TFI in the areas where available water and supply methods are limited to irrigation.

Effects of Alternative Partial Root-zone Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Plukenetia volubilis Seedlings

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of alternative partial rootzone irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on the potted seedlings of Plukenetia volubilis.A total of 7 treatments were designed with three factors, i.e., irrigation amount, irrigation mode and nitrogen fertilizer. The growth, photosynthesis and water use efficiency were analyzed. The results showed that compared with those under full irrigation, the biomass and water consumption under alternative partial root-zone irrigation were reduced by 5% and 75%, respectively, and the water use efficiency was increased by 60%. Under severe drought conditions, the root cap ratio in the nitrogen fertilizer treatment group was increased by 30%; the leaf area index, photosynthetic rate and biomass under alternative partial root-zone irrigation were reduced by 38%, 9% and 18%, respectively. It indicates that under severe drought conditions, alternative partial root-zone irrigation is not suitable to be matched with application of nitrogen fertilizer. In short, under moderate drought conditions, alternative partial root-zone irrigation could reduce transpiration and improve water use efficiency, and it is an effective water-saving irrigation technology for the plantation of P.volubilis plants.

Soil Water Distribution and Irrigation Uniformity Under Alternative Furrow Irrigation

Field experiments were conducted to investigate the spatial-temporal distribution and the uniformity of soil water under alternative furrow irrigation in spring maize field in Cansu Province. Results showed that during the crop growing season, alternative drying and wetting furrows could incur crops to endure a water stress. thus the adsorptive ability of root system could be enhanced. As there was no zero flux plane between irrigated furrows and non-irrigated furrows under alternative furrow irrigation, lateral infiltration of water was obviously increased, thus decreasing the deep percolation. Compared with the conventional irrigation, although the water consumption in alternative furrow irrigation was reduced, the uniformity of soil water was not obviously affected.

Water Consumption and Maize Yield for Alternative Furrow Irrigation in Western Heilongjiang Province

Aiming at less and un-uniform distribution rainfall problems, the serious draught in spring, low crop production and water efficiency in sandy soil area of Heilongjiang Province, the experiment of alternative furrow irrigation was conducted in Dumeng County in 2009. The purpose of the experiment was to find the water consumption law and its influence on maize yield. The results showed that the highest water consumption was during the heading stage and the highest daily consumption of water was during the filling stage. The stimulation effect of alternative furrow irrigation on yield was obvious in the appropriate irrigation level. The best irrigation pattern for the highest yield was as follows： the seedling stage was 325 m3. hm^-2; the jointing stage was 400 m3-hm^-2; and the filling stage was 288 m3- hm-2. The water consumption during each growing period was that the seedling was 38.85 mm; the jointing was 108.11 mm; the heading was 124.39 ram; the filling was 88.96 ram; the milk was 60.21 ram; and the harvesting was 47.89 mm.

Effect of irrigation regime on grain yield,water productivity,and methane emissions in dry direct-seeded rice grown in raised beds with wheat straw incorporation

Dry direct-seeded rice grown in raised beds is becoming an important practice in the wheat–rice rotation system in China.However,little information has been available on the effect of various irrigation regimes on grain yield,water productivity(WP),nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),and greenhouse gas emission in this practice.This study investigated the question using two rice cultivars in 2015 and 2016 grown in soil with wheat straw incorporated into it.Rice seeds were directly seeded into raised beds,which were maintained under aerobic conditions during the early seedling period.Three irrigation regimes:continuous flooding(CF),alternate wetting and drying(AWD),and furrow irrigation(FI),were applied from 4.5-leaf-stage to maturity.Compared with CF,both AWD and FI significantly increased grain yield,WP,and internal NUE,with greater increases under the FI regime.The two cultivars showed the same tendency in both years.Both AWD and FI markedly increased soil redox potential,root and shoot biomass,root oxidation activity,leaf photosynthetic NUE,and harvest index and markedly decreased global warming potential,owing to substantial reduction in seasonalThe results demonstrate that adoption of either AWD or FI could increase grain yield and resource-use efficiency and reduce environmental risks in dry direct-seeded rice grown on raised beds with wheat straw incorporation in the wheat–rice rotation system.

Effects of freeze-thaw cycle and dry-wet alternation on slope stability

The typical loess on high slopes along the BaoLan High-speed Rail, China, was selected as the research object. The influence of the freeze-thaw cycle and dry-wet alternation on the shear-strength parameters of the unsaturated loess was investigated by laboratory experimental methods. Moreover, the temperature field, seepage field, and stability of slopes with different gradients were simulated under the effect of the freeze-thaw cycle and dry-wet alternation by using the geotechnical analysis software Geo-Studio. The research results showed(1) when the freeze-thaw cycle was repeated on the slope, with the frozen depth increasing, the melted depth did the same; besides, the closed loop of isotherms formed on the slope;(2) under the action of dry-wet circulation, the negative pore-water pressure and volumetric water content showed an upward tendency. However, owing to the different slope gradients, rainfall infiltration was not the same. As time went by, the differences of the negative pore-water pressure and volumetric water content between the slopes of different gradients continued to increase;(3) with the freeze-thaw cycle and dry-wet alternation increasing, the slope-safety factor decreased. Especially in the early period, the slope-safety factor changed remarkably. For slopes undergoing freeze-thaw action, the slope-safety factor was negatively correlated with the gradient. However, with regard to slopes undergoing dry-wet alternation, the result became more complex because the slope-safety factor was related to both seepage strength and slope grade. Accordingly, further research is needed to study the effect of seepage strength and slope grade on the stability of loess slopes.

干湿交替灌溉和施氮量对粳稻光合特性和氮素吸收利用的影响

水分和氮素对水稻叶片光合特性和氮素吸收利用有重要影响,但在干湿交替灌溉条件下,水、氮是如何影响水稻叶片和根系氮代谢酶活性、产量和氮素吸收利用的仍不清楚。探明这一问题对于协同提高产量和氮肥利用效率有重要意义。本研究以超级稻品种南粳9108为材料,大田种植,设置全生育期常规灌溉(conventional irrigation,CI)和干湿交替灌溉(alternate wetting and drying irrigation,AWD)2种灌溉方式及5个施氮水平,不施氮(N0)、施氮90 kg hm^(-2)(N1)、施氮180 kg hm^(-2)(N2)、施氮270 kg hm^(-2)(N3)和施氮360 kg hm^(-2)(N4)。结果表明,与CI相比,AWD增加了水稻主要生育时期叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,提高了叶片净光合速率,并显著增加了叶片中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合成酶活性,显著降低了过氧化物酶、内肽酶活性和丙二醛含量,显著提高了根系中氮代谢酶硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合成酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性;AWD的产量较CI平均增加了10.4%。AWD显著提高了氮素转运量、氮素转运率、氮肥吸收利用率和氮肥偏生产力,产量和氮肥利用率均以AWD+N3处理组合的最高。因此,轻度干湿交替灌溉配合一定的施氮量,可以充分发挥水、肥效应,促进根系和叶片的氮代谢水平,提高叶片光合特性,协调地下地上部生长,有利于水稻产量和氮肥利用率的协同提高。

不同灌溉方式和灌水量对土壤水盐及燕麦生长特征的影响

[目的]探究不同灌溉方式和灌水量对土壤水盐变化规律及燕麦生长特征的影响,为提高盐碱地作物的生产效能和土壤水分管理提供科学参考。[方法]采用盆栽试验,设置3种灌溉方式:常规灌溉、固定单侧灌溉(fixed unilateral root zone irrigation,FURI)、交替灌溉(alternative partial root zone irrigation,APRI),3组灌水量:W_1(60%θ_f~70%θ_f,θ_f为田间持水率),W_2(70%θ_f~80%θ_f)和W_3(80%θ_f~90%θ_f),以常规灌溉作为对照,共9组交互处理。[结果](1)不同灌溉方式下,土壤各层含水率变化趋势基本一致,随灌水量增加洗盐效果越显著,常规灌溉的深层含水率总体高于其他两种灌溉方式。(2)燕麦株高、叶绿素相对含量(relative chlorophyll content of leaves,SPAD)、品质随灌水量的增加而上升,与常规灌溉相比,W_2灌溉水平下,分根交替灌溉处理的粗脂肪,粗蛋白,β-葡聚糖含量分别增加7.02%,3.76%,6.06%,但降低了燕麦叶片的SPAD值,影响其光合能力。(3)随着燕麦生育期的推进,土壤盐分均呈现不同程度的累积,分根交替灌溉的积盐率最低,同时对燕麦根系生长、水分利用效率及产量影响显著,其中根系总长、根系总表面积、根系总体积较相同灌水量(W_2)的常规灌溉分别增加6.75%,6.92%,12.5%,水分利用效率提高17.32%。[结论]采用分根交替灌溉方式下的中等灌水量(W_2)有利于提高燕麦的生产效能,对盐分累积的控制效果较好。

斜发沸石对干湿交替条件下水稻产量和氮素累积的影响

【目的】斜发沸石作为一种优良的土壤改良剂,因其具有改善土壤养分、提高水稻产量、减少氮素流失等积极作用而广泛用于水稻生产中。通过田间定位试验,探究干湿交替灌溉条件下斜发沸石对水稻氮素吸收利用和产量的长期影响。【方法】在2017—2021年连续5年进行原位大田试验。试验设计为随机区组试验,设置常规淹灌条件下不施斜发沸石(I_(CF)Z_(0)),干湿交替灌溉下不施斜发沸石(I_(AWD)Z_(0))和干湿交替灌溉下施加10 t/hm^(2)斜发沸石(I_(AWD)Z_(10))3个处理,斜发沸石于2017年施入土壤,之后4年(2018—2021)不再施用。水稻生育期内定期取0—30 cm土壤样品用于测定无机氮含量,每年水稻成熟期,调查籽粒产量量及主要产量构成因子,计算地上部氮累积量、氮肥偏生产力。【结果】I_(CF)Z_(0)和I_(AWD)Z_(0)处理的水稻产量、地上部氮累积量和氮肥偏生产力差异均不显著。与I_(CF)Z_(0)和I_(AWD)Z_(0)处理相比,I_(AWD)Z_(10)处理连续5年均显著提高了地上部氮累积量和产量,但增长率随定位试验的延长有所下降。I_(AWD)Z_(10)处理氮肥偏生产力较I_(CF)Z_(0)和I_(AWD)Z_(0)处理分别增加了9.67~13.44和5.53~9.55 kg/kg,产量分别增加了1.26~2.42和1.00~1.72 t/hm^(2)。与I_(AWD)Z_(0)相比,I_(AWD)Z_(10)处理地上部干物质累积量在拔节孕穗期、抽穗开花期、乳熟期和成熟期分别增加了20.96%~31.24%、16.89%~30.44%、17.87%~25.45%和13.43%~21.12%,地上部氮累积量分别增加了19.92%~47.14%、14.90%~43.88%、21.68%~31.37%和7.18%~30.27%。I_(AWD)Z_(0)与I_(CF)Z_(0)处理土壤无机氮含量差异不显著,I_(AWD)Z_(10)处理土壤无机氮含量最高,较I_(AWD)Z_(0)处理增加了19.88%~40.96%。在分蘖—穗肥阶段,5年间I_(AWD)Z_(10)处理的土壤NH_(4)^(+)-N含量较I_(CF)Z_(0)和I_(AWD)Z_(0)处理分别增加了31.83%~48.84%和28.35%~52.80%。I_(AWD)Z_(0)和I_(CF)Z_(0)处理收获后土壤全氮含量差异不显著,I_(AWD)Z_(10)较I_(CF)Z_(0)处理显著提高了收获期土壤全氮含量,提升幅度为9.27%~11.41%,这表明随着时间的延长,斜发沸石并不会对土壤养分产生负面影响,反而对土壤养分具有长期改善的作用。【结论】在干湿交替灌溉条件下,一次性施用斜发沸石可连续多年提高水稻生育期土壤铵态氮含量、增加土壤全氮,进而促进水稻氮吸收,提高氮肥偏生产力和产量。因此,斜发沸石可用于新型灌溉技术下提高水稻产量,实现稻田可持续利用。

分根区交替灌溉在农业生产中的应用研究进展

在全球水资源日益紧缺的背景下,如何提高农业用水利用效率,对于农业可持续发展具有重要意义。分根区交替灌溉作为一种具有较好前景的高效节水灌溉技术,被认为是未来最具发展潜力的灌溉技术之一。目前,各国科技工作者围绕分根区交替灌溉对作物生长、生理的影响方面开展了大量研究,并对其节水机制进行了解析,亟待总结梳理。本文回顾了分根区交替灌溉技术的发展历程,综述了分根区交替灌溉对作物生长发育、产量及品质的影响,归纳了该技术影响作物水分利用效率的生理机制,并对分根区交替灌溉在未来的研究方向进行了展望,以期为作物分根区交替灌溉节水灌溉机理研究和节水灌溉技术的革新提供参考。

土壤CO_(2)排放对微咸水与淡水交替灌溉的响应

为揭示微咸水与淡水交替灌溉模式对土壤CO_(2)排放通量变化规律的影响,研究极端干旱区棉田3种灌溉水质(矿化度分别为2、3、5 g/L)和3种不同配比咸淡水交替[微咸水∶淡水=1∶1(W1);微咸水∶淡水=1∶4(W2);微咸水∶淡水=1∶0(W3)]灌溉对土壤CO_(2)排放通量的影响。结果表明:①以2 g/L为对照,3 g/L微咸水与淡水交替灌溉处理CO_(2)累积排放通量减少了6.03%~7.19%;5 g/L微咸水与淡水交替灌溉处理CO_(2)累积排放通量减少了9.83%~10.15%;②在相同矿化度条件下,土壤CO_(2)累积排放通量为W2处理>W1处理>W3处理,淡水灌水量多的处理CO_(2)排放通量较大。③以2 g/L为对照,3 g/L和5 g/L处理产量平均提高了1.25%和3.64%,W1处理产量相较于W2、W3处理平均提高了24.02%和14.12%。随着灌溉水矿化度的增大,土壤CO_(2)排放通量减小,所有不同配比下矿化度为5 g/L的处理CO_(2)排放量均小于2、3 g/L的处理;在微咸水与淡水交替灌溉条件下,矿化度为3 g/L且微咸水∶淡水=1∶1的灌水处理,土壤CO_(2)排放通量降低且棉花产量最大,能够为合理利用微咸水及保护干旱区灌区农田生态环境提供理论依据。

不同灌溉模式下水稻田氮素运移规律

为了提高水稻田氮素利用率减少农业面源污染,选取了2块大田,分别采取干湿交替节水灌溉和传统淹灌方式,分析稻田土壤剖面NH_(4)^(+)-N、NO_(3)^(-)-N及TN浓度的分布规律。结果表明节水灌溉和传统淹灌条件下,施入3次氮肥后,地表水及土壤不同深度处NH_(4)^(+)-N和TN浓度变化规律相似且均会出现峰值后迅速降低。而节水灌溉条件下由于NO_(3)^(-)-N浓度太低导致峰值不明显,传统淹灌条件下的NO_(3)^(-)-N浓度峰值到达时间相比于NH_(4)^(+)-N有一定滞后性。整体来说,水稻田施肥后5 d内是防控田间氮素流失的关键时期;节水灌溉条件下水稻田的灌溉水利用效率和氮素生产率更高。此研究结果可为提高水肥利用率和减少农业面源污染等提供理论依据。

稻米淀粉、蛋白质和脂质与蒸煮食味品质关系研究进展

蒸煮食味品质是消费者选择稻米的重要评价标准。淀粉、蛋白质和脂质作为稻米的三大主要物质成分,与其蒸煮食味品质关系密切。为进一步探索稻米蒸煮食味品质形成机制及水稻优质栽培技术,本文综述了稻米三大主要物质的组成与分布、合成代谢特点及其与蒸煮食味品质关系的研究进展,总结了干湿交替灌溉技术对稻米三大主要物质及其蒸煮食味品质的影响,并提出了研究存在三大主要物质互作与稻米蒸煮食味品质关系不清楚以及干湿交替灌溉对蒸煮食味品质的调控机制不明确等问题。建议今后基于淀粉、蛋白质和脂质累积与合成代谢的关系深入研究稻米蒸煮食味品质形成机制以及轻-干湿交替灌溉对稻米蒸煮食味品质的调优机制。

干湿交替灌溉和生物质炭施用对稻田碳汇与甲烷排放的影响及其机理研究进展

稻田系统作为重要的碳库,对全球碳排放具有十分重要的影响。灌溉方式和生物质炭的施用是影响水稻生长发育和稻田“碳汇与碳排”的关键措施。本文重点阐述了稻田甲烷排放机制、稻田土壤碳汇机制以及干湿交替灌溉和生物质炭施用对稻田“碳汇与碳排”的调控作用和机制。同时,对研究过程中发现的问题进行讨论,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为实现水稻高产高效生产与固碳减排协同提供理论依据。

砂管灌与有机肥对土壤蔗糖酶活性及骏枣品质的影响

为响应化肥减量增效有关政策,探究砂管灌装置灌溉方式下不同有机肥30%养分替代化肥处理对骏枣产量与品质和对土壤蔗糖酶活性及有机质含量的影响,以南疆骏枣为研究对象,设置鸡粪(T1)、油渣(T2)、有机水溶肥(T3)和单施化肥(CK)4个试验处理,结果表明,有机肥配施化肥可以使果实膨大期枣树叶片SPAD值提高3.29%~6.29%,能够不同程度地提高0~40 cm土壤蔗糖酶活性,并能使0~40 cm土层有机质含量提高5.93%~34.62%。有机肥配施化肥能在稳定产量的同时使骏枣果实的总糖含量增加12.36%~35.25%、可溶性固形物含量增加25.60%~38.24%、维生素C含量增加1.17%~15.36%,并能使骏枣产量增加0.63%~4.81%。综合比较下T1处理鸡粪有机肥(2 kg/棵)30%养分替代化肥的处理效果最佳。该研究对于化肥减量增效与农业水资源高效利用具有重要意义。

Influences of alternate partial root-zone irrigation and urea rate on water-and nitrogen-use efficiencies in tomato

Traditional water and fertilizer inputs are often much higher than the actual demands of tomato,which causes a reduction in water-and fertilizer-use efficiencies.To investigate the advantage of alternate partial root-zone irrigation(AI)on water-and nitrogen(N)-use efficiencies of tomato modified by water and N management,taking conventional irrigation(CI)as the control,the effects of AI on root morphology and activity,fruit yield and water and N use efficiency were studied using pot experiments.There were four combinations of irrigation levels and growing stages of tomato for AI,i.e.AI_(1)(high water(W_(H))from blooming to harvest stage(BHS)),AI_(2)(W_(H)from blooming to fruit setting stage(BFS)and low water(W_(L))at the harvest stage(HS)),AI_(3)(W_(L)at BFS and W_(H)at HS)and AI_(4)(W_(L)at BHS)at three urea rates,i.e.low urea rate(NL),middle urea rate(N_(M))and high urea rate(N_(H))in the form of urea.Irrigation quotas for W_(H)and W_(L)in AI at BFS or HS were 80%and 60%of that in CI,respectively.Compared to CI,AI decreased water consumption by 16.0%-33.1%and increased water use efficiency of yield(WUE_(y))and dry mass(WUE_(d))by 6.7%-11.9%and 10.2%-15.9%,respectively.AI_(1)did not decline yield,total N uptake(TNU)and N use efficiency(NUE)significantly.Compared to NL,N_(M)enhanced tomato yield,TNU,WUE_(y)and WUE_(d)by 28.5%,35.3%,22.6%and 16.3%,respectively.Compared to CINL,AI_(1)N_(M)reduced water consumption by 12.5%,but increased tomato yield,TNU,WUE_(y)and WUE_(d)by 35.5%,58.4%,54.4%and 53.7%,respectively.Therefore,AI_(1)can improve water use efficiency and total N uptake of tomato simultaneously at medium urea rate.

Alternate partial root-zone irrigation with high irrigation frequency improves root growth and reduces unproductive water loss by apple trees in arid north-west China

Alternate partial root-zone irrigation(APRI)can improve water use efficiency in arid areas. However,the effectiveness and outcomes of different frequencies of APRI on water uptake capacity and physiological water use have not been reported. A two-year field experiment was conducted with two irrigation amounts(400 and500 mm) and three irrigation methods(conventional irrigation, APRI with high and low frequencies). Root length density, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate, leaf water use efficiency, midday stem and leaf water potentials were measured. The results show that in comparison with conventional irrigation, APRI with high frequency significantly increased root length density and decreased water potentials and stomatal conductance.No differences in the above indicators between the two APRI frequencies were detected. A significantly positive relationship between stomatal conductance and root length density was found under APRI. Overall, alternate partial root-zone irrigation with high frequency has a great potential to promote root growth, expand water uptake capacity and reduce unproductive water loss in the arid apple production area.