Since 2009,the Mine Safety and Health Administration(MSHA)has required mines to install refuge alternatives(RAs)in underground coal mines.One of the biggest concerns with occupied RAs is the possible severity of the r...Since 2009,the Mine Safety and Health Administration(MSHA)has required mines to install refuge alternatives(RAs)in underground coal mines.One of the biggest concerns with occupied RAs is the possible severity of the resulting thermal environment.In 30 CFR 7.504,the maximum allowable apparent temperature(AT)for an occupied RA is specified as 35℃(95°F).Manufacturers must conduct heat/humidity tests to demonstrate that their RAs meet the 35℃(95°F)AT limit.For these tests,heat input devices are used to input the metabolic heat of actual miners.A wide variety of test methods,sensors,and heat input devices could be used when conducting such tests.Since 2012,the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH)has conducted over thirty 96-hour heat/humidity tests on four different RAs.This paper discusses the test equipment and procedures used during these investigations.This information is useful for RA manufacturers conducting RA heat/humidity tests,for other researchers investigating RA heat/humidity buildup,and for those who need to assess the thermal environment of any confined space where people may be trapped or are seeking refuge.展开更多
The discussion on cosmetic animal testing ban started since 1990s, with the fnally implementation of full animal testing ban in both research and marketing in EU and Israel in 2013. Now it has been fully or partially ...The discussion on cosmetic animal testing ban started since 1990s, with the fnally implementation of full animal testing ban in both research and marketing in EU and Israel in 2013. Now it has been fully or partially banned by law in 33 countries or regions, with more and more countries lining up to do the same. Beyond animal welfare consideration, the need of mutual acceptance of data （MAD） and harmonization of global market have made non-animal testing an irresistible general trend for worldwide countries to made regulation and policy. Recently, China is in critical crossroad to shift the toxicity paradigm and explore a proper strategy to promote the development of cosmetic non-animal testing. 3R theory has been frstly introduced in Chinese legislation in 2006 that is an important step forward to seriously thinking of animal test. In the following 10 years, the alternative technology in China has been developed dramatically with the implementation of relevant legislations, holding various theoretical and hands-on training, exploration work on methods validation, adoption of internationally recognized methods, propagation of alternative standards and in-depth investigation in in vitro bioscience. The ultimate goal of alternative technology is the regulatory application, thus demands infrastructure constructing, technology capability building and national standard forming. However, concrete works should be carefully planned to facilitate the technology transformation and standardization. This paper will give a retrospective review on the progress in recent years and put forward a middle-out strategy to promote the development of cosmetics alternative in China.展开更多
The article reviewed the cosmetic animal testing ban globally, with focusing on EU, United Kingdom, Korea, the United States, Russia, Australia, Canada and others total 15 regions and countries. The article also brief...The article reviewed the cosmetic animal testing ban globally, with focusing on EU, United Kingdom, Korea, the United States, Russia, Australia, Canada and others total 15 regions and countries. The article also briefed the developments of the alternatives of animal testing in the world, and the cosmetic animal testing regulation in China as well. The article suggested China to adopt the alternatives which have been validated based on the development of technology, gradually ban animal testing for cosmetics.展开更多
[目的]气候变化新形势下,进一步筛选适宜西北地区抗寒、抗抽干葡萄砧木品种,可为葡萄免埋土栽培推广提供理论依据和技术支撑。[方法]本文以41Bmgt、Riparia、420Bmgt、101-14、196-17、44-53ma、110R、Rupestris du Lot、SO4、161-490、...[目的]气候变化新形势下,进一步筛选适宜西北地区抗寒、抗抽干葡萄砧木品种,可为葡萄免埋土栽培推广提供理论依据和技术支撑。[方法]本文以41Bmgt、Riparia、420Bmgt、101-14、196-17、44-53ma、110R、Rupestris du Lot、SO4、161-490、1103P、5BB、3309、Leon Millt共14种13年生葡萄砧木为试材,通过测定离体一年生枝条累计失水速率,结合田间调查葡萄砧木存活率和离体一年生枝条抽干率,以此来评价不同葡萄砧木品种抗抽干能力;结合前人研究及砧木品种特性,采用高低温交变试验箱模拟低温的方法,设置4(对照)、-15、-20、-25和-30℃一系列温度梯度水平,测定不同葡萄砧木一年生枝条相对电导率、丙二醛、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白5个生理生化指标,利用隶属函数法进行综合评价不同葡萄砧木的抗寒性。[结果]不同葡萄砧木的抗抽干能力由强到弱依次为:3309>161-490>196-17>Leon Millt>420Bmgt>44-53ma>Riparia>110R>1103P>SO4>101-14>41Bmgt>5BB>Rupestris du Lot;随着处理温度的降低,不同葡萄砧木枝条的抗寒指标总体呈现上升趋势,但不同品种之间存在差异。根据隶属函数的综合分析,结果显示各葡萄砧木的抗寒性由强到弱依次为:SO4>196-17>Leon Millt>5BB>Riparia>44-53ma>420Bmgt>1103P>3309>110R>Rupestris du Lot>101-14>41Bmgt>161-490。[结论]Riparia、196-17、44-53ma和Leon Millt具有较强的抗抽干能力和抗寒性,可作为我国西北地区免埋土葡萄砧木使用。展开更多
文摘Since 2009,the Mine Safety and Health Administration(MSHA)has required mines to install refuge alternatives(RAs)in underground coal mines.One of the biggest concerns with occupied RAs is the possible severity of the resulting thermal environment.In 30 CFR 7.504,the maximum allowable apparent temperature(AT)for an occupied RA is specified as 35℃(95°F).Manufacturers must conduct heat/humidity tests to demonstrate that their RAs meet the 35℃(95°F)AT limit.For these tests,heat input devices are used to input the metabolic heat of actual miners.A wide variety of test methods,sensors,and heat input devices could be used when conducting such tests.Since 2012,the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH)has conducted over thirty 96-hour heat/humidity tests on four different RAs.This paper discusses the test equipment and procedures used during these investigations.This information is useful for RA manufacturers conducting RA heat/humidity tests,for other researchers investigating RA heat/humidity buildup,and for those who need to assess the thermal environment of any confined space where people may be trapped or are seeking refuge.
文摘The discussion on cosmetic animal testing ban started since 1990s, with the fnally implementation of full animal testing ban in both research and marketing in EU and Israel in 2013. Now it has been fully or partially banned by law in 33 countries or regions, with more and more countries lining up to do the same. Beyond animal welfare consideration, the need of mutual acceptance of data （MAD） and harmonization of global market have made non-animal testing an irresistible general trend for worldwide countries to made regulation and policy. Recently, China is in critical crossroad to shift the toxicity paradigm and explore a proper strategy to promote the development of cosmetic non-animal testing. 3R theory has been frstly introduced in Chinese legislation in 2006 that is an important step forward to seriously thinking of animal test. In the following 10 years, the alternative technology in China has been developed dramatically with the implementation of relevant legislations, holding various theoretical and hands-on training, exploration work on methods validation, adoption of internationally recognized methods, propagation of alternative standards and in-depth investigation in in vitro bioscience. The ultimate goal of alternative technology is the regulatory application, thus demands infrastructure constructing, technology capability building and national standard forming. However, concrete works should be carefully planned to facilitate the technology transformation and standardization. This paper will give a retrospective review on the progress in recent years and put forward a middle-out strategy to promote the development of cosmetics alternative in China.
文摘The article reviewed the cosmetic animal testing ban globally, with focusing on EU, United Kingdom, Korea, the United States, Russia, Australia, Canada and others total 15 regions and countries. The article also briefed the developments of the alternatives of animal testing in the world, and the cosmetic animal testing regulation in China as well. The article suggested China to adopt the alternatives which have been validated based on the development of technology, gradually ban animal testing for cosmetics.
文摘[目的]气候变化新形势下,进一步筛选适宜西北地区抗寒、抗抽干葡萄砧木品种,可为葡萄免埋土栽培推广提供理论依据和技术支撑。[方法]本文以41Bmgt、Riparia、420Bmgt、101-14、196-17、44-53ma、110R、Rupestris du Lot、SO4、161-490、1103P、5BB、3309、Leon Millt共14种13年生葡萄砧木为试材,通过测定离体一年生枝条累计失水速率,结合田间调查葡萄砧木存活率和离体一年生枝条抽干率,以此来评价不同葡萄砧木品种抗抽干能力;结合前人研究及砧木品种特性,采用高低温交变试验箱模拟低温的方法,设置4(对照)、-15、-20、-25和-30℃一系列温度梯度水平,测定不同葡萄砧木一年生枝条相对电导率、丙二醛、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白5个生理生化指标,利用隶属函数法进行综合评价不同葡萄砧木的抗寒性。[结果]不同葡萄砧木的抗抽干能力由强到弱依次为:3309>161-490>196-17>Leon Millt>420Bmgt>44-53ma>Riparia>110R>1103P>SO4>101-14>41Bmgt>5BB>Rupestris du Lot;随着处理温度的降低,不同葡萄砧木枝条的抗寒指标总体呈现上升趋势,但不同品种之间存在差异。根据隶属函数的综合分析,结果显示各葡萄砧木的抗寒性由强到弱依次为:SO4>196-17>Leon Millt>5BB>Riparia>44-53ma>420Bmgt>1103P>3309>110R>Rupestris du Lot>101-14>41Bmgt>161-490。[结论]Riparia、196-17、44-53ma和Leon Millt具有较强的抗抽干能力和抗寒性,可作为我国西北地区免埋土葡萄砧木使用。
