Color polymorphisms are widely studied to identify the mechanisms responsible for the origin and maintenance of phenotypic variability in nature.Two of the mechanisms of balancing selection currently thought to explai...Color polymorphisms are widely studied to identify the mechanisms responsible for the origin and maintenance of phenotypic variability in nature.Two of the mechanisms of balancing selection currently thought to explain the long-term persistence of polymorphisms are the evolution of alternative phenotypic optima through correlational selection on suites of traits including color and heterosis.Both of these mechanisms can generate differences in offspring viability and fitness arising from different morph combinations.Here,we examined the effect of parental morph combination on fertilization success,embryonic viability,newborn quality,antipredator,and foraging behavior,as well as inter-annual survival by conducting controlled matings in a polymorphic lacertid Podarcis muralis,where color morphs are frequently assumed to reflect alternative phenotypic optima(e.g.,alternative reproductive strategies).Juveniles were kept in outdoor tubs for a year in order to study inter-annual growth,survival,and morph inheritance.In agreement with a previous genome-wide association analysis,morph frequencies in the year-old juveniles matched the frequencies expected if orange and yellow expressions depended on recessive homozygosity at 2 separate loci.Our findings also agree with previous literature reporting higher reproductive output of heavy females and the higher overall viability of heavy newborn lizards,but we found no evidence for the existence of alternative breeding investment strategies in female morphs,or morphcombination effects on offspring viability and behavior.We conclude that inter-morph breeding remains entirely viable and genetic incompatibilities are of little significance for the maintenance of discrete color morphs in P.muralis from the Pyrenees.展开更多
基金The study was supported in part by grant PID2019-104721GB-I00 of the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion to EF and GPL and from the University of Valencia(UV-19-INV-AE19)FEDER through the COMPETE program(ref.008929)+7 种基金the Swedish Research Council(2017-03846)the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation(Wallenberg Academy fellowship to T.U.),Portuguese national funds through the FCT project PTDC/BIA-EVL/30288/2017-NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-30288co-funded by NORTE2020 through Portugal 2020 and FEDER Funds and by National Funds through FCTby the Laboratoire d’Excellence(LABEX)TULIP(ANR-10-LABX-41)and the INTERREG POCTEFA ECTOPYR(EFA031/15)This work has also benefitted from state aid managed by the French national research agency under the Future Investments program bearing the reference ANR-11-INBS-0001AnaEE-ServicesLizards were captured under research permits number 2013095-0001 from the Prefecture des Pyrenees-Orientales,and permit numbers 2016-s-09 and 2017-s-02 from the Prefecture des Pyrenees-Orientales and the Prefecture de l’Ariege(Direction Regionale de l’Environnement,de l’Amenagement,et du Logement,Occitanie)This research complied with the ASAB/ABS Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Research and all applicable local,national,and European legislation.J.A.was supported by a FPU predoctoral fellowship from the Spanish Ministerio de Educacion(FPU15/01388).G.P.L.was supported by post-doctoral grants Juan de la Cierva-Incorporacion,IJC2018-035319-I(from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia,Inovacio n y Universidades)grant SFRH/BPD/94582/2013 by Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia under the Programa Operacional Potencial Humano–Quadro de Referencia Estrategico Nacional,funds from the European Social Fund and Portuguese Ministerio da Educac¸~ao e Cieˆncia.
文摘Color polymorphisms are widely studied to identify the mechanisms responsible for the origin and maintenance of phenotypic variability in nature.Two of the mechanisms of balancing selection currently thought to explain the long-term persistence of polymorphisms are the evolution of alternative phenotypic optima through correlational selection on suites of traits including color and heterosis.Both of these mechanisms can generate differences in offspring viability and fitness arising from different morph combinations.Here,we examined the effect of parental morph combination on fertilization success,embryonic viability,newborn quality,antipredator,and foraging behavior,as well as inter-annual survival by conducting controlled matings in a polymorphic lacertid Podarcis muralis,where color morphs are frequently assumed to reflect alternative phenotypic optima(e.g.,alternative reproductive strategies).Juveniles were kept in outdoor tubs for a year in order to study inter-annual growth,survival,and morph inheritance.In agreement with a previous genome-wide association analysis,morph frequencies in the year-old juveniles matched the frequencies expected if orange and yellow expressions depended on recessive homozygosity at 2 separate loci.Our findings also agree with previous literature reporting higher reproductive output of heavy females and the higher overall viability of heavy newborn lizards,but we found no evidence for the existence of alternative breeding investment strategies in female morphs,or morphcombination effects on offspring viability and behavior.We conclude that inter-morph breeding remains entirely viable and genetic incompatibilities are of little significance for the maintenance of discrete color morphs in P.muralis from the Pyrenees.
