Wetting alternating with partial drying during grain filling increases lysine biosynthesis in inferior rice grain

Lysine content is a criterion of the nutritional quality of rice.Understanding the process of lysine biosynthesis in early-flowering superior grain(SG)and late-flowering inferior grain(IG)of rice would advance breeding and cultivation to improve nutritional quality.However,little information is available on differences in lysine anabolism between SG and IG and the underlying mechanism,and whether and how irrigation regimes affect lysine anabolism in these grains.A japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field and two irrigation regimes,continuous flooding(CF)and wetting alternating with partial drying(WAPD),were imposed from heading to the mature stage.Lysine content and activities of key enzymes of lysine biosynthesis,and levels of brassinosteroids(BRs)were lower in the IG than in the SG at the early grainfilling stage but higher at middle and late grain-filling stages.WAPD increased activities of these key enzymes,BR levels,and contents of lysine and total amino acids in IG,but not SG relative to CF.Application of 2,4-epibrassinolide to rice panicles in CF during early grain filling reproduced the effects of WAPD,but neither treatment altered the activities of enzymes responsible for lysine catabolism in either SG or IG.WAPD and elevated BR levels during grain filling increased lysine biosynthesis in IG.Improvement in lysine biosynthesis in rice should focus on IG.

Influence of Seed Priming on Performance and Water Productivity of Direct Seeded Rice in Alternating Wetting and Drying

Direct seeded rice is promising alternative to traditional transplanting, but requires appropriate crop and water management to maintain yield performance and achieve high water productivity. Present study evaluated the effect of seed priming and irrigation on crop establishment, tillering, agronomic traits, paddy yield, grain quality and water productivity of direct seeded rice in alternate wetting and drying （DSR-AWD） in comparison with direct seeded rice at field capacity （DSR- FC）. Seed priming treatments were osmo-priming with KCI （2.2%）, CaCI2 （2.2%） and moringa leaf extracts （MLE, 3.3%） including hydro-priming as control. Among the treatments, seed osmo-primed with MLE emerged earlier and had higher final emergence, followed by osmo-priming with CaCI2. Tillering emergence rate and number of tillers per plant were the highest for seed priming with CaCI2 in DSR- AWD. Total productive and non-productive tillers, panicle length, biological and grain yields, harvest index were highest for seed priming with MLE or CaCI2 in DSR-AWD. Similarly, grain quality, estimated in terms of normal grains, abortive and chalky grains, was also the highest in DSR-AWD with MLE osmo-priming. Benefit cost ratio and water productivity was also the highest in DSR-AWD for seed priming with MLE. In conclusion, seed priming with MLE or CaCI2 can be successfully employed to improve the direct seeded rice performance when practiced with alternate wetting and drying irrigation.

Grain yield and water use efficiency of super rice under soil water deficit and alternate wetting and drying irrigation

This study investigated if super rice could better cope with soil water deficit and if it could have better yield performance and water use efficiency （WUE） under alternate wetting and drying （AWD） irrigation than check rice. Two super rice cultivars and two elite check rice cultivars were grown in pots with three soil moisture levels, well watered （WW）, moderate water deficit （MWD） and severe water deficit （SWD）. Two cultivars, each for super rice and check rice, were grown in field with three irrigation regimes, alternate wetting and moderate drying （AWMD）, alternate wetting and severe drying （AWSD） and conventional irrigation （CI）. Compared with that under WW, grain yield was significantly decreased under MWD and SWD treatments, with less reduction for super rice than for check rice. Super rice had higher percentage of productive tillers, deeper root distribution, higher root oxidation activity, and greater aboveground biomass production at mid and late growth stages than check rice, especially under WMD and WSD. Compared with CI,AWMD increased, whereasAWSD decreased grain yield, with more increase or less decrease for super rice than for check rice. Both MWD and SWD treatments and eitherAWMD orAWSD regime significantly increased WUE compared with WW treatment or CI regime, with more increase for super rice than for check rice. The results suggest that super rice has a stronger ability to cope with soil water deficit and holds greater promising to increase both grain yield and WUE by adoption of moderate AWD irrigation.

Agronomic performance of drought-resistance rice cultivars grown under alternate wetting and drying irrigation management in southeast China

Compared to drought-susceptible rice cultivars(DSRs),drought-resistance rice cultivars(DRRs)could drastically reduce the amount of irrigation water input and simultaneously result in higher grain yield under water-saving irrigation conditions.However,the mechanisms underlying these properties are unclear.We investigated how improved agronomic traits contribute to higher yield and higher water use efficiency(WUE)in DRRs than in DSRs under alternate wetting and drying(AWD).Two DRRs and two DSRs were field-grown in 2015 and 2016 using two different irrigation regimes:continuous flooding(CF)and AWD.Under CF,no statistical differences in grain yield and WUE were observed between DRRs and DSRs.Irrigation water under the AWD regime was 275–349 mm,an amount 49.8%–56.2% of that(552–620 mm)applied under the CF regime.Compared to CF,AWD significantly decreased grain yield in both DRRs and DSRs,with a more significant reduction in DSRs,and WUE was increased in DRRs,but not in DSRs,by 9.9%–23.0% under AWD.Under AWD,DRRs showed a 20.2%–26.2% increase in grain yield and an 18.6%–24.5% increase in WUE compared to DSRs.Compared to DSRs,DRRs showed less redundant vegetative growth,greater sink capacity,higher grain filling efficiency,larger root biomass,and deeper root distribution under AWD.We conclude that these improved agronomic traits exert positive influences on WUE in DRRs under AWD.

Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Associated with Six Rice Cultivars in Italian Agricultural Ecosystem Managed with Alternate Wetting and Drying

Alternate wetting and drying(AWD)system,in which water has been reduced by approximately 35%with an increased occurrence of beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)symbiosis and no negative impact on rice yield,was proposed to utilize water and nutrients more sustainable.In this study,we selected six rice cultivars(Centauro,Loto,Selenio,Vialone nano,JSendra and Puntal)grown under AWD conditions,and investigated their responsiveness to AM colonization and how they select diverse AM taxa.In order to investigate root-associated AM fungus communities,molecular cloning-Sanger sequencing on small subunit rDNA data were obtained from five out of the six rice cultivars and compared with Next Generation Sequencing(NGS)data,which were previously obtained in Vialone nano.The results showed that all the cultivars were responsive to AM colonization with the development of AM symbiotic structures,even if with differences in the colonization and arbuscule abundance in the root systems.We identified 16 virtual taxa(VT)in the soil compartment and 7 VT in the root apparatus.We emphasized that the NGS analysis gives additional value to the results thanks to a more in-depth reading of the less represented AM fungus taxa.

Moderate wetting and drying increases rice yield and reduces water use, grain arsenic level, and methane emission

To meet the major challenge of increasing rice production to feed a growing population under increasing water scarcity,many water-saving regimes have been introduced in irrigated rice,such as an aerobic rice system,non-flooded mulching cultivation,and alternate wetting and drying(AWD).These regimes could substantially enhance water use efficiency(WUE) by reducing irrigation water.However,such enhancements greatly compromise grain yield.Recent work has shown that moderate AWD,in which photosynthesis is not severely inhibited and plants can rehydrate overnight during the soil drying period,or plants are rewatered at a soil water potential of-10 to-15 k Pa,or midday leaf potential is approximately-0.60 to-0.80 MPa,or the water table is maintained at 10 to 15 cm below the soil surface,could increase not only WUE but also grain yield.Increases in grain yield WUE under moderate AWD are due mainly to reduced redundant vegetative growth;improved canopy structure and root growth;elevated hormonal levels,in particular increases in abscisic acid levels during soil drying and cytokinin levels during rewatering;and enhanced carbon remobilization from vegetative tissues to grain.Moderate AWD could also improve rice quality,including reductions in grain arsenic accumulation,and reduce methane emissions from paddies.Adoption of moderate AWD with an appropriate nitrogen application rate may exert a synergistic effect on grain yield and result in higher WUE and nitrogen use efficiency.Further research is needed to understand root–soil interaction and evaluate the long-term effects of moderate AWD on sustainable agriculture.

Effect of irrigation regime on grain yield,water productivity,and methane emissions in dry direct-seeded rice grown in raised beds with wheat straw incorporation

Dry direct-seeded rice grown in raised beds is becoming an important practice in the wheat–rice rotation system in China.However,little information has been available on the effect of various irrigation regimes on grain yield,water productivity(WP),nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),and greenhouse gas emission in this practice.This study investigated the question using two rice cultivars in 2015 and 2016 grown in soil with wheat straw incorporated into it.Rice seeds were directly seeded into raised beds,which were maintained under aerobic conditions during the early seedling period.Three irrigation regimes:continuous flooding(CF),alternate wetting and drying(AWD),and furrow irrigation(FI),were applied from 4.5-leaf-stage to maturity.Compared with CF,both AWD and FI significantly increased grain yield,WP,and internal NUE,with greater increases under the FI regime.The two cultivars showed the same tendency in both years.Both AWD and FI markedly increased soil redox potential,root and shoot biomass,root oxidation activity,leaf photosynthetic NUE,and harvest index and markedly decreased global warming potential,owing to substantial reduction in seasonalThe results demonstrate that adoption of either AWD or FI could increase grain yield and resource-use efficiency and reduce environmental risks in dry direct-seeded rice grown on raised beds with wheat straw incorporation in the wheat–rice rotation system.

Growth,yield and water productivity of dry direct seeded rice and transplanted aromatic rice under different irrigation management regimes

Sustainability of traditionally cultivated rice in the rice-wheat cropping zone(RWCZ)of Pakistan is dwindling due to the high cost of production,declining water resources and escalating labour availability.Thus,farmers and researchers are compelled to find promising alternatives to traditional transplanted rice(TPR).A field study was conducted in Punjab,Pakistan,in 2017 and 2018 to explore the trade-offs between water saving and paddy yield,water productivity and economics of two aromatic rice varieties under dry direct seeded rice(DDSR)and TPR.The experiment was comprised of three irrigation regimes on the basis of soil moisture tension(SMT)viz.,continuous flooded(>–10 kPa SMT),alternate wetting and drying(AWD)(–20 kPa SMT)and aerobic rice(–40 kPa SMT),maintained under TPR and DDSR systems.Two aromatic rice verities:Basmati-515 and Chenab Basmati-2016 were used during both years of study.In both years,DDSR produced higher yields(13–18%)and reduced the total water inputs(8–12%)in comparison to TPR.In comparison to traditional continuous flooded(CF),AWD under DDSR reduced total water input by 27–29%and improved the leaf area index(LAI),tillering,yield(7–9%),and water productivity(44–50%).The performance of AWD with regard to water savings and increased productivity was much higher in DDSR system as compared to AWD in TPR system.Cultivation of DDSR with aerobic irrigation improved water savings(49–55%)and water productivity(22–30%)at the expense of paddy yield reduction(36–39%)and spikelet sterility.With regard to variety,the highest paddy yield(6.6 and 6.7 t ha–1)was recorded in DDSR using Chenab Basmati-2016 under AWD irrigation threshold that attributed to high tiller density and LAI.The economic analysis showed DDSR as more beneficial rice establishment method than TPR with a high benefit-cost ratio(BCR)when the crop was irrigated with AWD irrigation threshold.Our results highlighted that with the use of short duration varieties,DDSR cultivation in conjunction with AWD irrigation can be more beneficial for higher productivity and crop yield.

干湿交替环境下纳米涂层/铝合金体系的腐蚀行为研究

目的 评价干湿交替环境下硅烷环氧杂化纳米涂层/2024铝合金体系的腐蚀行为研究。方法:通过测试纳米涂层/铝合金试样在干湿交替加速腐蚀环境下的EIS值,分析试样腐蚀前期、中期及后期EIS特征规律,建立涂层体系在干湿交替环境下的电极阻抗模型,获得涂层电极EIS参数特征、吸水过程变化规律。结果 干湿交替环境下涂层失效体系失效过程是:在腐蚀前期,涂层Bode图表现为一条直线,此时涂层表面未发生电化学反应,涂层具有可逆性质;腐蚀中期,阻抗谱图出现两个圆弧特征,涂层表面电化学腐蚀行为已经开始,涂层逐渐破坏;腐蚀后期,在腐蚀产物的作用下,涂层出现鼓泡等现象,此时涂层已经完全失去保护功能。结论 硅烷环氧杂化纳米涂层/2024铝合金体系在干湿交替环境下电容值与加速时间呈正相关,满足Fick第一定律,硅烷环氧杂化纳米涂层中水分的扩散系数D为1.725 3×10^(-9)cm^(2)·s^(-1)。

Corrosion Behavior of Weathering Test Steel for Bridge Under the Neutral Wet/Dry Alternate Condition

The corrosion behaviors of the high-performance weathering test steel for bridge and the reference (09CuPCrNi-A) were symmetrically studied under 3.5% NaCl neutral wet/dry alternate condition,revealing their dynamics line tendency of primary corrosion and the rusting flow in the simulative marine atmosphere environment.By observing the corrosion evolution of surface microstructures and composition by the scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and the energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) at the different stages,the corrosion mechanism was further discussed in details.

Effects of zeolite application on grain yield,water use and nitrogen uptake of rice under alternate wetting and drying irrigation

With the increasing scarcity of water resources and growing population,the dual goal of saving irrigation water and increasing grain yield has become a major challenge in rice production around the world.A two-year lysimetric experiment was conducted to assess the effects of zeolite application(Z_(0):0 and Z1:15 t/hm^(2) and water regimes(W_(0):continuous flooding irrigation,W1:energy-controlled irrigation,W2:alternate wetting and drying irrigation)on grain yield,water use and total nitrogen uptake of rice.Zeolite addition to paddy field significantly increased grain yield,total N uptake,and water use efficiency(WUE),despite a negligible effect on amount of irrigation water used.Compared with W_(0),the separate use of W_(1) and W_(2) each considerably decreased irrigation water.However,W2-grown rice showed a significant decline in grain yield.In contrast,W1 showed comparable grain yield with W_(0),and achieved the highest WUE.Correlation analysis revealed that grain yield was significantly and positively correlated with effective panicles,spikelets per panicle,water consumption,and total N uptake.It is concluded that the combination of zeolite application at the rate of 15 t/hm^(2) and energy-controlled irrigation could be recommended to benefit farmers by reducing irrigation water while improving grain yield on a clay loam soil.

低碳钢带锈电极的腐蚀行为

研究了一种低碳钢在干湿交替腐蚀加速实验条件下的锈蚀速度变化.结果表明:在初期,锈蚀速度随干湿交替次数的增加而增大,随后转为随干湿交替次数的增加而降低;低碳钢锈蚀速度的转变与铁锈组成的变化有关,γ-FeOOH和Fe3O4的形成是腐蚀速度出现转化的因素之一.带锈低碳钢的电化学极化行为表明,干湿交替初期的腐蚀产物对阴极和阳极过程都有促进作用,在后期表现为对阳极过程抑制,而对阴极过程促进.同时,提出了一种描述低碳钢大气腐蚀行为的流程图.

海洋干湿交替区混凝土结构的人工气候模拟加速试验设计

为了解决海洋环境下干湿交替区(浪溅区、潮差区)混凝土结构耐久性试验的相似性问题,以海洋环境中受氯盐侵蚀的实际工程为背景,分析干湿交替区中氯离子在混凝土中的侵蚀机理和现场环境参数(氯离子质量分数、温度、湿度、干湿循环等)对其侵蚀的影响。对该区域现场环境参数进行模拟并改变这些参数来提高氯盐侵蚀速率以制定加速试验方案。采用该试验方案可以快速有效地得出海工混凝土结构的耐久性能退化规律,并为该类结构的人工气候模拟试验提供借鉴。

海洋干湿交替环境下电偶腐蚀及其研究方法进展

主要分析了海洋干湿交替环境下干湿比、间浸频率、盐分浓缩、腐蚀产物等因素对电偶腐蚀的影响。简单介绍了电偶腐蚀研究方法如浸泡法、电化学实验法,以及近年来电偶腐蚀研究新技术,指出电偶腐蚀研究中面临的问题并对今后电偶腐蚀研究方向进行展望。

桥梁用耐候试验钢在中性干湿交替环境中的腐蚀行为

在3.5%NaCl中性干湿交替环境中,对高性能桥梁用耐候试验钢和其对比材料09CuPCrNi-A钢开展腐蚀试验,探讨其在模拟海洋大气环境下的初期腐蚀动力学曲线趋势及其腐蚀规律;利用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪分析在腐蚀试验初期的不同阶段,高性能桥梁用耐候试验钢和其对比材料试样的表面形貌及微区成分,从而探讨它们在此种环境下的腐蚀反应历程。

干湿交替环境下膨胀土变形试验研究

干湿交替环境下,膨胀土具有反复湿胀干缩变形的特性,容易引起工程建筑物的变形破坏。以南宁地区的击实膨胀土为研究对象,通过室内试验揭示膨胀土在干湿交替环境中的变形规律,探讨了体积变形参数、初始切线模量与循环次数的关系,并对试样绝对残余体变率与初始切线模量的关系进行了分析。研究结果表明:试样的绝对残余体变率随干湿循环次数的增加而递增,但相对残余体变率却逐渐减小,体积变形量稳定时所需循环次数均随含水率变化幅度的增加而递减。

海洋环境中CFRP钢管混凝土复合桩基腐蚀试验研究

通过设计室内高湿热海洋环境模拟系统,运用外加直流电加速腐蚀法,对碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)‑钢管混凝土复合桩基在海洋环境中腐蚀特征和力学性能退化规律进行了研究.结果表明:由于桩基各腐蚀区段影响因素不同,桩基腐蚀程度不均匀,其中干湿交替区最严重,大气区次之,水下区最弱;桩基粘贴CFRP后,能有效抑制腐蚀介质入侵,限制表面应变发展;X射线衍射图谱表明其腐蚀产物主要成分为Fe_(2)O_(3)、Fe_(3)O_(4)、α‑FeOOH和γ‑FeOOH,并且产物含量在粘贴CFRP后有明显下降;腐蚀过程中CFRP的侧向约束能有效提高桩基的轴向承载力;通过分析试验过程中桩基应变、腐蚀产物以及承载力的变化规律,将桩基力学性能退化过程划分为一般腐蚀、中等腐蚀和严重腐蚀3个阶段.

低碳钢在工业大气环境中的锈蚀演化

研究了模拟工业酸雨大气条件下低碳钢经干湿循环加速腐蚀实验条件下的锈蚀速度变化。初期锈蚀速度随干湿循环次数的增加而增大，随后转为随干湿循环次数的增加而降低。带锈低碳钢的电化学极化行为表明，干湿循环下的腐蚀产物促进阴极过程，抑制阳极过程。在干湿循环加速腐蚀进程中低碳钢表面铁锈的化学组成、结构变化表现为在锈蚀初期α-FeOOH含量较低，锈层疏松，锈蚀速度呈随干湿循环次数增加而上升趋势；后期随α—FeOOH含量的增加和锈层变得更加致密，腐蚀转变为随干湿循环次数增加而下降。

干湿交替环境下铝合金牺牲阳极研究进展

本文主要介绍了铝合金牺牲阳极的开发现状,分析了干湿交替环境铝合金牺牲阳极性能下降的原因,并综述了目前我国干湿交替环境下铝合金牺牲阳极的研发现状。

DH36钢在模拟海洋环境干湿交替过程中的腐蚀行为

海洋环境中钢铁设备会受到严重腐蚀,浪花飞溅区的干湿交替状况下最为严重,对钢铁在该环境下腐蚀机理的研究很有必要。以模拟全浸区钢样作对比,利用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪对DH36海洋用钢试样的腐蚀形貌和腐蚀产物成分进行了分析,探讨了其在干湿交替过程中的腐蚀规律及其机理。结果表明:干湿交替DH36钢试样阴极过程的溶解氧还原的极限扩散控制特征基本消失,而受腐蚀产物还原为主的电荷传递控制;干湿交替钢样生成的腐蚀产物较多,锈层自身氧化剂的作用使得阴极电流变大,导致模拟干湿交替试样的腐蚀速率远大于全浸区试样的。